Classical vs. Operant Conditioning
Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning
Behavior is determined by what PRECEDES it.
Behavior is determined by anticipation of what
FOLLOWS it.
Involuntary Voluntary
Dog salivates after a tone.
Dog sits in anticipation of getting a treat.
Classical or Operant?
Imagine you have a friend who keeps the temperature in her home so high that each occasion on which you visit her you find yourself perspiring. The last time you visited her, you noticed that you began to perspire and became uncomfortable as soon as you saw her house (even before you got inside).
Classical or Operant?
Alice leaves her clothes and toys all over her room. It seems that the only time she cleans up her room is when her mother yells at her. When she yells at her, Alice picks up her clothes and put away her toys.
Classical or Operant?
A patient in a mental hospital is very disruptive at mealtimes. She grabs food from the plates of those sitting near her and tries to cram the food in her mouth. Because this behavior of stealing food is very undesirable, a plan is developed whereby every time the patient steals food from other plates, she is immediately taken to a room without food.
Reinforcement (encourages or strengthens a behavior)
Punishment (discourages or weakens a behavior)
Positive (to add or give something)
A piece of candy for buckling seatbelt
A spanking for not buckling your seatbelt
Negative (to subtract or take something away)
The buzzing sound stops when you buckle your seatbelt
Time Out for not buckling your seatbelt
BR: Fill in the chart using notes below
Interval: schedule based on time Ratio: Schedule based on # of
behaviors Fixed: Constant or predictable Variable: Changing (unpredictable)
Reinforcement Schedules
fixed ratio – set number (every three times you raise your hand I call on you)
variable ratio – unpredictable number of responses (slot machine)
fixed interval – set amount of time (pay you every hour)
variable interval – unpredictable amount of time (fishing)
BF Skinner
BF Skinner – “radical behavioralist” Wanted to demonstrate that uniquely human
behaviors were the product of conditioning. Starved 8 pigeons. Then rewarded them with
food every 15 s, no matter what they did.
Skinner Videos: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I_ctJqjlrHA
What did Skinner believe? What happened in the pigeon
experiment? What is Skinner’s explanation for
gambling?
Results: 6 of 8 bird developed superstitions
Turning counter-clockwise in a circle Thrusting head toward a specific corner of cage “tossing” an imaginary ball with its head Head bobbing with accompanying steps (2 birds) “fake” pecking
Superstition (cont) Follow up studies:
Gradually increased time between rewards to 1 min – bird behaviors became more pronounced (head bobbing/stepping looked like a dance)
Removed reward altogether to create extinction – pigeons showed resistance to extinction (one pigeon repeated behavior over 10,000 times before quitting).
What are your superstitions? How are they rewarded?
Video clips: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qy_mIEnnlF4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cbEKAwCoCKw
What type of reinforcement/punishment is being used?
What is the reinforcement schedule?
Overjustification Effect Overjustification
effect: when we are rewarded for behaviors that we naturally enjoy, we sometimes lose our intrinsic motivation.
Learning and grades?
Professional athletes?
Problems with Punishment
it models aggression as a way to solve problems
breeds anger in the recipient
doesn’t provide an alternative behavior. Therefore, the behavior only goes away when the punisher is around.
Criticisms of Behavioralism
Deemphasizes the role of internal thoughts and feelings in behavior; Presents humans as lacking free will
Ignores biological predispositions
Support for Criticisms
Experiments with humans and animals both indicate that biological predispositions influence conditioning.a. Animal trainingb. Human societies built on behavioralist principles.
Support for Criticisms
2. Expectations alter the effectiveness of conditioning (i.e., alcoholics and nausea-producing drug; overjustification effect).
3. Learning occurs in the absence of rewards or punishments (this is called latent learning)- mice and cognitive maps
EQ: What is social learning theory?
BR: Do you think people learn from their environment?
Why or why not? Give examples
Observational Learning
Also known as modeling.
Albert Bandura – Bobo doll experiment video
Write the procedure and results of the study in your notes
Modeling
Prosocial Behavior – constructive behavior Antisocial Behavior – unproductive or
destruction behavior
Self Discovery: Your locus of control
Give yourself one point for 1(a), 2(b), 3(a), 4(b), 5(b), 6(a)
The higher the score the more external locus of control
What do you think locus of control means?
Locus of control Degree to which
you expect that what happens in your life depends on your own actions and personal qualities vs. factors beyond your control
Internal locus of control: things happen because of your own efforts
External: What happens to you is outside of your control
EQ: Do violent video games contribute to youth violence?
Do you believe that violence is a problem in today’s society?
Do you experience violence in your own life?
What do you think is the cause of violence in our world?
Explain all answers
Videos on violence
Make a pro/con T-chart in your notes (headings is “Do violent video games contribute to youth violence”)
Write evidence from videos for each side of T-chart
Taking to the text with partner
Background: “Do violent video games contribute to youth violence?”
Underline “Pro” statements and write P in margin
Underline “Con” statements and write C in margin
Box and define unknown words
Write comments/connections/opinions/summaries in margins
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