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Electrochemical CarDaniell Cell Car
Joshua AddisRamasamy Palaniappan
Mahesh Biradar
ChE-555 Analysis Of Electrochemical Systems
December 07, 2006
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y
x
Description of Electrochemical
Reaction/Power SourceThe Daniell Cell
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The Daniell Cell
Anodic:
Electrochemical reaction:
Overall reaction:
2 2 2C H O CO H + ! +
Cathodic:
Electrochemistry
E0= 0.763 V vs.SHE
E0= 0.340 V vs.SHE
Zn(s) Zn2+
(aq) + 2e-
Cu2+(aq) + 2e- Cu(s)
Zn(s)+ Cu2+
(aq) Zn2+
(aq) + Cu(s)E0= 1.103 V vs.
SHE
Description ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/SafetyFeatures
Design Flaws
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Cell Set-Up
Description ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/SafetyFeatures
Design Flaws
Daniell Cell with a Porous Filter
Image Source: http://quiz2.chem.arizona.edu/preproom/demo%20Files/cu-zn_battery.htm
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Cell Set-Up
Description ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/SafetyFeatures
Design Flaws
Daniell Cell with a Porous Cup
Image Source: http://quiz2.chem.arizona.edu/preproom/demo%20Files/cu-zn_battery.htm
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Description of Electrochemical
Reaction/Power Source
Testing the Daniell Cell
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Optimizing the Electrolyte Solution
Effect of Electrolyte and Concentration
Electrolyte Lower Concentration
(0.5 M)
Higher Concentration
(1.0 M)
Voltage
(V)
Current
(A)
Voltage (V) Current
(A)
CuSO4 1.01 0.210 1.01 0.280
ZnSO4 1 0.005 - -
CuSO4
+ZnSO
4
1.01 0.200 - -
HCl 0.792 0.098 0.79 0.126
Description ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/SafetyFeatures
Design Flaws
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Optimizing the Electrolyte Solution
Electrolyte Lower Concentration
(0.5 M HCl)
Higher Concentration
(1.0 M HCl)
Voltage
(V)
Current
(A)
Voltage
(V)
Current
(A)
CuSO4
(0.5 M) 0.75 0.250 0.80 0.290
CuSO4 (1 M) 0.75 0.250 0.80 0.290
CuSO4
(0.5 M)
+ZnSO
4(0.5M)
0.87
0.370
0.90
0.383
Effect of Hydrochloric Acid in the ElectrolyteDescription ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/SafetyFeatures
Design Flaws
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Optimizing the Electrolyte Solution
Electrolyte Lower Concentration
(0.5 M)
Higher Concentration
(1.0 M)
Voltage
(V)
Current
(A)
Voltage
(V)
Current
(A)
CuSO4 0.74 0.310 0.80 0.260
ZnSO4 - - - -
CuSO4+
ZnSO4
0.875
0.230
-
-
HCl 0.71 0.105 0.73 0.135CuSO
4(0.5 M)
+
ZnSO4
(0.5M)
+
HCl (0.5M)
0.150
0.085
-
-
Effect of Saturated Salt in the ElectrolyteDescription ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/SafetyFeatures
Design Flaws
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Optimizing the Electrolyte Solution
Description ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/SafetyFeatures
Design Flaws
Conclusion from Electrolyte Testing Using hydrochloric acid
! Eats away too much zinc
! Bubbles form
Copper Sulfate + Zinc Sulfate
! No significant change in current or voltage
Copper Sulfate + Zinc Sulfate + Hydrochloric Acid
! Significantly increased current
!Acid eats away zinc
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Optimizing the Electrolyte Solution
Description ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/SafetyFeatures
Design Flaws
Conclusion from Electrolyte Testing Pure copper sulfate chosen as electrolyte
! No significant difference between pure copper
sulfate and other electrolytes
!HCl does help but eats away at zinc
Was going to be used as braking mechanism
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Optimizing the Electrolyte Solution
Description ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/SafetyFeatures
Design Flaws
Proposed Braking Mechanism (1) Zinc gets plated by copper sulfate
Reaction stops after a certain time
Zinc surface area will get completely covered
! Some current lost due to this reaction
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Optimizing the Electrolyte Solution
Description ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/SafetyFeatures
Design Flaws
Proposed Braking Mechanism (2)
Wires used Time Taken (minutes)
HCl (3 M) HCl (6 M)
Thick wire(0.091)
24 4
Flattened
wire
17
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Description of Electrochemical
Reaction/Power Source
Optimizing Power Output
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Optimizing Power Output
Description ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/SafetyFeatures
Design Flaws
Series/Parallel Connection Series Connection
! Increases voltage
! Voltages are additive
Parallel Connection
! Increases current! Currents are additive
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Optimizing Power Output
Description ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/SafetyFeatures
Design Flaws
Series Connection
+!
