Environmental Science
Series editors: R. Allan . U. Forstner . W. Salomons
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
Antonio Gianguzza . Ezio Pelizzetti Silvio Sammartano (Eds.)
Chemical Processes in Marine Environments
With 194 Figures and 56 Tables
, Springer
Editors
Prof. Antonio Gianguzza
Dipartimento di Chimica 1norganica, Sezione di Chimica Ambientale Universita di Palermo Viale delle Scienze, Parco d'Orleans II I -90128 Palermo, Italy
Prof. Ezio Pelizetti
Dipartimento di Chimica Analitica Universita di Torino Via P. Giuria 5 1-10125 Torino, Italy
Prof. Silvio Sammartano
Dipartimento di Chimica 1norganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisika Universita di Messina Salita Sperone 31 I -98166 Messina, Italy
ISSN 1431-6250 ISBN 978-3-642-08589-5
Die Deutsche Bibliothek - CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
Chemical processes in marine environments: with 56 tables 1 Antonio Gianguzza ... (ed.). (Environmental science) ISBN 978-3-642-08589-5 ISBN 978-3-662-04207-6 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-04207-6
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2000 Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 2000 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 2000
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Cover Design: Struve & Partner, Heidelberg Dataconversion: Biiro Stasch . Uwe Zimmermann, Bayreuth
SPIN: 10679322 32/3136 - 543210 - Printed on acid-free paper
Preface
This book collects the scientific contributions from the lecturers at the 2nd edition of the "International School on Marine Chemistry" held in Ustica (Palermo, Italy) from 5 to 12 September 1998. The School was planned with the aim of giving an overview about the chemical processes occurring in the marine environment and the more recent analytical methodologies for their study.
The School was organised under the auspices of the Italian Chemical Society and with the financial support of the Marine Reserve of Ustica Island, the Committee for Environment of Italian CNR, the University of Palermo, the Provincia Regionale of Palermo and the Shimadzu-Italia Corporation. The book has been printed with the financial support of the ''Assessorato Ambiente" of the Provincia Regionale of Palermo.
All the participants, about a hundred including the lecturers and the Organising Committee, are grateful for the generous support of the agencies. A particular acknowledgement from the Editors is to all the lecturers for their availability and courtesy and for the high quality of their scientific contributions.
Prof. Antonio Gianguzza Prof. Ezio Pelizzetti Prof. Silvio Sammartano
Contents
Introduction - Environmental Analytical Chemistry as a Tool for Studying Chemical Processes in Marine Environments ................... 1 Introduction ............................................................................... 1 Biogeochemical Cycles ................................................................... 1 Metals and Organometallic Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4
Part I Biogeochemical Cycles ............................................................... 7
1 The Carbonate System in Marine Environments ................................. 9 1.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 1.2 Equilibria of Carbonate Species ....................................................... 14 1.3 Parameters of the CO2 System in Sea Water .......................................... 16 1.4 Distribution of Carbonate Species .................................................... 21
1·4·1 PC02' • • • • • • • • . . • . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • • • •• • •• 21 1.4.2 pH .................................................................................. 22 1.4.3 TA .. ................................................................................. 26 1.4.4 TC02 . ..............................................................................• 28
1.5 CaC03 Dissolution in Sea Water ....................................................... 31 1.6 Calculating the Penetration of Anthropogenic CO2 into the Oceans ............. 33
1.6.1 Time Series Method ............................................................. 33 1.6.2 Calculation by Correcting for Dissolution of CaC03
and Oxidation of Plant Material ............................................... 34 Acknowledgements ...................................................................... 37 References ................................................................................. 37 Appendix - Thermodynamic Equations for the Carbonic Acid System in Sea Water ............................................................................... 39
Solubility of CO2 (Weiss 1974) .................................................. 39 Carbonic Acid (Millero 1995) ................................................... 39 Boric Acid (Dickson 1990b) .................................................... 39 Water (Millero 1995) ............................................................. 39 HS04 (Dickson 1990a) ........................................................... 40 HF (Dickson and Riley 1979) ................................................... 40 Solubility of CaC03 (Mucci 1983) .............................................. 40 Relationships for the Various pH Scales (Millero 1995) .................... 40
VIII Contents
Effect of Temperature and Pressure on the pH of Sea Water (Millero 1979, 1995) .............................................................. 40 References for Appendix ........................................................ 41
