Expeditie Scaldis
4 Maritieme TechniekenCenflumarin 2014
www.4mt4planeetzee.wordpress.com
Our project
The numbers tell the tale - measuring
Water quality
The Scheldt river and the Port of Antwerp
Monitoring
Marpol
Impact
Acknowledgements
Measuring
Temperature In °C, thermometer. Salinity Salinity is expressed in practical salinity units or promille. It was measured with a sensor. Pressure Pressure at the surface = 10 dbar or 1 atm. It can also be measured with a barometer. For large water bodies it might indicate whether there was high or low wind speed. The density Expressed in kg/m³. Measured with an aerometer .
Physical parameters
Salinity in ‰ Interpretation
< 0,5 fresh water
0,5 – 35 brackisch water
35 – 50 salty water
> 50 brine
However, when adding an acid [H+] or alkaline solution[OH-], the pH changes gradually (the reaction has different steps):
Measuring
De pH is an indication of the acidity of the solution.
Chemical parameters: pH
𝒑𝑯=−𝐥𝐨𝐠 [𝑯 +¿]=[𝟏𝟏𝟒 ]¿
pH<7 pH=7 pH>7
acid neutral
alkaline
𝐻+¿ (𝑎𝑞) +𝐻 𝐶𝑂3− (𝑎𝑞)→𝐻 2𝐶𝑂3 (𝑎𝑞 ) ¿
+
+ +
As H2O is a polar bonding and NaCl is an ionic bonding with a higher difference in electronegativity, it will be easier to form free H+ ions in fresh water than in salt water. Salty water will thus have a buffer before becoming more acidic. You can test this by adding lemon juice to deionized water and salt water & adding a pH indicator. You can also
add a base. At the left the deionized water, at the right the salt water. Acid in front, base in the middle & control s.
Δ EN Type of bonding
0.0 Purely covalent0.0 – 1.0 Mostly
covalent
1.0 – 1.6 Polar bonding
1.6 – 3.0 Mostly ionic
3.0 – 3.3 Purely ionic
The total hardness GH (in °d) indicates the concentration of (metal) ions (usually Mg+ & Ca2+, but also SO4
2- & HCO3-).
The carbonate hardness KH (in°d) is the ability of the solution to bind with an acid. In hard water calcium can be precipitated to form calcium carbonate:
MeasuringChemical parameters
𝐶𝑎2+¿ (𝑎𝑞 )+2𝐻𝐶𝑂3− (𝑎𝑞 ) →𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3↓ (𝑠 )+𝐻2O ( l) +𝐶𝑂2(𝑎𝑞) ¿
Chemical parameters: Heavy metals Heavy metals such as Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn are toxic and are
conserved in the body. They can enter the water by sewage, fuel residue, by seeping through a polluted soil or by air pollution.
We only measured Cu (since it is a component of fuel) The normative value is Cu < 100 µg/l
MeasuringChemical parameters: O2 and CO2
The concentration O2
- Cold and fresh water can contain more O2.
- Is removed from the system by respiration of living organisms (plants & animals) - Can also be chemically removed by oxidation. The concentration CO2 can be deducted
from the KH & the pH.
- CO2 is a product of respiration, but it is
diminished by the uptake from the primary production. - Too much CO2 & too little O2
render a normal, healthy food web impossible.
Measuring
At the surface: CO2 + DIC:
2HCO3- →
fytoplankton (primary producers)
Detritus is decomposed into DOC.
DOC is transformed in DIC by respiration(CO3
2-).
Nutriënts
𝐶𝑂2 (𝑎𝑞 )+𝐻 20 (𝑙 )+𝐶𝑂32− (𝑎𝑞 )⇌ 2𝐻𝐶𝑂3
−(𝑎𝑞)
Measuring At the surface: fixation of N2 by
bacteria and solar radiation N2 + solar radiation → NO3,
though manure (agriculture) is also a source. NO3 → fytoplankton & macro-
fytes (primary producers) → zoöplancton & benthos → fish. Detritus → decomposers →
ammonia (NH4). Denitrification: The rest of the
NO3 is transformed into NO2 by heat. NO2 is further decomposed into NH4 by
decomposers. Nitrification = biological
oxidation of NH4 into NO2 which further oxidizes to form NO3.
In anaërobic circumstances are NO2 and NH4 transformed into N2
Nutriënts
N2 NO3
Manure
NH4
NO2
Water quality
Salinity ↑ → density ↑ M1 contains little O2 & a
lot of CO2 → eutrophication
Lots of CO2 & little O2 in cellar → chemical oxidation.
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M60
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Temperature in °C
Saliniteit in ppt
Densiteit in kg/m³ (+ 1000kg/m³)
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M60
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
pHKH in °dO2 in mg/lCO2 in mg/l
Water quality
NO3 are more abundant than NO2 or NH4 in all measurement points.
