European moss survey 2010/11:heavy metals, nitrogen and POPs
ICP VEGETATION 30th
Progress HM & N
New: Pilot study POPs
Review: mosses as biomonitors of POPs
N, 2005/6
Participation 2010/11 moss survey
Albania
AustriaS
Belarus
Belgium
BulgariaS
Croatia
Czech RepEMEP
Denmark (F. Isl.)
Estonia
Finland
France POPs, S
Iceland
Italy (Bolzano)
Macedonia
Montenegro
Norway POPs
Poland POPs, S
Romania
Russian Federation
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia POPs, S
Spain – Galicia
– Navarra POPs, S
– Rioja
Sweden
Switzerland POPs, S
Ukraine (Donetsk)
Black: heavy metals Blue: heavy metals & N EMEP: case study 5x5 km2
(12 countries) (14 countries)
ICP VEGETATION 30th
NEW: Pilot study POPs
Participating countries:
France (Île de France)
Spain (Navarra)
Switzerland (Swiss Plateau)
Poland (PAHs, 30 sites)
Slovenia (PAHs, 30 sites)
Norway (various POPs)
Lab in France:PAHs in Hypnum cupressiforme, 20 sites per country
PAHs: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
ICP VEGETATION 30th
Mosses as biomonitors of POPs
Concern: toxic, persistent, bioaccumulate, long-range transport
Measured and modelled by EMEP (high uncertainties)
2009: 23 EMEP monitoring sites in total in 17 countries
POPs measured: pesticides, PAHs, HCHs, HCB and PCBs
Benzo[a]pyrene concentrations at EMEP sites in 2009(Gusev et al., 2011)
ICP VEGETATION 30th
Mosses as biomonitors of POPs
Majority of studies on PAHs
Gradient studies near pollution sources or in remote areas (Arctic and Antartic)
Few studies investigated relationship between air concentrations, deposition fluxes and POPs concentrations in mosses
Benzo[ghi]perylene:
C1 = 1.62*C2 + 259.6*C3 + 0.74*P (R = 0.74, P = 0.002)
Benzo[a]pyrene:
C1 = 1.31*C2 + 180.3*C3 + 0.16*P (R = 0.66, P = 0.007) (Thomas, 1986)
Fluroanthene:
C1 = 0.33*C2 + 26.2*C3 + 0.19*P (R = 0.91, P = 0.000)
(C1 = moss, C2 = rainwater, C3 = PM, P = precipitation)
ICP VEGETATION 30th
Mosses as biomonitors of POPs
Few studies on temporal trends of PAHs:
changes in concentration and composition in moss reflect changes in emission sources and levels
herbarium moss samples: an effective tool to reconstruct historical trends in PAHs deposition (Foan et al., 2010)
Mosses also good biomonitors for:
polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs)
dioxins/furans
polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)
ICP VEGETATION 30th
Research recommendations
ICP VEGETATION 30th
More studies to investigate relationship between air concentrations, deposition fluxes and POPs in mosses
Hence, moss sampling required at national and/or regional (EMEP) POPs monitoring sites
Study effects of other variables (such as temperature, altitude, precipitation, moss species) on POPs concentrations in mosses
If pilot study successful, more countries should participate in the future; repeat POPs survey to establish temporal trends
Impacts of black carbon (BC) on vegetation
ICP VEGETATION 30th
Little known about direct impact BCR
ise
T (
oC
)
Light (umol m-2 s-1)
Hirano et al., 1995
Cucumber : Increase leaf temperature
Increase water loss
More known about direct impact road dust:
Increase leaf temperature, blocking of leaf pores, reduction photosynthesis (shading or impeded gas diffusion)
… but effects at relatively high concentrations
Impacts of black carbon (BC) on vegetation
ICP VEGETATION 30th
Complex indirect impacts of air pollutants (e.g. aerosols, atmospheric brown clouds):
Difficult to distinguish impacts BC
Aerosols (including BC) affect cloudiness, precipitation, surface temperature, but large uncertainties in physical processes and impacts not well quantified (UNEP-WMO, 2011)
BC: warming, OC (organic carbon): cooling atmosphere
BC: global dimming, increase direct-to-diffuse radiation ratio; potentially reducing CO2 sequestration
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