2 Marine Organic Geochemistry: A General Overview ........................... 43 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................. 43
2.1.1 Organic Carbon Cycle ........................................................... 44 2.1.2 Nitrogen Cycle .................................................................... 46
2.2 Molecular Constituents of Organic Matter in the Ocean .......................... 49 2.2.1 Lipids ............................................................................... 49 2.2.2 Amino Acids and Proteins ...................................................... 55 2.2.3 Carbohydrates .................................................................... 61 2.2.4 Lignin and Other CuO-Oxidation Products ................................. 62 2.2.5 Uncharacterized Organic Material ............................................ 67 2.2.6 Dissolved Organic Matter ....................................................... 69 Acknowledgements ...................................................................... 69 References ................................................................................. 69
3 Photooxidation of Dissolved Organic Matter: Role for Carbon Bioavailability and for the Penetration Depth of Solar UV-Radiation ................................................................. 75
3.1 Introduction .............................................................................. 75 3.2 Absorption of Sunlight by CDaM ..................................................... 77 3-3 Photooxidation of CDaM: Role for Carbon Bioavailability ....................... 78 3.4 Experimental Study on the Roles of Iron in CDaM Oxidation in
Irradiated Aqueous Systems (Voelker et al. 1997) ................................... 80 3.4.1 Photooxidation of SRFA by Fe(III) ............................................ 81
3.5 Roles of Ligands in the Redox-Cycling of Iron in the Euphotic Zone of Surface Waters ......................................................................... 83 3.5.1 Roles of Ligands in the Oxidation of lron(II) in the Euphotic
Zone of Surface Waters ......................................................... 84 3.6 Conclusions ............................................................................... 86
References ................................................................................. 87
4 Redox Processes in Anoxic Waters .................................................. 91 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................. 91 4.2 Cariaco Trench ............................................................................ 94 4.3 Framvaren Fjord. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 101 4.4 The Kinetics Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulfide in Natural Waters ................ 112
References ............................................................................... 122
Part II Organic Matter in Marine Environments ..................................... 125
5 Organic Matter Preservation in the Ocean: Lipid Behavior from Plankton to Sediments .... ............................... 127
5-1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 127 5.2 Lipids as Tracers of Organic Carbon ................................................ 128
Contents IX
5.3 Lipid Fluxes to the Deep Sea ........... ............ ................................ 130 5-4 Seasonal Variations in Lipid Flux .................................................. 131 5.5 Fate of Lipid Biomarkers .............................................................. 133 5.6 Summary ................................................................................ 137
Acknowledgements .................................................................... 137 References ................................. ............................................. 138
6 Organic Chemical Reaction Rates in the Ocean: Molecular Approaches to Studying Extracellular Biochemical Processes..... 141
6.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 141 6.2 Oxidative Deamination of Amino Acids in Sea Water by
Cell Surface Deaminases ................... ....................... 143 6.2.1 Synthesis of a Fluorescent Analog of L-lysine as Substrate
for Amino Acid Oxidases in the Ocean ..................................... 144 6.2.2 LYA-lysine as Substrate for Cell Surface Deaminases in Sea Water .... 146
6.3 Extracellular Hydrolysis of Peptides in Sea Water and Sediments ............. 149
6.3.1 Experimental Approaches to Studying Degradation of Proteinaceous Material in the Ocean ....................................... 149
6.3.2 Rate Measurements ............................................................ 151 Acknowledgements ............. ..................................................... 156 References ............................................................................... 157
7 Vapour-Particle Phase Interactions of Some Selected Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Marine Atmosphere .......................... 159
7.1 Introduction. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ... . . . .... . . . . . . . .. ................................. 159 7.2 Theory of Gas-Particle Interactions................................................ 159
7.2.1 Gas-Solid Interactions ......................................................... 159 7.2.2 Gas-Liquid Interactions ....................................................... 163
