Evergreen Economies:Green Local Procurement Policy as a Sustainable Economic Driver
Laurie Kaye Nijaki, Ph.D. University of Southern California; Price School of Public Policy University of Michigan; Erb Institute for Global Sustainable Enterprise
Living Economy Salon
Today’s Talk
• 1) Introduction to the Green Economy• 2) Defining Differences in Opportunities• 3) Green Economy Policies: A National
Perspective• 4) Towards a Green Economy Action Plan: A
Focus on Procurement
Part 1
Introduction to the Green Economy
Traditional Development Theory and Defining Progress: Economic Growth and the Urban Environmental Problem
Traditional focus on growth (expanded GDP etc.) as central goal. Environmental degradation is an externality of the pursuit of growth.
Rhetoric: Economy versus Environment.Fuels conflicts between stakeholders around development choices, and the pursuit of quality of life issues.
If we must choose between the economy and environment, can we ever win?
(Source: Campbell, S. JAPA, 1995)
Moving Beyond Growth: Sustainable Development Theory
Sustainability/Sustainable Development: Economy, Environment, and Equity. Moving Beyond Growth. (Higgens, 1996; Roberts,2004 et.al.)
Rhetoric: Environment and EconomyNew Strategic Framing around development. (Snow and Benford, 2004)
New benefits through new institutions and new partnerships between historically adversarial groups.
Key Question: How can we establish economic development in communities and also provide effective solutions to environmental degradation? How can we best shape development in a manner that is preservative of equity, environmental, and economic goals?
Sustainability as a “fuzzy concept;” difficulty in measuring and institutionalizing the rhetoric. (Gunder, 2007 et.al)
Why Study the Green Economy?:Green Jobs as a Sustainable Solution?
Operationalize/concretize “sustainability” through concept of green jobs as a new form of economic growth created by new markets and made possible through technological advance. Similarly fueled by the rise of corporate social responsibility, and new niche, consumer-driven markets. (Dahlsrud, 2006, Younger and Tiley, 2006, Hardjona and Klein, 2003)
Green Jobs: “Activities which produce goods and services to measure, prevent, limit, minimize or correct environmental damage to water, air and soil, as well as problems related to waste, noise and ecosystems.” (OECD,2000)
Green jobs are economic opportunities in environmental preservation/remediation.
The green economy may be a new institutional nexus for dealing with development decisions in communities and in providing economic goods to communities while achieving environmental benefits.
Why Study the Green Economy?:Trends in Term “Green Jobs”
In order to understand and build opportunities in this framework, we need to define and systematically examine the “green economy.”
Defining Green Differently
An Array of Green Actors• Green Producers: Job opportunities directly in the
manufacturing and production of green goods and services
Ex: Solar panel manufacturing, installation of DFP filters on heavy duty vehicles.
• Green Consumers: Job opportunities in companies that include
“environmental sustainability” as part of their operating principals. Theoretically, they are the customer’s of the green producers.
EX: Environmental/sustainability consulting, green restaurant owners and workers
Dimensions of the Green Economy
Source: Nijaki et. al. Employment Development Department Green Jobs Survey, 2010
Green Jobs or Green Washing?
•What jobs are “green jobs”?
•Who determines the standards?
•And, how do we know it’s all reliable? How do we ensure we are getting green jobs and not green washing?
Part 2
Defining Differences in Opportunities in the Green Economy
Are there Differences in Green Economic Opportunities?
• A) Differences in aggregate number of green Jobs.
• B) Differences in “type of green employment.”
A) Differences in Aggregate Number of green Jobs.
Are there differences in green employment by urban type?
Differences in Green Jobs by Urban Typology
How Does Green Employment Vary by Urban Type?
SmallPoorTrailing
SmallPoorLeading
SmallRichLeading
BigPoorTrailing
Big Rich Leading
1 2 3 4 50
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
7015.2857
12302.5
17763.3636
42734.3636
46919.9375
Green JobsTotal Green Employment
SmallPoorTrailing
SmallPoorLeading
SmallRichLeading
BigPoorTrailing
BigRich Leading
1 2 3 4 50
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.008
0.01
0.021
0.01
0.013
Green Jobs Per CapitaGreen Employment Per Capita
B) Differences in “type of green employment.”