Nitrites are relatively low which is good (they are toxic to some species).
High concentrations of NH4 in M2, M3 & M4 (lots of nitrification by decomposers)
PO4 is high in M3 (is this due to the ancient dumping of ammunition by the army or due to the gardening?)
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M60
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
NO3 in mg/lNO2 in mg/lPO4 in mg/lNH4 in mg/lCu in mg/l
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M60
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
pH
KH in °d
O2 in mg/l
CO2 in mg/l
Water quality
M6 contains a lot of NO3, but less CO2. If we were to remove the mud/silt between M1 & M6 we will achieve better water composition.
Cu is higher in the dock (the fuel residue is more concentrated)
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M60
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
NO3 in mg/lNO2 in mg/lPO4 in mg/lNH4 in mg/lCu in mg/l
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M60
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
pH
KH in °d
O2 in mg/l
CO2 in mg/l
The Scheldt & the Port of Antwerp N2 is too abundant.
NO2 is better in the docks on the right bank than the docks on the left bank.
O2 is alright in the Scheldt, but sufficient to low in the docks.
PO4 is too abundant in the docks on the left bank (agriculture/sewage?).
The Scheldt & the port of Antwerp
Cd, Ni & Pb are within the norms
There is still too much mercury (Hg) which entered the river through one of its tributaries.
Other metals might also be toxic:
- Zinc Zn - Arsenic As
The Scheldt & the port of Antwerp
ErosionIndustryHouseholdShipping
Source unknownDirect depositionAgriculture
MARPOL
MARPOL is the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships.
It is mandatory for all 163 IMO member states (IMO: International Maritime Organization).
It has 6 annexes, each for a different type of pollution that are regularly amended.
MARPOL demands ship hold a certificate to certify that they comply with regulations of each annex regarding their equipment, record books and shipboard storage and treatment facilities.
MARPOLAnnex Certificate Record book Plan Speciale areas Conditions to
jettison
1. OilIOPP Oil Record Book part I
Oil Record Book part 2
SOPEPThe Mediterranean
The Baltic
The Black Sea
The Red Sea
Gulf of Aden
The North Sea
The Arabic Sea
The Antartic zone
below 60°S
At least 50 nautical miles away from the coast, ship must be making way and max 15 ppm.
(ODME: Oil Device Measuring Equipment that measures and dilutes until below 15ppm)
2.Chemicals in bulk
NLS Cargo Record Book SMPEPThe Antartic zone
below 60°S
Only in emergencies, at 12’ away from the coast with a minimum depth of 25m and at a speed of at least 7 knots.
3. Packaged chemicals
Dangerous Goods Manifest + IMDG – conform stowage plan
EmS as in IMDG – code
EmS procedures as specified in the International Maritime Dangerous Goods code (IMDG)
4. Sewage ISPP Grinded and
desinfected at 4’,
otherwise at 12’ away
from the coast and at
a speed of at least 4
knots
MARPOLAnnex Certificate
Record book
Plan Speciale areas where it is prohibited to jettison
Conditions to jettison
5. Garbage Garbage record book
Garbage manage - ment plan
The Mediterranean until the
Bosporus
The Baltic until Skagerrak
The Black Sea
The Red Sea until Ras Si Hanne
– husun Murad
The Persian Gulf and the
Arabian Sea until Rass All Hadd
– ras Al Fasteh
The North Sea
The Antartic Zone below 60°S
The Caribbean(Golf of Mexico
and the Caribbean Sea)
No plastic
Floating waste at 25’, other waste
at 12’ away from the coast. If the
waste is grinded until Φ < 25mm,
at 3’ away from the coast.
6. Air pollution
IAPPThe North Sea
The Baltic Sea
The ue of low sulphur fuels is
mandatory in the special areas.
The exhaust of Nox and CO2 is
diminished by adjusting the
speed or using a scrubber.
Never incinerate plastic!
Never incinerate on a river,
always at high sea.
Impact The environment coordinator of our National Defense, Mr. Eddy
Vandekeere has been measuring on the school grounds. The soil is contaminated with fuel and needs to be purified in 2016.
Ir. De Deckere of the Port of Antwerp has attended a presentation by our students on April, 24th, 2014. He also presented the efforts made by the Port of Antwerp in the field of water quality in the docks, prevention of oil pollution, ship routeing, ecology and safety on the Scheldt river.
We planned to clean the dock on May, 11th 2014 with divers but visibility was too poor.
Sulphur also enhances the primary production & causes a rapid depletion of O2. We should ask the school whether it could afford the use of low sulphur fuels.
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