+!
Voltage = 2 VCurrent = 1 A
Voltage = 1 VCurrent = 1 A
Voltage = 1 VCurrent = 1 A
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Optimizing Power Output
Description ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/SafetyFeatures
Design Flaws
Parallel Connection
+ !
+ !
Voltage = 1 VCurrent = 2 A
Voltage = 1 VCurrent = 1 A
Voltage = 1 VCurrent = 1 A
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Optimizing the Electrolyte Solution
Effect of Electrolyte and ConcentrationElectrolyte One Cell Two in Series
Connection
1 Molar Voltage
(V)
Current
(A)
Voltage (V) Current
(A)
CuSO4 0.91 0.210 1.80 .217
Description ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/SafetyFeatures
Design Flaws
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Optimizing the Electrolyte Solution
Effect of Electrolyte and ConcentrationElectrolyte One Cell Two in Parallel
Connection
1 Molar Voltage
(V)
Current
(A)
Voltage (V) Current
(A)
CuSO4 0.91 0.210 0.89 0.389
Description ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/SafetyFeatures
Design Flaws
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Unique Features/Design Creativity
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Unique Features/Design Creativity
1. Three wheel design
Lighter
Compact
2. Plexiglas wheels
Decrease friction More rpm than using heavier wheels
3. No gears, gear shaft
Wheel attached directly to motor shaft
4.
Made from Legos
Easy construction
Lightweight
Allows disassembly and repair
Design flexibility
Description ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/SafetyFeatures
Design Flaws
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Unique Features/Design Creativity
Description ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/SafetyFeatures
Design Flaws
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Unique Features/Design Creativity
Description ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/SafetyFeatures
Design Flaws
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Unique Features/Design Creativity
Description ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/SafetyFeatures
Design Flaws
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Unique Features/Design Creativity
Description ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/SafetyFeatures
Design Flaws
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Unique Features/Design Creativity
Description ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/SafetyFeatures
Design Flaws
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Unique Features/Design Creativity
Description ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/SafetyFeatures
Design Flaws
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Unique Features/Design Creativity
Description ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/SafetyFeatures
Design Flaws
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Environmental/Safety Features
Wear protective goggles
Wear protective gloves
Use concentrated HCl in fume hood
Clean spills immediately
If chemical contact with skin, washimmediately and flush with water
General SafetyDescription ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/SafetyFeatures
Design Flaws
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Environmental/Safety Features
Copper Sulfate Pentahydrate (CuSO45H2O)
Harmful if swallowed
Digestive and repiratory tract irritation with
possible burns
Eye and skin irritation
Mutagen
Possible sensitizer
Target Organs
Blood, kidney, liver
Chemical SafetyDescription ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/SafetyFeatures
Design Flaws
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Environmental/Safety Features
Zinc Sulfate Heptahydrate (ZnSO47H2O)
Harmful if swallowed
Digestive and respiratory tract irritation
Eye and skin irritation
Target Organs
None
Chemical SafetyDescription ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/SafetyFeatures
Design Flaws
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Environmental/Safety Features
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
Corrosive
Skin and eye burns
Respiratory and digestive tract irritation
with possible burns
Possible sensitizer
Target Organs
Teeth
Circulatory system
Chemical SafetyDescription ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/Safety
Features
Design Flaws
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Environmental/Safety Features
Chemicals are in covered container
Bottles covered with parafilm
Exposed electrical contacts
Low voltage and current
No concern
Safety Features Concerning Car OperationDescription ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/Safety
Features
Design Flaws
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Design Flaws
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Design Flaws