Green Economy Clusters
See Appendix for Complete Codes
The “Type” of Green Economy Differs
Green BuildingTransportation
WasteEnvironmental
Compliance Energy
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Green Economy Clusters Per Capita Employment by MSA
San FranciscoBostonLA
Boston-Cambridge-Quincy MSA
53%
25%
11%
2%9%
Green Building and Construction ClusterTransportation and Alternative Fuel Vehicle ClusterWaste, Waste Management, Recycling ClusterEnvironmental Compliance, Sustainablilty Planning, and Pollution Prevention ClusterEnergy Generation, Renewable Energy, Energy Storage Cluster
San Francisco-Oakland-Freemont MSA
33%
11%
7%1%
47%
Green Building and Construction ClusterTransportation and Alternative Fuel Vehicle ClusterWaste, Waste Management, Recycling ClusterEnvironmental Compliance, Sustainablilty Planning, and Pollution Prevention ClusterEnergy Generation, Renewable Energy, Energy Storage Cluster
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana MSA
53%
28%
10%
2%7%
Green Building and Construction ClusterTransportation and Alternative Fuel Vehicle ClusterWaste, Waste Management, Recycling ClusterEnvironmental Compliance, Sustainablilty Planning, and Pollution Prevention ClusterEnergy Generation, Renewable Energy, Energy Storage Cluster
Part 3
Green Economy Policies: A National Perspective
How Are Cities Taking About Green Jobs?
1 2 3 4 50
50
100
150
200
250
1.2857
42.4 39.1818
6.6
247.8125
Average Frequency Green Jobs References by City Type
Measure Impact of “Discourse”: Frequency of References of “green jobs” on each city’s website.
BigRichLeading
BigPoorTrailing
SmallRichLeading
SmallPoor Leading
SmallPoor Trailing
Type 1: Unsustainable Underdogs
• Little focus on green jobs. No references in city website. • Exception: Omaha
Green Jobs per Capita .008
Total Green Jobs 7,015
Average # Website References 1.2
Green Jobs/Sustainability Program 426
Green Jobs/Environmental Organization 194
Type 2: Struggling Startups
• Specific green jobs programs, but little impact.• Specific websites focused on the green economy. (i.e. City of Tucson)• Focus on workforce development programs-Green Jobs Corps.
(i.e. City of Fresno, City of Miami)• Some Focus on Clean Technology.
(i.e. City of San Antonio Clean Tech, City of Louisville financing programs/revolving loan fund)
Green Jobs Per Capita .010
Total Green Jobs 12,303
Average # Website References 42.4
Green Jobs/Sustainability Program 461
Green Jobs/Environmental Organization
230
Type 3: Green Boutiques
• Well developed programs around the green economy. Green Jobs as a stated goal. (i.e. Minneapolis “green economy” indicator on sustainability plan)
• “clean technology” focus.(i.e. City of San Jose, City of Austin)
Green Jobs per Capita .021
Total Green Jobs 17,763
Average # Website References 39.2
Green Jobs/Sustainability Program 611
Green Jobs/Environmental Organization
197
Type 4: Lagging Leviathans
• Green jobs focus as inconsistent and diverse.• Some focus on workforce development strategies. • Green jobs focus tends to be “project specific.”
(i.e. City of Mesa Solar Energy Park, City of Long Beach green goods movement focus)
Green Jobs per Capita .010
Total Green Jobs 45,530
Average # Website References 6.6
Green Jobs/Sustainability Program 1418
Green Jobs/Environment Organization 199
Type 5: Green Giants
• Concerted and consistent approaches towards the green economy• “clean technology” focused initiatives
(i.e. City of Chicago Clean Tech Jobs Center, City of New York Green Tech and Manufacturing Initiative)
• Workforce development programs.(i.e. “green collared jobs corps” City of Las Vegas, City of Oakland
City of New York jobs former felons)
Green Jobs per Capita .014
Total Green Jobs 46,920
Average # Website References 247.8
Green Jobs/Sustainability Program 1577
Green Jobs/Environmental Organization 244
Urban Type Type Characteristics Per Capita Green Jobs
Average # “Green Jobs” Website References
Unsustainable Underdogs
•Small Population•Low Median Income•Trailing sustainability .008 1.2
Struggling Startups •Small Population•Low Median Income•Leading Sustainability
.010 42.4
Green Boutiques •Small Population•High Median Income•Leading Sustainability
.021 39.2
Lagging Leviathans •Large Population•Low Median Income•Trailing Sustainability
.010 6.6
Green Giants •Large Population•High Median Income•Leading Sustainability
.014 247.8
Who’s Generating Green Jobs: Green Leaders and Brown Laggards
A Package of Potential Programs• Green Purchasing• Green Business Certification• Clean Tech Corridors/Land
Use Approaches• Business Incubation
Strategies/university partnerships
• Workforce development for resulting opportunities
Part 4
Towards a Green Economy Action Plan: A Focus on Procurement
Traditional Procurement
• Choosing the Lowest Cost Bid: the contractor who produces the lowest cost service or product estimate in response to a request for proposal (RFP).
