Environmetal problems related to manure management
Greenhouse gas emission from manure stores
Global growth in livestock production Increase focus on animal manure
production and protection of environmentGrowth in cattle production per capita, FAO stat
Trends in agricultural production
Livestock barns From farm to industry
•Ammonia•Greenhouse gases•Odour
Nitrate leaching
Micro-nutrients, heavy metals (Cu, Zn…)Euthrophication
Erosion Phosphorous
Livestock production - A sources of pollution
Uptake in crop
•Ammonia•Greenhouse gases•Odour
Spreading in field
Stored solid manure
Stored liquid manure
Animal house
Agriculture is a major sources of plant nutrients to the ocean
Nitrogen
ton N per year
0 20000 40000 60000
Phosphorus
ton P per year
0 500 1000 1500 2000
Total
Agriculture
Other
Total
Agriculture
Other
Environmental issues related to agricultural production groundwater pollution
• Agriculture is the only source to Nitrate in groundwater• Groundwater is used as drinking water in DK.• Nitrate enrichment is considered a health problem,
concentration should be lower than 50 mg NO3 L-1
Nitrogen and phosphorous loss to lakes and rivers
Enhanced plant growth causes:
Colouring of the water reducing depth affected by sun rays
Reduces oxygen content
• N and P increase plant and algae growth in the ocean
• Increased amounts of decaying organic plant material depletes oxygen content
• In consequence fish are dying
• This is a problem in warm years with little wind
Ocean – oxygen depletion
Duce et al. Science 2008
Nitrogen deposition to
oceansHot spots
Duce et al. Science 2008
Ammonia emission from Danish agriculture
• Ammonia in the atmosphere originates from Agriculture
• The total ammonia emission is ca. 70 000 ton or 25 kg N per ha (76% originates from animal production)
Stald LagerMark Græssende dyrLudning af halm SlamAfgrøderHandelsgødningAfbrænding markAnimal housing
Manure stores
Field applied manure
Crops
Mineral fertilizers
Ammonia treated strawGrassing livestock• Ammonia and sulphate or
nitrate in the atmosphere forms particulates that is a risk to health
• When deposited ammonia may change ecosystem that is susceptible to eutrophication
Losses of N in relation to N application to fields
N emission
Manure + Fertilizer, N kg ha-1
0 50 100 150 200 250
N e
mis
sion,
kg N
ha
-1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
AmmoniaNitrous oxideLeaching
N emission
Surplus N, N kg ha-1
0 50 100 150 200
N e
mis
sion,
kg N
ha
-1
0
10
20
30
40
AmmoniaNirtrous oxideLeaching
Odour
Odour
Reduce value of houses in neighbohood of livestock farm
Nuisance of odour is related to:
Number of animals &
Distance
Animal units
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Maxim
um
odour
dis
tance
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Svinestald Boligområde
<5 LE/m3
Lugtkilde
Svinestald Boligområde
<5 LE/m3
Lugtkilde
Pig barn Residential area
Greenhouse gas emission:
Methane and nitrous oxide
IPCC 2006
Livestock contributes:
37% of global CH4 emission
65% of global N2O emission
(FAO 2006, Livestock long shadow)
Contribution to net global warming (Anthropogenic):
Methane accounts for 30%
Nitrous oxide accounts for 10%
(IPCC, 2007)
Effect of methane and nitrous oxide:
1 kg CH4 equals effect of 23 kg CO2
1 kg N2O equals effect of 296 kg CO2
(IPCC 2007)
Greenhouse Gas emission from animal manure
Manure is the source of the gases:• Methane: CH4
• Nitrous oxide: N2O
Global warming potential• Methane: 23 • Nitrous oxide: 296
Content:
• Manure management and GHG mitigation
• Driving variables and interaction with climate
• Mitigation technologies
• Models for assessing effect of management and technologies
• Conclusion
Livestock or manure
Methane
Pct.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Enteric fermentationManure
Poultry
Dairy cows
Pigs
104
0.26
4.8
Nitrous oxide
Pct.