Motor will spin with supplied current andvoltage from wet cell
Vehicle will not move when wheels contact
ground
Mechanical problems
AAA battery will supply enough power to
move the car
Not getting enough power from the wet cell
Description ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/Safety
Features
Design Flaws
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Design Flaws
Two Cells in Series
Voltage = 1.8 V
Current = 0.217 A
Power = V x I = 0.39 W
Two Cells in Parallel
Voltage = 0.89 V
Current = 0.389 A
Power = V x I = 0.35 W
Power CalculationDescription ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/Safety
Features
Design Flaws
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Design Flaws
Not enough power to move car
Could increase voltage or current
Increasing current
More surface area of electrodes
Parallel connection
Increasing voltage
Different materials (Aluminum, Carbon)
Series connection
Weight considerations with more cells
Power CalculationDescription ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/Safety
Features
Design Flaws
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Design Flaws
At first the design used wide, gripping tires
Too much friction
Changed to lighter plexiglas wheels
Less friction
Wheels tended to spin out
With AAA battery supplying current
Tried to use tape to get more grip
Wheel designDescription ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/Safety
Features
Design Flaws
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Design Flaws
Need more power
Increased voltage and/or current
Car would move with AAA battery
Shows sufficient car design
Battery needs to be optimized
Not enough cells to generate power
Not enough room to add more cells
Porous cup would help increase current
Current is lost due to copper plating on zinc
ConclusionsDescription ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/Safety
Features
Design Flaws
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Design Flaws
Conclusions Car needs to be bigger to accommodate more
cells
Bigger motor to get more torque
Plexiglas tires will work if car is heavier
More down force to increase traction
Description ofElectrochemicalReaction/Power
Source
Unique Features/Design Creativity
Environmental/Safety
Features
Design Flaws
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Questions, Comments, Concerns
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Electro-Chem-E-Car
Swamp ThangBen Hanna
Dan Hauser
Dezra Hinkson
Bill Hurder
David McCandlish
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Initial Design
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Swamp Thang
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Unique Features of the Vehicle
! Fuel Cell Chamber
! Use of NaBH4gives higher power output
! One molecule of NaBH4gives 8 electrons
! Inexpensive design
! Disassembles to fit required size limits
! Light weight materials for greater efficiency
!
State of the art stopping mechanism
! Durable rubber tires
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Voltage output
Current,
mA
Voltage with
NaBH4fuel,
V
Voltage with
alcohol fuel,
V
0 0.90 0.7
50 0.80 0.5
100 0.76 0.3
200 0.69 -
500 0.47 -
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Fuel Cell Design
FUEL:
KOH + NaBH4
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Cell Schematic
V
Anode Cathode
- +
e-
Current
Galvanic Cell Schematic
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Electrochemical Reactions
! Anode:
(1) NaBH4+ 8 OH-"NaBO2+ 6 H2O + 8e
- Eo =1.2V
(2) NaBH4+ 2 H2O" NaBO2 + 4 H2
H2+ 2 OH-" 2 H2O + 2e
-
! Cathode:
O2+ 2 H2O + 4e-"4 OH-Eo= 0.401 V
! Net Reaction:
NaBH4 + 2 O2 O"NaBO2+ 2 H2O Eo= 1.60V
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Stopping Mechanism
! Breaking the circuit by reacting away a strip of
Al wire with 6N HCl:
2 Al + 6 HCl"
2 AlCl3+ 3 H2!Al wire is pretreated in acid for 1 minute and 20
seconds
!The time taken for the complete reaction of Al
is approximately 2 minutes and 15 seconds
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Problems encountered with stopping
mechanism! Inconsistent results
! Different sizes of Aluminum tested
! Slight differences in concentrations of acid due to
AlCl3 buildup from previous trials
! Calibration correlations with the cell, which was
found to be slightly inconsistent
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Time ran vs. Distance Traveled
y = 0.2046x
R
2
= 0.9347
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 50 100 150 200
Time(seconds)
Distance(feet)
Vehicle Control
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Safety/Environmental
Considerations! H2gas evolution:
! H2is extremely flammable.
! Limit the amount of reactant used to avoid
exceeding flammability limit
! NaBH4:
!Toxic substance
!