• Key Goal: “Obtain the most appropriate and highest quality good and service possible for the least cost.”
• Benefits:– Transparency in choosing bids– Regularity in evaluating bids– Simplicity in decision-making process– Economic efficiency/lowest cost
What is the Role of Government Procurement?
Source: Nijaki, L. K. and Worrel, G. “Sustainable Procurement at the Local Government Level” International Journal of Public Sector Management, Forthcoming
Types of Procurement: Going Beyond Lowest Cost Estimates
• Purchasing for Economic Development
• Purchasing for Economic Equity
• Purchasing to Achieve Environmental Benefits
Purchasing for Economic Development
• “Buy local” efforts
• Efforts seek to develop local markets through government procurement
• i.e. “Buy America” provisions in ARRA
Purchasing for Social Equity
• Minority/Woman Owned Business Requirements
• Using procurement to create targeted business opportunities.
• i.e. City of Los Angeles MBE/WBE requirements
Purchasing for Environmental Benefits
• Environmentally Preferable Procurement
• Defined as buying “products or services that have a lesser or reduced effect on human health and the environment when compared with competing products or services.” e.g. higher recycled content, energy efficient machines, less toxic products.
• i.e. City of Santa Monica
Same City, Different Tracks
An Example: City of San Jose: • Environmental: EPP policy: Procurement of services
and products that reduce toxicity, conserve natural resources, material and energy, maximize recyclability and recycled content.
• Equity: Up to a 5 percent bid preference for minority-owned and woman-owned businesses.
• Economic: Local Preference Policy gives up to 5 percent bid preference for local business enterprises.
Sustainable Procurement: Three “E”s for Green Jobs?
Procurement for Sustainable Local Development
1. Examine current public procurement processes. 2. Define whether or not any of those products could be
manufactured within their locale.3. Analyze whether growth is appropriate for the community in
terms of industrial mix and workforce capabilities. Define occupations and industries.
4. Determine other economic incentives and industry incubation strategies.
5. Implement procurement strategies, considering phase-in priorities and measurement of results. Three major approaches: bureaucratic assistance, bid preferences, and blanket policies.
Bureaucratic Assistance• Offering case management within procurement process for firms
representative of sustainability values.• Advantages:
– Strategic targeting of businesses– Engage “start-ups”, opportunities to bolster innovation– Long term personal and customized support
• Disadvantages:– Long-term vision– Time and resource intensive– Potential for favoritism
• Sample Policies: King County, Washington; Portland and Multnomah County, Oregon
Blanket Policies • Widespread policy incorporating sustainability goals within
procurement decisions.• Advantages:
– Sends strong message.– Ensures outcome and rigorous evaluation of programmatic goals.
• Disadvantages:– May be politically infeasible.– Inflexible in implementation– Threshold levels may de-incentivize attainment of higher
environmental goals.• Sample Policies: Woodbury County, Iowa; San Francisco,
California.
Bid Preferences• Integration of sustainability goals within the ranking of
prospective firms.• Advantages:
– Target particular groups for benefits– Flexibility in meeting multiple outcomes– Layer procurement policies on top of existing system
• Disadvantages:– Favoritism and due to ambiguity– Difficulties in being able to structure preferences to achieve
most sustainable end• Sample Policies: Cal Trans, Marion County, Oregon
Key Challenges
• Political Feasibility and Ensuring Against Favoritism/Transparency
• Training Staff• Evaluating Products and Developing
Implementation Plans • Coordination Between Disparate Departments• Workforce Development and Economic
Development—Equity Considerations
Creating the “tools”
Based upon the results of this research, there is needed to develop a “green economy” growthtool for local green jobs growth. There is a need to create an effective green economy databasefor local communities that can consist of the following toolsets that collectively can indicateavenues of opportunities. Such a tool should be available online.
