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Pull-Of Adhesion Testing
Presented by: David Beamish, DeFelsko
Cororation
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!earning Out"omes
• At the end o# this $ebinar you $ill beable to:
• De%ne ull-of strength
• &'lain the diferen"e bet$een Adhesion and Cohesion
• Des"ribe several tyes o# ull testers
• (nderstand re)uirements o# A*T+ D., *tandard Test+ethod #or Pull-Of *trength o# Coatings (sing Portable
Adhesion Testers
• Condu"t a ull test
•
(nderstand diferen"es $hen testing on"on"rete
• Analy/e and reort test results
• !ist "ommon it#alls
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0ntrodu"tion
• This $ebinar $ill dis"ussthe method #or evaluating
the ull-of strength1"ommonly re#erred to asadhesion2 o# a "oating
system alied to a metalsubstrate3
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Adhesion
• A "omle' henomenon related to hysi"al and"hemi"al #or"es
• The ability o# a "oating to adhere to the substrate orto a revious "oating
• There are many $ays to evaluate degree o# bonding3But there is no single test to a""urately and
)uantitatively determine adhesion• +any #a"tors should be taken into a""ount3
Conservative evaluations are re"ommended
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4hat is Being +easured5• Coating strength at diferent lanes
• Adhesion Strength - Bond strength bet$een
the substrate and the "oating and6or the "oatinglayer to one another
• Cohesion Strength - 0nner-strength o# a
"oating layer
• Adhesion strength is highly variable
• 7o industry $ide adhesion a""etan"e value
• +inimum adhesion values may be on a PD* or ina se"i%"ation
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The Pull-Of Test
• A loading %'ture 1dolly2 is glued to the"oating, then ulled by a ortable tester3
•
Determines:• greatest tensile #or"e that a sur#a"e area "an bear
be#ore material is deta"hed, or
• $hether the sur#a"e remains inta"t at a res"ribed#or"e 1ass6#ail23
• *"rat"h or kni#e adhesion results may not be"omarable
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Pull-Of *trength Test
+ethod• For metal substrates use:
• ASTM D 4541, *tandard Test +ethod#or Pull-Of *trength o# Coatings(sing Portable Adhesion Testers
• For "on"rete substrates use:•
ASTM D 7234, *tandard Test +ethod #orPull-Of *trength o# Coatings on Con"rete(sing Portable Pull-Of Adhesion Testers
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Portable Pull-of Adhesion
Testers – Mechanical 1t$ist by hand2 – Hydraulic 1oil ressure2 –
neu!atic 1air ressure2
• 4idely used by "oatingsmanu#a"turers, se"i%ers, inse"tors,"oating se"ialists3
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Testing &)uiment
• The #ollo$ing devi"es aredes"ribed: –
Method A" Dis"ontinued – Method #" Fi'ed Alignment Tye 00
1+e"hani"al2
– Method C" *el#-Aligning Tye 000 18ydrauli"2
–
Method D" *el#-Aligning Tye 09 1Pneumati"2 – Method $" *el#-Aligning Tye 9 18ydrauli"2
– Method %" *el#-Aligning Tye 90 18ydrauli"2
• esults obtained by ea"h test9
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Test +ethod B
• Fi'ed Alignment Tye 00 1+e"hani"al2
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Test +ethod C
• *el#-Aligning Tye 000
18ydrauli"2• !oad is alied through the "enter
o# the loading dolly by a hydrauli"iston and in
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Test +ethod D
• *el#-Aligning Tye 09 1Pneumati"2
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Test +ethod &
• *el#-Aligning Tye 9 18ydrauli"2
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Test +ethod F
• *el#-Aligning Tye 90 18ydrauli"2
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A*T+ D . Overvie$.3 *ele"t and "lean the test site
;3 Preare the test dollies
<3 Aly adhesive to dolly and6or
sur#a"e and allo$ to "ure
3 *"ore around the dolly throughto the substrate 1otional2
3 Conne"t an adhesion testerand ull to #ailure or to a se"i%ed ma' #or"e
=3 e"ord the %nal ulling #or"e and )uali#y thenature
o# the #ailure 15
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Aaratus
.3 Adhesion Tester, "ommer"iallyavailable, e'amles are listed in
Anne' A. - A
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a3 !oading Fi'turesb3 Deta"hing Assembly"3 Base 1i# needed by the adhesion tester2d3 +eans o# ulling the loading %'tures verti"allye3 Timer to maintain .> si6s in .>>s
#3 For"e indi"ator
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Aaratus
;3 *olvent
<3 *andaer
3 Adhesive3 Clams
=3 Cotton *$abs
?3 Cir"ular 8ole *a$ 1otional2
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. @ *ele"t and Clean Test
*ite• A at sur#a"e large enough to
a""ommodate the se"i%ed number o#reli"ate test dollies
• For statisti"al uroses < test sites $ithin ase"i%ed area are tyi"ally re)uired