Handle with care. Use gloves.
! Dispose in proper waste container
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Safety/Environmental
Considerations Cont.! KOH:
! Corrosive, harmful if inhaled or ingested.
! Handle with care. Use gloves and proper eye
protection.
! Hydrochloric Acid:
! Corrosive, harmful if inhaled or ingested.
! Handle with care. Use gloves and proper eyeprotection.
! Flush down drain with running water.
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LeClanch Trike
Bryan Boggs, Dammy Daramola, and
Channa De Silva
ChE 555 ~ Analysis of ElectrochemicalSystems Chem-E-CarProject
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2
Electrochemical Device
Dry cell battery that uses a Zinccontainer as the anode,Manganese(IV) Oxideas the cathode, and a Carbonrod asthe current collector [1].
LeClanche!Cell
Courtesy of Wikipedia [1]
Electrochemical
Reaction Unique Features Design Creativity Safety & Environ. Vehicle Calibration
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3
Electrochemical Device
Georges LeClanche!isfamous for inventing the
LeClanche!cell which wasa precursor to the modernday dry cell.
He was a French electricalengineer (1839-1882)[2]
LeClanche!Himself
Electrochemical
Reaction Unique Features Design Creativity Safety & Environ. Vehicle Calibration
Courtesy of Google Images
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4
Electrochemical Device
Cell Design ~ Zn|Zn+2
|| ZnCl2 ||Mn2O3|MnO2Anode:
Zinc ContainerCathode:
Manganese(IV) OxideElectrolyte:
Zinc Chloride
*Carbon powder improves conductivity and provides moistureretention
Separator:Felted Paper
Electrochemical
Reaction Unique Features Design Creativity Safety & Environ. Vehicle Calibration
Current Collector:Carbon Rod
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5
Electrochemical Device
!+
+" eaqZnsZn 2)()( 2
)()(2)(2)(2 2322 lOHsOMneaqHsMnO +!++ "+
Mechanism (E0
vs. SHE) [3,4]
Anode: Oxidation of Zinc (E0= 0.763 V)
Cathode: Reduction of Manganese Dioxide (E0= 1.081V)
Overall (E0= 1.844 V) :)()()()(2)(2)( 232
2
2 lOHsOMnaqZnaqHsMnOsZn ++!++ ++
Electrochemical
Reaction Unique Features Design Creativity Safety & Environ. Vehicle Calibration
Anode(-)
Cathode(+)
e e
i
1.84 V
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6
Electrochemical Device
Cathode Mix
Component % / wt.
Manganese(IV) Oxide 56.0 %
Acetylene Black 9.0 %
Zinc Oxide 0.3 %
Zinc Chloride 9.0 %
Water 25.7 %
Electrochemical
Reaction Unique Features Design Creativity Safety & Environ. Vehicle Calibration
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7
Electrochemical Device
Theoretical Capacity Zn/MnO2 [1]
Electrochemical
Reaction Unique Features Design Creativity Safety & Environ. Vehicle Calibration
e
eMgeq
hrAC
18.26
!
!
= e
Ce
Mwhere theoretical capacity and isequivalent weight
geq
gM
molgMW
Zne
Zn
!
=
=
75.32
49.65
, geq
gM
molgMW
MnOe
MnO
!
=
=
47.43
93.86
2
2
,
g
hrmAC
Zne
!
= 818, g
hrmAC
MnOe
!
= 6172,
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8
LeClanche Trike
SchematicMaterials
1.Acrylic chassis andwheels
2.
DC-geared motor3.
Zinc/MnO2Build-A-BatteryKit
4.
Reversible PEMFC5.
Aluminum bearings6.
Aluminum axle7.