For Businesses: -Searchable database for city/county procurement requests for proposals. -Searchable database for government incentives related to “green.” -Searchable database for events relevant to the “sustainable business community.” For Governments: -Database of “local” and “nonlocal” businesses offering green products. -Ability for businesses to “pitch” and/or showcase “green” products.-Ability to locate “local businesses” on a map in order to showcase local impacts.-Database for city/county procurement requests that can be done collaboratively across cityboundaries. Such a database can provide resources for cities looking to partner with oneanother, as well as for regional government agencies seeking collaboration.
For Job-Seekers: -Ability for “green businesses” to post help-wanted adds.This will provide constituents interested in the greeneconomy with needed resources. For Consumers:-Searchable database for products that they may be ableto buy along with government procurement efforts inorder to expand market opportunities and tofoster public-private partnerships leading to theproliferation of sustainable goods.
Some Key Resources for Green Jobs Workforce Development Research:
• BLS Green Communities of Practice: • https://greenjobs.workforce3one.org/
• State of California Employment Development Department:
• http://www.labormarketinfo.edd.ca.gov
• Onet Green Occupational Information:• http://www.onetcenter.org/green.html
QUESTIONS AND COMMENTS?
This research examines the green economy at the metropolitan level.
The green economy consists of employment opportunities that areenvironmentally preservative. (i.e. recycling jobs, green building construction, renewable energy generation, energy efficiency auditing)
Research Question:What institutional and governance structure is emerging around the greeneconomy?
Three Key Points:I. The green economy is a significant movement connected to
urban sustainability.
II. The (1) “aggregate” and (2) “type” of green employment differs across metropolitan areas. Different urban “types” may define different opportunities in the green economy. Factors that may matter include: wealth, population size, environmental programs, environmental nonprofit groups.
III. New alliances between stakeholders and new policies are emerging around the green economy at the metropolitan level.
Traditional Development Theory and Defining Progress: Economic Growth and the Urban Environmental Problem
Traditional focus on growth (expanded GDP etc.) as central goal. Environmental degradation is an externality of the pursuit of growth.
Rhetoric: Economy versus Environment. Fuels conflicts between stakeholders around development choices, and the pursuit of quality of life issues. Specifically:
(Source: Campbell, S. JAPA, 1995)
If we must choose between the economy and environment, can we ever win?
Moving Beyond Growth: Sustainable Development Theory
Sustainability/Sustainable Development: Economy, Environment, and Equity. Moving Beyond Growth. (Higgens, 1996; Roberts,2004 et.al.)
Rhetoric: Environment and EconomyNew Strategic Framing around development. (Snow and Benford, 2004)
New benefits through new institutions and new partnerships between historically adversarial groups.
Key Question: How can we establish economic development in communities and also provide effective solutions to environmental degradation? How can we best shape development in a manner that is preservative of equity, environmental, and economic goals?
Sustainability as a “fuzzy concept;” difficulty in measuring and institutionalizing the rhetoric. (Gunder, 2007 et.al)
Why Study the Green Economy?:Green Jobs as a Sustainable Solution?
Operationalize/concretize “sustainability” through concept of green jobs as a new form of economic growth created by new markets and made possible through technological advance. Similarly fueled by the rise of corporate social responsibility, and new niche, consumer-driven markets. (Dahlsrud, 2006, Younger and Tiley, 2006, Hardjona and Klein, 2003)
Green Jobs: “Activities which produce goods and services to measure, prevent, limit, minimize or correct environmental damage to water, air and soil, as well as problems related to waste, noise and ecosystems.” (OECD,2000)
Green jobs are economic opportunities in environmental preservation/remediation.
The green economy may be a new institutional nexus for dealing with development decisions in communities and in providing economic goods to communities while achieving environmental benefits.