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
kg C
H4 a
nim
al-1
year-1
Montegny et al. 2006
Methane emissionEffect of source i.e. solid or liquid manure
Biomasse:Animal manureOrganic waste
Hydrolysis
Dissolved substrate
Acidogenesis
H2+CO2
Acetognesis
VFA>C2
CH4+H2O+ CO2
CH3-COOH
Methanogenesis
Biomasse:Animal manureOrganic waste
Hydrolysis
Dissolved substrate
Acidogenesis
H2+CO2
Acetognesis
VFA>C2
CH4+H2O+ CO2
CH3-COOH
Methanogenesis
Manure housing
kg CO2-C eqv. LU-1Y-1
0 2000 4000 6000
Manure stores outside
kg CO2-C eqv. LU-1Y-1
0 100 200 300
Dairy cow, solid manure
Pig slurry
Pigs deep litter
Cattle slurry
Cattle deep litter
Pig deep litter
Nitrous oxide emission from animal manure, low oxygen partial pressure
nitrogen Manure
Interface
Atmosphere
)(
)()(
)(
)(
)()(
)()()(
23
2
22
2
2
4,3
,34
,3
NNO
ON
NON
EmissionEmission
ON
ON
Emission
NOrg
NHNHTAN
HNHNH
NH
Emission
L
G
L
G
L
L
G
Surface of soil, surface of manure stored - Mosaic of aerobic and anaerobic areas
Solid manure store – nitrous oxide(Hansen MN et al. 2005)
b
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 30 60 90 120
Days after start of storage
Con
c. o
f N2O
, pp
m
a
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 30 60 90 120Days after start of storage
Con
c. o
f N2O
, pp
m
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0 30 60 90 120
Uncovered
Covered
10 cm below surface
Centre
Un-covered heap Covered heap
Nitrous oxide
Manure housing
kg CO2-C eqv. LU-1Y-1
0 2000 4000 6000
Manure stores outside
kg CO2-C eqv. LU-1Y-1
0 100 200 300
Dairy cow, solid manure
Pig slurry
Pigs deep litter
Cattle slurry
Cattle deep litter
Pig deep litter
Farming systems with and without Anaerobic Digestion producing biogas
Animalhouse Store Field
Methane Nitrous oxide
Pre-store(small)
Biogasdigester
FieldStoreAnimalhouse
Methane Nitrous oxide
Inlet
Reduce methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission, biogas digestion
Biogas energy
The model include effect of organic matter VS, temperature and storage time
Temperature, oC
0 5 10 15 20 25
Met
hane
em
issi
on,
g C
H4
kg-1
VS
pr.
mon
th
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
9010% VSD
30% VSD
60% VSD
VSD is the fraction of manure that is digestible
Methane emission is related VSD
Methane emisison is related to Temp
Methane emission is related to storage time
Methane emission is related to inoculum
GHG emission - effect of anaerobic digestion of animal slurry in a biogas plan
CH4 & N2O emission
effect of biogas treatment
GHG emission, kg CO2 eq. kg-1 VS
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
Housing
Store
Biogas plant
Applied slurryUntreated
Biogas treated
Whole system
You may use the IPCC algorithm
• T animal category, S system and k climate region
• F(T) = annual CH4 emission for a livestock category T, kg CH4 LU-1 yr-1
• VS(T) = daily volatile solid excreted for livestock category T, kg dry matter LU -1 day-1
• 365 = basis for calculating annual VS production, days yr-1
• BMP(T) = ultimate methane production for manure from a given livestock category T, m3 CH4 Kg-1 of VST. In your calculations the ultimate methane production rate given in this compendium should be used (Table 3).
• 0.67 = conversion factor of m3 CH4 to kilograms CH4
• MCF(S,k) = methane conversion factors for each manure management system S by climate region k, %
Exampel of use of IPCC equation, fattening pig
Expression for Units Data
F(T)
= annual CH4 emission for a livestock category T,
kg CH4 LU-1 yr-1
71
VS(T)
= daily volatile solid excreted for livestock category T,
kg dry matter LU -1 day-1
2.3
365
= basis for calculating annual VS production,
days yr-1 365
Bo(T) = ultimate methane production for manure from a given livestock category T,
m3 CH4 Kg-1 of VST.
0.356
0.67
= conversion factor of m3 CH4 to kilograms CH4
0.67
MCF(S,k)
= methane conversion factors for each manure management system S by climate region k,
% 35
67.0100
),(365)( )(0)(
kSMCFBVSTF TT
In your calculations the following model can be used
F(T) Annual CH4 emission for a livestock
category T
Kg CH4 animal-1 yr-1
VS(T) Annual volatile solid excreted for livestock category T
Kg VS animal-1 yr-1
BMP(T) Biochemical methane production for manure from the livestock category T
m3CH4 kg(VS)-1 0.350
MCF(S,k) Methane conversion factors for each manure management system (S) and climate (k)
% 35
There will be on cow or buffalo and about three fattening pigs per unit: animal -1 yr-1
In the IPPC system is used a livestock unit (LU), which in Europe is about 33 pigs produced per year, on dairy cow or several hundreds chicken
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