7.3 Practical Applications of Partitioning Theory ..................................... 163 7.3.1 PCBs. .... . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . 165 7.3.2 Calculation of Air-Sea Fluxes ................................................ 166 7.3.3 Dry Deposition ................................................................. 166 7.3.4 Wet Deposition ................................................................. 167 7.3.5 Gas Phase Exchange Processes ............................................... 168 7.3.6 Determination of the Air Phase Transfer Velocity (ka) through
Measurement of ra ............................................................. 169 7.3.7 Determination of the Water Phase Transfer Velocity (kw) ............... 170
7.4 Conclusions ............................................................................. 171 References ............................................................................... 171
Part III Metals and Organometallic Compounds in Marine Environments ... 173
8 Determination of Organic Complexation . ...................................... 175 8.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 175
8.2 Metal Species in Solution ............................................................. 175 8.3 Determination of Organic Complexation Using ASV ............................ 176
8.4 Principle of Adsorptive Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry ....................... 177
x Contents
8.5 Principle of Ligand Competition .................................................... 178 8.6 Determination of Labile Metal Concentrations Using CSV ..................... 179 8.7 Calculation of aML ..................................................................... 179 8.8 Calibration of aMAL .................................................................... 180 8.9 Determination of Ligand Concentrations and Conditional Stability
Constants Using CSV with Ligand Competition .................................. 180 8.10 How to Evaluate the Ligand Titrations: van den Berg/Ruzic Plots ............. 182
8.10.1 Example of a Ligand Titration with Copper ............................... 184 8.11 Effects of the Detection Window .................................................... 184
Acknowledgements .................................................................... 186 References ............................................................................... 186
9 Organic Complexation of Metals in Sea Water ................................ 189 9.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 189 9.2 Distributions of Organic Metal Complexing Ligands ............................ 190
9.2.1 Competition between Copper and Zinc .................................... 191 9.2.2 Iron Complexing Ligands ..................................................... 192
9.3 Sources of Ligands ..................................................................... 194 9.4 Composition of Ligands ............................................................... 194 9.5 Calculation of Metal Complexation by the Ligands ............................... 194
9.5.1 At High Natural Ligand Concentrations .................................... 196 9.5.2 At Low Ligand Concentrations ............................................... 197 Acknowledgements .................................................................... 199 References ............................................................................... 199
10 Occurence, Pathways and Bioaccumulation of Organometallic Compounds in Marine Environments .... ............................... '" ...... 201
10.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 201 10.2 Organotin Compounds: Environmental Chemical Aspects ..................... 201 10.3 High Performance Liquid Chromatography - Hydride Generation -
Inductively-Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (HPLC-HG-ICP/AES) Hyphenated System to Organotin Analysis ............. 204
10.4 An Example of a "Field Study": The Butyltin Distribution in the Genoa Oil Port .......................................................................... 205 References ............................................................................... 210
11 Hydrolysis Processes of Organotin(lV) Compounds in Sea Water ........ 213 11.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 213 11.2 Aqueous Solution Chemistry of Organotin(IV) Compounds ................... 214
11.2.1 Trialkyltin Compounds ....................................................... 215 11.2.2 Dialkyltin Compounds ........................................................ 216 11.2.3 Monoalkyltin Compounds .................................................... 218
11.3 Salt Effect on the Hydrolysis Process ................................................ 219 11.4 Dependence on Ionic Strength of Hydrolysis Constants ......................... 220 11.5 Dependence on Temperature of Hydrolysis Constants ........................... 221 11.6 Hydrolysis of Organotin(IV) Compounds in Sea Water ......................... 222 11.7 Conclusions ............................................................................. 226
Contents XI
References ............................................................................... 226
12 119Sn Mossbauer Spectroscopy Studies on the Interaction of Organotin(lV) Salts and Complexes with Biological Systems and Molecules ......................................... 229