Why Study the Green Economy?:Trends in Term “Green Jobs”
In order to understand and build opportunities in this framework, we need to define and systematically examine the “green economy.”
Defining Green Differently
How to Study the Green Economy?
How does green employment vary from one metropolitan area to another?
What might account for such variation?
What might be correlated with, or an indicator of, opportunities in the green economy?
Part 1: Macro Analysis
Sample: 55 largest cities and corresponding MSAs
A. Defining Institutional Factors What institutional factors may be correlated with, or be indicators of, green employment opportunities at the sub-national scale? Green Jobs (source: Brookings Institution)
Institutional Factors:
-Population-Wealth/Median Income-Strength of Environmental Nonprofits (source: National Center Charitable Statistics)-Environmental Programs/Sustainability Programs (source: Portney, 2011)
55 largest cities and corresponding MSAs
1. What is the relationship between the level of economic development and the presence of green
jobs? a) Correlation
r=.485
b) T-test:High vs. Low Median IncomeMedian income=46968.24
If median income >=46967.24Mean Green Jobs=42340.5714
If median Income <46967.23Mean Green Jobs=22202.9118.
t score=2.466, p=.019 The number of green jobs is statistically
significantly different for those MSAs that have median incomes greater than or equal to 46968.24.
r=.485
High Median Incomes are Correlated with High Green Employment.
Tota
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mpl
oym
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Median Income
2. What is the Relationship Between Sustainability Programs and Green Jobs?
Mixed Evidence Relating Higher Levels of Sustainability With Higher Levels of Green Employment
1. K. Portney 2011 Sustainability Index 2. Sustainelane.com sustainability Index
T test between “top cities”Mean of top cities: 55039.2Mean of rest: 24303.52
P=.032
See: Ourgreencities.com for complete index of 33 factors.
See sustainelane.com for complete index
Tota
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Total Sustainability Programs
3. What is the relationship between green jobs andstrength of environmental nonprofit organizations?
GreenJobs=4019.716+.185.1Eorgs
P (eorgs)=.000
R=.877(p=.00)Rsquare=.601
Similar, results with: -total number environmental contributions: r=.665 -total revenue: r=.602
Strong Relationship between Environmental Nonprofits and Green Employment
Number of Environmental Nonprofits
Tota
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ent
Predicting Green Employment
GreenJobs: Brooking Institute Quantification
Regression2: GREENJOBS= -24257.684+.008Pop+.520Mincome+44.763enviroorgs+10217.805Sustaine
Regression3:GREENJOBS=-30818.167+.008Population+.679Mincome+50.98Envirorgs
Rsquaredregression2=.861Metropolitan Statistical Areas
Tota
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mpl
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B. Developing the Typology
Urban Typology
Cities by Urban Type
1 2 3 4 50
5000000
10000000
15000000
20000000
25000000
30000000
35000000
40000000
Population
⏎⏎
1 2 3 4 50
5
10
15
20
25
30
Sustainability1 2 3 4 5
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
Median Income
C. How Does Green Employment Vary by Urban Type?
SmallPoorTrailing
SmallPoorLeading
SmallRichLeading
BigPoorTrailing
Big Rich Leading
1 2 3 4 50
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
7015.2857
12302.5
17763.3636
42734.3636
46919.9375
Green JobsTotal Green Employment
SmallPoorTrailing
SmallPoorLeading
SmallRichLeading
BigPoorTrailing
BigRich Leading
1 2 3 4 50
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.008
0.01
0.021
0.01
0.013
Green Jobs Per CapitaGreen Employment Per Capita
Environmental Nonprofits by Urban Type
SmallPoorTrailing
SmallPoorLeading
SmallRichLeading
LargePoorTrailing
LargeRichLeading
1 2 3 4 50
50
100
150
200
250
36
55
91
174
215
Environmental Organizations
D. How Are Cities Taking About Green Jobs?
1 2 3 4 50
50
100
150
200
250
1.2857
42.4 39.1818
6.6
247.8125
Average Frequency Green Jobs References by City Type
Measure Impact of “Discourse”: Frequency of References of “green jobs” on each city’s website.
