Evidence for a
Non-Expanding Universe:
Surface Brightness Data
from HUDF
Eric J. Lerner
Lawrenceville Plasma Physics
GEOMETRICAL TESTS OF TWO HYPOTHESES
1) FRW Expanding universe (Big Bang)
Euclidean non-expanding universe with
z=(H/c)distance, as in local universe
(non-geometric cause of redshift)
Galaxy size and
surface brightness
Big Bang Prediction: z~(z+1)F(z)
Euclidean non-expanding: z is constant
Big Bang Prediction:
Surface brightness (ABMag)~1/(1+z)3
Euclidean non-expanding:
Surface brightness is constant
DATA SETS
HIGH z:
HUDF “z” 850 nm
Photometric z:
i drops z~6
v drop z~4.9
NICMOS z=2.5-4
LOW z:
GALEX FUV 155 nm NUV 230 nm
Medium Sample MIS
Spectroscopic z from SDSS
SAMPLE SELECTION
SB~1.5, at-galaxy must be closely matched
SB~M0.6 , match M
Lower size cutoff 0.07” for Hubble, 1.8” for SDSS+GALEX,
must match rz=R
Sufficient sample size
UNITS:
Absolute luminosity defined here as:
M=m(AB)-5 log z
M(abs)=M-43Milky Way L= 1.5x1010L
s
M= 23.26
Surface brightness in magnitudes/arsec2
r=half light radius
SB=m+2.5 log(r2)
Milky Way SB= 24 magnitudes/arsec2
At z=6 SB for BB is down by 343
HIGH Z-LOW Z PAIRS
z obs. gal log r(kpc) N M
6 910 130 -0.91 34 23.5-24.5
0.165-0.205 154 121 -0.91 60
4.9 910 154 -0.82 61 23.5-24.5
0.135-0.165 154 130 -0.82 50
2.5-4 910 217 -0.58 32 23.5-24.5
0.135-0.165 232 205 -0.58 76
COMPARE NUV HUDF SAMPLES
USING FWHM/2 AS RADIUS MEASURE
z obs. gal N M
3.3 910 212 12 23.5-24.5
2.7 775 209 13 23.5-24.5
1.9 606 209 15 23.5-24.5
2.7 775 209 13 24.5-25.5
1.9 606 209 24 24.5-25.5
1.1 435 207 11 24.5-25.5
RESULTS
Z Log SB
6 -0.06+0.03
4.9 -0.13+0.07
3.2 0.30+0.12
=k(z+1)0.17+0.25
=k(z)0.09+0.15
BIG BANG EVOLUTION HYPOTHESIS
GALAXIES ARE ACTUALLY HUNDREDS OF
TIMES BRIGHTER
AND MUCH SMALLER
BUT THIS PRODUCES HYPOTHETICAL
GALAXIES THAT ARE HAVE 40-100 TIMES THE
SB OF ANY EXTANT GALAXIES AND ARE
PHYSICALLY IMPOSSIBLE
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
log r(kpc)
(A
B M
ag/A
rcse
c2)
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
IR (AB Mag/Arcsec2)
FU
V
(A
B M
ag/A
rcse
c2)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
IR (AB Mag/Arcsec2)
IR/F
UV
(
mag
)
SURFACE BRIGHTNESS DATA EXCLUDES BIG BANG
GEOMETRY BUT IS AN EXCELLENT FIT TO
EUCLIDEAN NON-EXPANDING GEOMETRY
Implications:
Observable universe is infinite in spatial and temporal extent
Redshift-distance relationship is non-geometric in origin.
Laboratory test of relationship should be possible with modified
LIGO
WHY DO WE NEED A NEW WORLD
MODEL?
1) BB requires increasing numbers of hypothetical entities
without observational evidence—inflation, non-baryonic
matter, dark energy—and free parameters. Reduces
predictive power.