12.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 229 12.2 Analysis and Speciation of Organotins in the Environment .................... 230 12.3 Interaction of Organotin(IV) Compounds with Biological Systems ........... 231 12.4 Hemoglobin ............................................................................. 232 12.5 Deoxyribonucleic Acid ................................................................ 232 12.6 Interaction of Organotin(IV) Complexes with Deoxyribonucleic Acid,
and Ternary Systems RnSn(IV)-Amino Acid-Nucleic Acid ...................... 235 References ............................................................................... 241
13 Mercury in Marine Environments ................................................. 245 13.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 245 13.2 Mercury in the Environment ......................................................... 245
13.2.1 Chemical and Physical Properties ........................................... 245 13.2.2 Mercury Emissions ............................................................ 246 13.2.3 The Global Mercury Cycle .................................................... 247
13.3 Mercury in Coastal Marine Sediments ............................................. 249 13.4 Mercury in Waters ...................................................................... 251
1341 Baltic and North Seas .......................................................... 251 13.4.2 Mediterranean Sea ............................................................. 252 1343 The Pacific and Atlantic Oceans ............................................. 252
13.5 Toxicity of Mercury to Marine Life .................................................. 253 13.6 Mercury in the Marine Food Chain ................................................. 255
13.6.1 Bioaccumulation ............................................................... 255 13.6.2 Human Exposure to Methyl Mercury ....................................... 255 13.6.3 Human Exposure to Mercury in some Fish Eating Communities ...... 257
13.7 Conclusions ............................................................................. 260 References ............................................................................... 260
14 Occurrence, Formation and Fate of Organoantimony Compounds in Marine and Terrestrial Environments ........................ 265
14.1 Occurrence of Organoantimony Compounds in Marine and Terrestrial Environments ............................................................. 265
14.2 Analysis of Organoantimony Compounds ......................................... 268 14.2.1 Sample Preparation ............................................................ 268 14.2.2 Hydride Generation ........................................................... 268 14.2.3 Gas Chromatographic Separation ........................................... 269 14.2.4 Detection Systems .............................................................. 272 14.2.5 Conclusion ...................................................................... 274
14.3 Microbial Biotransformation of Antimony Compounds ......................... 274 14.3.1 Biomethylation of Antimony ................................................. 274 14.3.2 Bioreduction and Bio-Oxidation of Antimony ............................ 277 References ............................................................................... 278
XII Contents
15 Redox Processes of Chromium in Sea Water ............................ ...... 281 15.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 281 15.2 Speciation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) ..................................................... 281 15.3 Environmental Concentrations ...................................................... 284 15.4 Kinetic Studies .......................................................................... 284
15-4.1 Oxidation Processes ........................................................... 286 15.4.2 Reduction Processes ........................................................... 289
15.5 The Chromium Cycle in Sea Water .................................................. 292 Acknowledgements .................................................................... 293 References ............................................................................... 293 Appendix ................................................................................ 295
Part IV Analytical Methodologies and Chemometrics for Sea Water .......... 297
16 Oceanic DOC Measurements ....................................................... 299 16.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 299 16.2 DOC Measurement Techniques ...................................................... 301
16.2.1 Sample Collection and Storage .............................................. 302 16.2.2 Pretreatment and Removal of DIe .......................................... 303 16.2.3 The Oxidation of DOC ........................................................ 303 16.2.4 The Detection and Quantitation Step ....................................... 308 16.2.5 Comparative Performance of the Different Techniques ................. 310
16.3 New Concepts for DOC Determination ............................................. 311 Acknowledgements .................................................................... 316 References .............................................................................. 316
17 Characterization of Marine Toxins by Means of Liquid Chromatography - Electrospray Ionization - Mass Spectrometry ....... 321