BigRichLeading
BigRichTrailing
SmallRichLeading
SmallPoor Leading
SmallPoor Trailing
Type 1: Unsustainable Underdogs
• Little focus on green jobs. No references in city website. • Exception: Omaha
Green Jobs per Capita .008
Total Green Jobs 7,015
Average # Website References 1.2
Green Jobs/Sustainability Program 426
Green Jobs/Environmental Organization 194
Type 2: Struggling Startups
• Specific green jobs programs, but little impact.• Specific websites focused on the green economy. (i.e. City of Tucson)• Focus on workforce development programs-Green Jobs Corps.
(i.e. City of Fresno, City of Miami)• Some Focus on Clean Technology.
(i.e. City of San Antonio Clean Tech, City of Louisville financing programs/revolving loan fund)
Green Jobs Per Capita .010
Total Green Jobs 12,303
Average # Website References 42.4
Green Jobs/Sustainability Program 461
Green Jobs/Environmental Organization
230
Type 3: Green Boutiques
• Well developed programs around the green economy. Green Jobs as a stated goal. (i.e. Minneapolis “green economy” indicator on sustainability plan)
• “clean technology” focus.(i.e. City of San Jose, City of Austin)
Green Jobs per Capita .021
Total Green Jobs 17,763
Average # Website References 39.2
Green Jobs/Sustainability Program 611
Green Jobs/Environmental Organization
197
Type 4: Lagging Leviathans
• Green jobs focus as inconsistent and diverse.• Some focus on workforce development strategies. • Green jobs focus tends to be “project specific.”
(i.e. City of Mesa Solar Energy Park, City of Long Beach green goods movement focus)
Green Jobs per Capita .010
Total Green Jobs 45,530
Average # Website References 6.6
Green Jobs/Sustainability Program 1418
Green Jobs/Environment Organization 199
Type 5: Green Giants
• Concerted and consistent approaches towards the green economy• “clean technology” focused initiatives
(i.e. City of Chicago Clean Tech Jobs Center, City of New York Green Tech and Manufacturing Initiative)
• Workforce development programs.(i.e. “green collared jobs corps” City of Las Vegas, City of Oakland
City of New York jobs former felons)
Green Jobs per Capita .014
Total Green Jobs 46,920
Average # Website References 247.8
Green Jobs/Sustainability Program 1577
Green Jobs/Environmental Organization 244
Urban Type Type Characteristics Per Capita Green Jobs
Average # “Green Jobs” Website References
Unsustainable Underdogs
•Small Population•Low Median Income•Trailing sustainability .008 1.2
Struggling Startups •Small Population•Low Median Income•Leading Sustainability
.010 42.4
Green Boutiques •Small Population•High Median Income•Leading Sustainability
.021 39.2
Lagging Leviathans •Large Population•Low Median Income•Trailing Sustainability
.010 6.6
Green Giants •Large Population•High Median Income•Leading Sustainability
.014 247.8
Who’s Generating Green Jobs: Green Leaders and Brown Laggards
Part 3: Case Study Analysis
Case Study Selection:
Case Study Analysis Methodology
A) Economic Analysis:Quantifying the Green Economy
How can green economy be quantified within existing labor market information system?
Green Industries: -Type of Firm-Measured by NAICS codes
Green Occupations:-What one Does -Measured by SOC codes
KEY CHALLENGE:Having an abundance of employment opportunities in an occupation or industry indicates opportunities. However, there is no green “industry” or “occupation.”Need to developing Green Economy Clusters Based Upon Industry and Occupational Analysis…
Green Economy Clusters
See Appendix for Complete Codes
The “Type” of Green Economy Differs
Green BuildingTransportation
WasteEnvironmental
Compliance Energy
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
Green Economy Clusters Per Capita Employment by MSA
San FranciscoBostonLA
Boston-Cambridge-Quincy MSA
53%
25%
11%
2%9%
Green Building and Construction ClusterTransportation and Alternative Fuel Vehicle ClusterWaste, Waste Management, Recycling ClusterEnvironmental Compliance, Sustainablilty Planning, and Pollution Prevention ClusterEnergy Generation, Renewable Energy, Energy Storage Cluster
San Francisco-Oakland-Freemont MSA
33%
11%
7%1%
47%
Green Building and Construction ClusterTransportation and Alternative Fuel Vehicle ClusterWaste, Waste Management, Recycling ClusterEnvironmental Compliance, Sustainablilty Planning, and Pollution Prevention ClusterEnergy Generation, Renewable Energy, Energy Storage Cluster
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana MSA
53%
28%
10%
2%7%
Green Building and Construction ClusterTransportation and Alternative Fuel Vehicle ClusterWaste, Waste Management, Recycling ClusterEnvironmental Compliance, Sustainablilty Planning, and Pollution Prevention ClusterEnergy Generation, Renewable Energy, Energy Storage Cluster
Green Economy Cluster Boston-Cambridge-Quincy MSA San Francisco-Oakland-Freemont MSA Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana MSA
Green Building and Construction Cluster
ArchitectsElectrical EngineersLandscape Engineers
ArchitectsArchitectural draftersCivil EngineersLandscape architectsRoofersRough carpentersUrban and Regional Planers
Urban and Regional Planners
Transportation and Alternative Fuel Vehicles
None Bus driversFreight forwardersTransportation engineers
Freight Forwarders
Waste, Waste Management, Recycling
None Hazardous material Worker None
Environmental Compliance, Sustainability Planning, Pollution Prevention
Construction managerGreen marketersMarketing managersLogistics managersArchitecture engineering managerFinancial analystsElectrical engineersRobotics engineersEtc.