Nylon shaft collars
Electrochemical
Reaction Unique Features Design Creativity Safety & Environ. Vehicle Calibration
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9
LeClanche Trike
BudgetOrder # Materials Cost1 Acrylic $13.65
2 Shaft Collars $8.44
3 Rev. PEMFC $139.00
4 Bearings $21.64
5 DC Motor $2.99
6 Aluminum Axle $3.05
7 Wires/Switches $12.27
8 Screws & Nuts $3.22
9 Battery Materials $11.88
Total $216.14Electrochemical
Reaction Unique Features Design Creativity Safety & Environ. Vehicle Calibration
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10
The Battery
s Job
H2O Electrolysis/PEMFC [5]
Electrochemical
Reaction Unique Features Design Creativity Safety & Environ. Vehicle Calibration
Electrolyzer
Zn/MnO2
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11
The Battery
s Job
H2O Electrolyzer [5]
Electrochemical
Reaction Unique Features Design Creativity Safety & Environ. Vehicle Calibration
Electrolyzer Operation Normal working voltage:
1.5 - 1.8 V
Current: 0-500 mAStorage capacity of H2andO2: 15 mL
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12
Zn/MnO2
Single Cell ~ Charging PEMFC
Electrochemical
Reaction Unique Features Design Creativity Safety & Environ. Vehicle Calibration
+
-
Zn/MnO2
-
+
0.72 V0.35A
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13
Zn/MnO2
Electrochemical
Reaction Unique Features Design Creativity Safety & Environ. Vehicle Calibration
Parallel
Zn/MnO2
Zn/MnO2
+
-
- +
1.41 V0.36 A
PEMFC Charging (Parallel vs. Series)
Series
Zn/MnO2
Zn/MnO2
+
-
- +
1.61 V0.34 A
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Zn/MnO2
Electrochemical
Reaction Unique Features Design Creativity Safety & Environ. Vehicle Calibration
Single/Parallel/Series Characterization
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Zn/MnO2
Electrochemical
Reaction Unique Features Design Creativity Safety & Environ.Vehicle Calibration
Possible Discharge Reactions Single Cell
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LeClanche TrikeEquipment Layout
Electrochemical
Reaction Unique Features Design Creativity Safety & Environ.Vehicle Calibration
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17
Safety & The EnvironmentsSafety Concerns
1.
In 1995, there were reports of explodingflashlights. This occurred because H2gas isproduced naturally from the corrosion of Zn in
the aqueous electrolyte.2.
Electrolyte (ZnCl2) is corrosiveand causesirritation
3.
Have proven to cause sparks resulting in fires4.
Water and electricity present!can causeshock
Electrochemical
Reaction Unique Features Design Creativity Safety & Environ.Vehicle Calibration
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Safety and The Environment
1.Since Zinc is oxidized, the Zinc containerbecomes thinner and thinner over time. As aresult, materials found in the cathode mix, in
particular ZnCl2, will leak.2.Are not hazardousunder U.S. Federal Law3.Zn-C batteries are not rechargeable!build
up of batteries in waste dumps4.
Battery industries have demonstratedrecyclingbatteries via furnace
Environmental Concerns
Electrochemical
Reaction Unique Features Design Creativity Safety & Environ.Vehicle Calibration
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19
0.5-1.5 V Solar DC-Geared Motor
Power Consumption (76 1 mW)
Electrochemical
Reaction Unique Features Design Creativity Safety & Environ.Vehicle Calibration
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Reversible PEMFC
Voltage vs. Time (Power Generation 80 1 mW)
Electrochemical
Reaction Unique Features Design CreativitySafety & Environ. Vehicle Calibration
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Vehicle Control
Calibration based on volume of hydrogen vs. distance the cartravels. A wide range was tested to obtain a curve that can beinterpolated.
A curve for both 50 and 100 g of water were prepared.
An Arbin potentiostat was used to electrolyze the water untilpre-determined volumes of hydrogen were reached in an effortnot to waste the batteries.
Matrix
Electrochemical
Reaction Unique FeaturesDesign Creativity Safety & Environ. Vehicle Calibration
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Vehicle Control
Electrochemical
Reaction Unique FeaturesDesign Creativity Safety & Environ. Vehicle Calibration
Calibration Curves
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References
[1] www.Wikipedia.org[2] http://www.geocities.com/bioelectrochemistry/leclanche.htm[3] Linden, D. Handbook of Batteries and Fuel Cells. McGrawHill. 1984, New York.
[4] Prentice, G. Electrochemical Engineering Principles.Prentice Hall. 1991, Upper Saddle River, NJ.[5] Heliocentris. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Model Car hydro-GeniusOperation Guide. 3rded. 2005, Berlin.
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