17.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 321 17.2 Dinophysistoxins and Related Toxins ............................................... 322 17.3 Brevetoxins......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 328 17.4 Saxitoxins................................... ............................................ 329 17.5 Ciguatoxins and Maitotoxins ........................................................ 331 17.6 Polypeptidic Toxins: Conotoxins .................................................... 334 17.7 Conclusions ............................................................................. 336
Acknowledgements .................................................................... 337 References ......................................................................... 337
18 Metals Analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography .......... 339 18.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 339 18.2 Retention Mechanisms in Liquid Chromatography .............................. 340
18.2.1 Normal Phase Chromatography ............................................. 340 18.2.2 Reversed-Phase Chromatography ........................................... 340 18.2.3 Ion Chromatography .......................................................... 340 18.2.4 Chelation Ion Chromatography.............................................. 342
18.3 Procedures for Metal Separation .................................................... 342 18.3-1 Normal Phase Chromatography ............................................. 342
Contents XIII
18.3.2 Reversed Phase Chromatography ........................................... 343 18.3.3 Ion Chromatography .......................................................... 343 18.3.4 Ion Interaction Chromatography... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 344 18.3.5 Chelation Ion Chromatography ............................................. 346 18.3.6 Multimode and Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography ............ 347 18.3.7 Preconcentration ............................................................... 348
18.4 Analytical Applications ............................................................... 348 18.5 Detection and Hyphenated Techniques ............................................ 350
References ............................................................................... 353
19 PIXE Analysis for Trace Elements in Marine Environments ................. 357 19.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 357 19.2 The PIXE Technique and the Experimental Set-up ............................... 358 19.3 Sensitivity and Detection Limits of the Technique ............................... 360 19.4 The PIXE Targets from Environmental Samples .................................. 361 19.5 The Proton Microbeam and its Applications .................................... 364 19.6 PIXE Application in the Study of Pollutant Enrichment in
Marine Aerosols ..................................................................... .. 365 19.7 The Study of the Venice Lagoon Ecosystem by Means of the
PIXE Technique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 366 19.7.1 The Fate of Pollutants Discharged into the Lagoon ...................... 366 19.7.2 Trace Element Distribution in Surface Bottom Sediment ............... 367 19.7.3 The Vertical Profile of Trace Elements in Pore Water. . . ........ 367 19.7.4 Trace Elements in Surface Water and the Effect of
Fresh and Salt Water Mixing ........ .............. ............... ......... 368 References .................................................. ............................ 369
20 Potentiometry for the Study of Acid-Base Properties of Sediments ..... 371 20.1 Introduction ........................................................................... 371 20.2 Sediment: What is it? ................................................................. 372 20.3 The Solid-Water Interface .......................................................... 373 20.4 Titration Procedure .................................................................... 376 20.5 Elaboration of the Potentiometric Data .......... . ....................... 379 20.6 Results of the Potentiometric Approach.......... . ..................... 381
References ............................................................................... 384
21 (hemometries for Sampling and Analysis: Theory and Environmental Applications ....................................... 387
21.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 387 21.2 The Fundamental Tools of Chemometrics ............................. . . . . .. 388
21.2.1 Data Pretreatments (The Importance of Data Knowledge and of Problem) ..... . .... 388
21.2.2 Similarity and Clustering ..................................................... 389 21.2.3 Principal Components ........................................................ 390 21.2.4 Class-Modelling Techniques ................................................. 394 21.2.5 Regression Techniques, Responses and Predictors ....................... 394 21.2.6 Regression Techniques, Biased and Unbiased Techniques............... 396
XIV Contents
21.3 Applications............................................................................. 398 21.3-1 Example 1 - Rain Chemistry ................................................. 398 21.3-2 Example 2 - Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) ................ 402
21.3.3 Example 3 - Toxicity ........................................................... 403 21.4 Conclusions ............................................................................. 404