Green marketersArchitecture engineering managerWater resource specialistsWholesale/retail buyersEnergy auditorsSustainability specialistsFinancial quantitative analystRisk management specialistsEtc.
None
Energy Generation, Renewable Energy Storage Cluster
Biofuels production managersCivil engineers
Securities and commodities tradersCivil engineersInvestment underwritersEnergy brokers
None
B. Institutional Analysis of 3 MSAs
Boston-Cambridge-Quincy MSA
San Francisco-Oakland-Freemont MSA
Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana MSA
Green Building and Construction Cluster
Zoning Code RequirementCool RoofsGreen LeaseEnergy RetrofitGreen Contractor Institute
SF Existing Building RetrofitsSF Clean Energy FundEastbay Green Energy WatchOakland Green Building OrdinanceOakland Build it Green ProgramOakland Construction and Debris Waste OrdinanceOakland Civil Building OrdinanceOakland Green Resources Center
Green Building Retrofit Ordinance Green Building Policy
Transportation and Alternative Fuel Cluster
EV Boston Fleet Purchases
Oakland Climate Action Plan Clean Air Action Plan Clean Fleet Purchases
Waste, Waste Management, and Recycling Cluster
Integrated Waste Management Plan
SF Zero Waste PolicyAlameda County Waste Management
Renew LASolid Waste Integrated Waste Management Plan
Environmental Compliance, Sustainability Planning, and Pollution Prevention
Boston Buying PowerGreen LeaseEnergy Rating
SF Green Business ProgramSF Greenspace Programs
Green ProcurementGreen Business ProgramLow Impact Development
Energy Generation, Renewable Energy,Energy Storage Cluster
Newmarket Eco-Industrial ProjectBoston Innovation DistrictGreentech BostonSolar BostonClimate CommissionRenew BostonRenewable Portfolio Standard
Energy SFSF Energy WatchGoSolar SFSF Cleanenergy Task ForceOakland Climate Action PlanBiodiesel Action Task Force
Green LA/DWP plan/Renewable Energy ProcurementSolarLA PlanClimate Plan (Green LA Mayoral Plan)
What Stakeholders are Important?
Labor
Environmental
JusticeBusiness
Environment
Social Justice
Green Economy Alliances
Green Collared Jobs Coalition: -Labor-Social Justice-Environmental Justice
Green Business Associations:
-Environment -Business
Boston Los Angeles San FranciscoGreen Collared Job Coalitions
-Green Justice Coalition
-Los Angeles Apollo Alliance/SCOPE
-Oakland Climate Action Alliance-Local Clean Energy Alliance
Green Business Associations
-US Green Building Council Local Chapter-BALLE
-US Green Building Council Local Group-BALLE/Green Business Networking-Green Think Tank Coalition-Sustainable Business Council-Los Angeles Business Council
-US Green Building Council Local Chapter-Bay Area Climate Collaborative-Business Council on Climate Action-Sustainable Silicon Valley
Government-Driven Groups
-Climate Action Partnership
-Clean Tech Los Angeles-Porttech Los Angeles
-East Bay Green Corridor Partnership-Oakland Climate Action Plan-San Francisco Clean Tech Council
Conclusions• 1) The “green economy” is an impactful, emerging
rhetorical framework at the sub-national scale. It centers on the simple idea of targeting economic opportunities in environmental preservation. New approaches, framings of issues, and alliances are possible given the new emergence of values.