• A rigid sur#a"e that "an suort the "ounter
#or"e• *teel substrates less than <3; mm 12
thi"kness usually redu"e ull-of strength
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• The sur#a"e should be lightly abraded toromote adhesion o# the adhesive
• !ightly roughen $ith %ne sandaer 1>> grit or
%ner2 or abrasive ad, ese"ially smooth or glossysur#a"es
• Care must be taken to revent damage or signi%"antloss o# "oating thi"kness
• Per#orm a **PC-*P ., *olvent Cleaning• emove residual dust $ith a solvent that does not
degrade the "oating
. @ *ele"t and Clean Test *ite
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!oading Fi'ture Design
*el#-Aligning
Tye 90
Fi'edAlignment
Tye 00 *el#-Aligning
Tye 000
*el#-Aligning Tye 9
*el#-Aligning
Tye 09no$n as: -!oadingFi'tures, or
-Dollies, or
-*tuds, or -Pull *tubs 20
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; - Preare the !oading
Fi'tures• Follo$ the manu#a"turerEs instru"tions
• Failures at the dolly-adhesive inter#a"e may beavoided by treating the dolly sur#a"e in
a""ordan"e $ith A*T+ uide D;=., *tandarduide #or Prearation o# +etal *ur#a"e #orAdhesive Bonding
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< - Aly Adhesive
• 0denti#y a suitable glue:• Cyanoa"rylates 1suer glues2 "ure )ui"kly
and are "ommonly used on some "oatings
$ith lo$ bond strengths• ;-art eo'ies $hen stronger bonds are
re)uired
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< - Aly Adhesive• Preare and aly the adhesive a""ording to the
manu#a"turerEs instru"tions
• Note: Adding about 1% of #5 glass beads to theadhesive helps with test dolly alignment
• Aly adhesive over the entire sur#a"e area o#the dolly
• Pla"e dolly onto the sur#a"e
• emove e'"ess adhesive#rom around the dolly $itha G-Ti $ithout moving
the dolly 23
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< - Aly Adhesive
• 4hile "uring, a "onstant ressure should bemaintained on the dolly using:
• +agneti" or me"hani"al "laming systems
•
+asking tae
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- *"ore around the dolly• *"oring is a method o# "utting around the
erimeter o# the dolly do$n to the substrate
• *hould only be done #or:
– "oatings greater than
>> Hm 1;> mils2 thi"k
– rein#or"ed "oatings
– elastomeri" "oatings
•
Avoid t$isting or tor)uing the test area• A temlate made out o# ly$ood $ith a hole is an
efe"tive method to avoid "utting tool movement
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@ Pull the Dolly
• Atta"h the aaratus and set the #or"e indi"atorto /ero
• 0n"rease the load to the dolly in a smooth,"ontinuous manner
7ot #aster than . +Pa6s 1.>si6s2
7ot longer than .>> se"onds
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= @ e"ord the esults
• eneral test des"rition
• Temerature and 8umidity
• &)uiment sele"ted
• *"oring i# er#ormed
•
Date, time, oerator
• e"ord the ma'imum ull #or"e
• At #ailure, or
• The ma'imum #or"e alied
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= @ e"ord the esults
• Adhesion #rea&" A break bet$een "oating layers
or
bet$een the substrate and %rst"oating layer
• Cohesion #rea&" A break $ithin a single "oating
layer
• 'lue #rea&" Coating adhesion and6or "ohesion
strength e'"eeds bonding strength o# theadhesive
• 0# multile lo"ations o# break o""ur, estimate the Io# ea"h
• e3g3, ?I "ohesion $ithin rimerJ ;I adhesion
• eort the Tye and !o"ation o# the Break
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Tyes o# Breaks
. ; <
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4hat is A""etable5
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A*T+ D ?;<
Con"rete Test Diferen"es• !arger ; 1> mm2 diameter
loading %'tures
• *"oring is generally er#ormed
• *lo$er loading rate
•
Failure is tyi"ally $ithin the"on"rete itsel#
• **PC *P.<67AC& 7o3 =, Aendi' A.3= des"ribesro"edures #or testing "on"rete "oating adhesion
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Cautions
.3 (se D . "harts to sele"t a testdevi"e
;3 9eri#y test devi"e has "urrent"alibration
<3 The substrate must be rigid
3 Adhesive should not damage the"oating
3 Preare the "onta"t sur#a"es
=3 +i' and aly the adhesive "are#ully32
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*ummary
• Pull-of adhesion testing is ane'"ellent method #or veri%"ation
that the "oating has "reated ame"hani"al bond $ith the substrate
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A"kno$ledgements
• -**PC $$$3ss"3org +arket Pla"e
• -A*T+ $$$3astm3org *tandards
• -Bill Corbett, TA, Coating Adhesion Testing
Methods and Euipment !ebina"
• -&l"ometer, *&+i"ro, DeFelskoand DFT 0nstruments Euipment
$upplie"s
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Pull-Of Adhesion Testing
Presented by: David Beamish,DeFelsko Cororation
The $nd
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