References ............................................................................... 404
22 Chemometric Applications to Seawater Analysis . ............................ 405 22.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 405
22.1.1 The Sea: A Very Complex Ecosystem ........................................ 405 22.1.2 Chemometrics: A Helpful Tool in the Investigation of the
Marine Ecosystem ............................................................. 406 22.2 Chemometric Applications to Marine Samples ................................... 407
22.2.1 Classification Techniques ..................................................... 407 22.2.2 Optimization Methods ........................................................ 420 References ............................................................................... 423
Index ........................................................................................... 425
Contributors
Stefania Angelino (PhD in Chemistry)
Dip. di Chimica Analitica, Universita di Torino
Via P. Giuria 5, 1-10125 Torino, Italy
Phone: +39 (0)11 6707626, Fax: +39 (0)11 6707615
E-mail: [email protected]
Renato Barbieri (Professor of Inorganic Chemistry)
Dip. di Chimica Inorganica, Universita di Palermo
Viale delle Scienze, Parco d'Orieans II
I -90128 Palermo, Italy
Phone: +39 {o )91 590578, Fax +39 {o )91 427584
E-mail: [email protected]
Adriana Barbieri-Paulsen (Ph.D. in Chemistry)
Institut fur Physik, Medizinische Universitiit Lubeck
Ratzeburger Allee 160
D-23538 Lubeck, Germany
Phone: +49 {o )451 5004208
E-mail: [email protected]
Renato Barbieri (Professor of Inorganic Chemistry)
Dip. di Chimica Inorganica, Universita di Palermo
Viale delle Scienze, Parco d'Orieans II
1-90128 Palermo, Italy
Phone: +39 {o )91 590578, Fax +39 {o )91 427584
E-mail: [email protected]
Giampaolo Barone (Ph.D. in Chemistry)
Dip. di Chimica Inorganica, Universita di Palermo
Viale delle Scienze, Parco d'Orieans II
I -90128 Palermo, Italy
Phone: +39 {o )91 590578, Fax +39 {o )91 427584
E-mail: [email protected]
Rodolfo Cecchi (Professor of Physical Oceanography)
Dip. di Scienze dell'lngegneria, Universita di Modena
Via Campi 213, 1-41100 Modena, Italy
Phone: +39 (0)59 370703, Fax: +39 (0)59 373180
E-mail: [email protected]
Peter J. Craig (Professor. BSc PhD Chern FRSC)
Department of Chemistry, De Monfort University
PO Box 143, Leicester LE8 OHL, UK
Phone: +44 {o )1162577102, Fax: +44 {o )1162577287
E-mail: [email protected]
Concetta de Stefano (Professor of Analytical Chemistry)
Dip. di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e
Chimica Fisica, Universita di Messina
Salita Sperone 31,1-98166 Messina, Italy
Phone: +39 {o )90 391354, Fax: +39 {o )90 392827
E-mail: [email protected]
Margaret Farago (Professor of Environmental Chemistry)
Environmental Geochemistry Research Group
The T.H. Huxley School of Environment, Earth Sci
ence and Engineering Royal School of Mines
London SW7 2BP, UK
Phone: +44 {o )1715946397, Fax: +44 {o )1715946408
E-mail: [email protected]
Michele Forina (Professor of Analytical Chemistry)
Dip. di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche ed
Alimentari, Universita di Genova
Via Brigata Salerno sIn, 1-16147 Genova, Italy
Phone +39 (0)1O 3532630, Fax: +39 (0)1O 3532684
E-mail: [email protected]
XVI
Sarah N. Forster (Dr.)
Deptartment of Chemistry, De Monfort University
PO Box 143, Leicester LE8 OHL, UK
Phone: +44 (0)116 2577102, Fax: +44 (0)116 2577287
E-mail: [email protected]
Claudia Foti (Ph.D., Researcher of Analytical Chemistry)
Dip. di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e
Chimica Fisica, Universita di Messina
Salita Sperone 31, 1-98166 Messina, Italy
Phone: +39 (0)90391354, Fax: +39 (0)90392827
E-mail: [email protected]
Roberto Frache (Professor of Analytical Chemistry)
Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
Universita degli Studi di Genova
Via Dodecaneso 31,1-16146 Genova, Italy
Phone: +39 (0)10 3536186, Fax: +39 (0)10 3625051
E-mail: [email protected]
Maria C. Gennaro (Professor of Analytical Chemistry)
Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Avanzate
Corso Borsalino 54,1-15100 AIessandria, Italy
Phone: +39 (0)131 283806, Fax: +39 (0)131 283800
E-mail: [email protected]
Grazia Ghermandi (Professor of Physics)
Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Ingegneria
Universita di Modena
Via Campi 213,1-41100 Modena, Italy
Phone: +39 (0)59370703, Fax: +39 (0)59373180
E-mail: [email protected]
Antonio Gianguzza (Prof. of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry)
Dip. di Chimica Inorganica, Sezione di Chimica
Ambientale, Universita di Palermo
Viale delle Scienze, Parco d'Orieans II
I -90128 Palermo, Italy
Phone: +39 (0)91 489409, Fax: +39 (0)91 427584
E-mail: [email protected]
Monica Gulmini (PhD, Researcher)
Contributors
Dip. di Chimica Analitica, Universita di Torino
Via P. Giuria 5, 1-10125 Torino, Italy
Phone: +39 (0)116707614, Fax: +34 (0)116707615
E-mail: [email protected]
Alessandra [rico (PhD, Student)
Dip. di Chimica Analitica, Universita di Torino
Via P. Giuria 5, 1-10125 Torino, Italy
Phone: +39 (0)11 6707636, Fax: +34 (0)11 6707615
Richard o. Jenkins (Dr.)
Dep. of Biological Sciences, De Monfort University
The Gateway, Leicester LEI 9BH, UK
Phone: +44 (0)1162576306, Fax: +44 (0)116 2577287
E-mail: [email protected]
Silvia Lanteri (Professor)
Dip. di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche ed
AIimentari, Universita di Genova
Via Brigata Salerno sIn, 1-16147 Genova, Italy
Phone: +39 (0)10 3532634, Fax: +39 (0)10 3532684 E-mail: [email protected]
David P. Miller (Dr.)