• 2) Not all places are equally positioned for green economic growth. Differences in the aggregate number and type (occupation/industry mix) of green jobs exists in different cities/metropolitan areas.
Conclusions
• 3) Institutional factors may explain differences:-wealth/income-the strength of nonprofits
-population-sustainability programs and policies
• 4) Policies are generally correlated with differences in industry-based and occupationally-based opportunities. San Francisco is well positioned in energy. Boston is well positioned in green building. Los Angeles may offer opportunities in manufacturing.
Conclusions• 5) New alliances are emerging as two distinct regimes around the
implementation of green economy goals. – “Green collared jobs alliances” between labor organizations and the
environmental/social justice community push for access to job training in accessible economic opportunities often focused on energy retrofits.
– “Green business associations” of businesses and mainstream environmental organizations tend to advocate for high-road employment in high tech industries related to the green economy. The emergent “green business association” appears to be more highly connected with government interests.
1. Future Research PlansGreen economy policy-specific analysis. Understanding specifics of policyimplementation and understanding what policies work in differentinstitutional realities.
Case Study Selection by Policy Type, i.e.:• Land-use Approaches• Financing Mechanisms• Workforce Development Strategies
Questions: How can such policies be structured? What types of Institutions/institutional design is necessary/effective
in shaping these particular policies at the sub-national scale? What stakeholder groups are most active and integrated in the process?
2. Future Research PlansAnalysis of green economy in different geographies including cities internationally,and at the state level.
Questions: What institutional factors might account for differences in the magnitude and type of green employment
opportunities state-wide? What range of “green economy” policies could be employed at the state scale to bolster opportunities
around the green economy? How can environmental and economic development policies be restructured or reframed to provide
market opportunities in environmental preservation/remediation?
Dependent Variable: Quantification of Green EmploymentIndependent Variables: Institutional Factors including
-measures of relative wealth -data on government expenditures-political characteristics -interest group environment through identification by stakeholders statewide
3. Future Research PlansFurther analysis of green economy stakeholders. Green jobs provide a potentially powerful selective benefit for communitiesby creating employment opportunities in reducing GHGs and cleaning upEnvironmental blight.
Questions: What is the nature and distribution of green business associations domestically? What
institutional factors may account for the rise of green business associations in metropolitan areas?
How does the green jobs movement interact with the broader environmental movement, environmental justice movement, and climate change mitigation/adaptation efforts?
How can climate change mitigation be reframed as an “economic opportunity” and how does this relate to equity considerations in the integration of environmental and economic benefits? How can the issue framing and institutions related to the “green economy” be used to infuse equity considerations and community benefits from climate change mitigation?
Dissertation StatusTheory Development (complete)Part 1: Analysis of 55 metropolitan statistical areas (complete)Part 2: Case Study Analysis (in progress)
San Francisco-Oakland-Freemont (complete)Boston-Cambridge-Quincy (complete)☐Los Angeles-Long Beach-Santa Ana (economic analysis
complete)☐Conclusion Section (in progress)
Appendix
• Additional Slides From Part 2• Additional Slides From Part 3
Appendix: Part 1
Part 2: Case Selection
Case Selection: Green Collared Jobs Groups
Case Selection: Sustainability Rankings
Case Selection: Green Business Associations
Green Economy Cluster 1: Green Building and Construction
Green Economy Cluster 2: Transportation and Alternative Fuel Vehicles
Green Economy Cluster 3: Waste, Waste Management, Recycling
Green Economy Cluster 4:Environmental Compliance, Sustainability Planning, Pollution Prevention
Green Economy Cluster 5:Energy Generation, Renewable Energy, Energy Storage
Energy Generation, Renewable Energy, Enerorage
The “Type” of Green Economy Differs
Green Building Transportation Waste Environmental Compliance Energy 0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Green Economy Cluster Per Capita Establishments by MSA
San FranciscoBostonLA
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