2) BB violates well-confirmed physical laws—conservation of
baryon number
3) Basic predictions BB makes
are contradicted by observation:
a) light element predictions are wrong-Li in particular
b) geometric–size, surface brightness—predictions wrong
c) age of universe is wrong—voids at least five times too old,
high z galaxies are too old
d) Gaussian CBR is wrong
BASIC ASSUMPTIONS OF PLASMA COSMOLOGY
SINCE THE UNIVERSE IS NEARLY ALL PLASMA,
ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCES ARE EQUAL IN
IMPORTANCE WITH GRAVITATION
SINCE WE NEVER SEE EFFECTS WITHOUT
CAUSES, WE HAVE NO REASON TO ASSUME AN
ORIGIN IN TIME FOR THE UNIVERSE—AN
EFFECT WITHOUT A CAUSE
SINCE EVERY PART OF THE UNIVERSE WE
OBSERVE IS EVOLVING, WE ASSUME THAT THE
UNIVERSE ITSELF IS EVOLVING AS WELL.
PLASMA SCALE INVARIANTS
VELOCITY IS SCALE INVARIANT
TIME SCALES AS LENGTH
1 Gy, 30kpc scales to
3s, 10 cm
PLASMA FILAMENTATION
AND STRUCTURE FORMATION
Pinch effect draws currents in plasma at all scales into
force free filaments, concentrating matter
and magnetic fields
Gravitation acts on condensed matter in filaments to
compress it further. As gravitational condensation
rotates through filament field, new, smaller set of
filaments set up.
Filaments act to drain angular momentum from
condensation, allowing further compression.
LARGE SCALE STRUCTURE
Plasma filamentation model:
No time problem
Instability theory:
Filament Formation V=(m/M)c= 160km/s
Stable filament V=(m/M)3/4 c= 1070 km/s
Orbital velocity of condensed objects
160km/s<V<1070 km/s
Plasma must be collisional
for gravitational condensation
nR=1019/cm2
PLASMA FOCUS AS LABORATORY MODEL FOR QUASARS
Model of quasars based on the dense plasma focus device show how dense, magnetically
confined plasmoids (toroidal vortex) can produce tightly collimated beams of electrons
and ions:
Good quantitative agreement with observations of density, velocity, B field, radius,
radiation spectrum
GALACTIC PRODUCTION OF He, D
M = 1.8n-2
Intermediate mass stars
4<M<12
Produce He, very little CNO
Throughout proto-galaxy
He=.21-.23
p+p->d+3.3mb 2% of thermonuclear power
prediction (1989) 2.2x10-5
PLASMA MODEL OF CBR
CBR energy produced by first generation stars in galaxies
UV energy absorbed and thermalized by dust
microwave energy isotropized, thermalized by electrons in magnetized plasma filaments emitted
by QSOs, AGNs, Herbig Haro objects
KEY PREDICTION OF PLASMA CBR MODEL:
universe not transparent at >100-200 microns
Using IR-21cm correlation for 301 IR bright galaxies, we
find evidence(1993)
for absorption at 8
Confirmed with 850 microns SCUBA data(SLUGS)
More confirmation:
WMAP alignment with supercluster
Lieu observations of SZ effect
A Flux-Number Test of Absorption
For IR and optical sources ,excluding the brightest ones,
N~S-1.1
Implies fractal distribution N~D2.2 n~D-0.8
For radio sources, excluding the brightest ones,
N~S-0.9
S~D-2.44
Implies absorption A~D.44 compared with D.32 up to 300 Mpc
Today, virtually all financial and experimental resources in
cosmology are devoted to big bang studies. Funding comes
from only a few sources, and all the peer-review committees
that control them are dominated by supporters of the big
bang. As a result, the dominance of the big bang within the
field has become self-sustaining, irrespective of the scientific
validity of the theory.
To redress this, we urge those agencies that fund work in
cosmology to set aside a significant fraction of their funding
for investigations into alternative theories and observational
contradictions of the big bang. To avoid bias, the peer review
committee that allocates such funds could be composed of
astronomers and physicists from outside the field of
cosmology.
Armenzano Observatory
Astronomical Institute, St. Petersburg State University
Danish Space Research Institute
Escola Municipal de Astrofísica, Brazil
European Southern Observatory
Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics
High Altitude Observatory, NCAR
Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica
Max-Planck-Institute Fur Astrophysik
Observatoire de Lyon
Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden
Service d'Astrophysique, CEA
Space Research Institute, Russia
Special Astrophysical Observatory of RAS
Università di Bari
Cambridge University
College de France
Cornell University
Indian Institute of Technology
Padua University
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
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