Department of Chemistry, De Monfort University
PO Box 143, Leicester LE8 OHL, UK
Phone: +44 (0 )116-2577102, Fax: +44 (0 )1162577287
E-mail: [email protected]
Frank J. Millero (Professor of Marine and Physical Chemistry)
Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sci
ences, Dep. of Marine Chemistry
University of Miami
4600 Rickenbacker Causeway
Miami, Florida 33149, USA
Phone: +I (0 h05 3614707: Fax: +I (0 h05 3614144
E-mail: [email protected]
Contributors
Claudio Minero (Professor of Environmental Chemistry)
Dip. di Chimica Analitica, Universita di Torina
Via P. Giuria 5, 1-10125 Torino, Italy
Phone: +39 (0)11 6707632, Fax: +39 (0)11 6707615
E-mail: [email protected]
Tracy-Ann Morris (Dr.)
Department of Chemistry, De Monfort University
PO Box 143, Leicester LE8 OHL, UK
Phone: +44 (0 )116 2577102, Fax: +44 (0)116 2577287
E-mail: [email protected]
Naaman Ostah (Dr.)
Department of Chemistry, De Monfort University
PO Box 143, Leicester LE8 OHL, UK
Phone: +44 (0)116 2577102, Fax: +44 (0)116 2577287
E-mail: [email protected]
Silvio Pantoja* (Assistant Professor)
Dep. of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry
Whods Hole Oceanographic Institution
Whods Hole, MA 02543, USA
Phone: +1 (0 )5082892740, Fax: +1 (0 )5084572164
E-mail: [email protected]
"current adress:
Dep. of Oceanography, University of Concepci6n
Casilla 160-C, Concepci6n, Chile
Phone: +56 (0)41 203499, Fax: +56(0)41 225400
E-mail: [email protected]
Ezio Pelizzetti (Professor of Analytical Chemistry)
Dip. di Chimica Analitica, Universita di Torino
Via P. Giuria 5, 1-10125 Torino, Italy
Phone: +39 (0)116707630, Fax: +39 (0)116707615
E-mail: [email protected]
XVII
Lorenzo Pellerito (Professor of Inorganic Chemistry)
Dip. di Chimica Inorganica, Universita di Palermo
Viale delle Scienze, Parco d'Orieans II
1-90128 Palermo, Italy
Phone: +39 (0)91 590367, Fax: +34 (0)91 427584
E-mail: [email protected]
Maurizio Pettine (Dr.)
Istituto di Ricerca sulle Acque, Consiglio Nazionale
delle Ricercl1e (CNR)
Via Reno 1,1-00198 Roma, Italy
Phone: +39 06 8841451, Fax: +39 06 8417861
E-mail: [email protected]
Salvatore Posante (Ph.D in Chemistry)
Dip. di Chimica Inorganica, Universita di Palermo
Viale delle Scienze, Parco d'Orieans II
1-90128 Palermo, Italy
Phone: +39 (0)91 489369, Fax: +39 (0)91 427584
E-mail: [email protected]
Martin R. Preston (Dr., BSc, PhD, MRSC, Chern)
Oceanography Laboratories
University of Liverpool
liverpool L69 3BX, UK
Phone: +44 (0)1517944093, Fax: +44 (0 )1517944099 E-mail: [email protected]
Paola Rivaro (Ph.D. in Analytical Chemistry)
Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale
Universita degli Studi di Genova
Via Dodecaneso 31, 1-16146 Genova, Italy
Phone: +39 (0)10 3536178, Fax: +39 (0)10 3626190
E-mail: [email protected]
Mario Rossi (Dr.)
Dip. di Chimica Inorganica, Universita di Palermo
Viale delle Scienze, Parco d'Orieans II
1-90128 Palermo, Italy
Phone: +39 (0)91 489369, Fax: +39 (0)91427584
E-mail: [email protected]
XVIII
Giuseppe Ruisi (Professor of Analytical Chemistry)
Dip. di Chimica Inorganica, Universita di Palermo
Viale delle Scienze, Parco d'Orieans II
1-90128 Palermo, Italy
Phone: +39 (0)91 489369, Fax: +39 (0)91 427584
E-mail: [email protected]
Silvio Sammartano (Professor of Analytical Chemistry)
Dip. di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e
Chimica Fisica, Universita di Messina
Salita Sperone 31, 1-98166 Messina, Italy
Phone: +39 (0)90 393659, Fax: +39 (0)90-392827
E-mail: [email protected]
Corrado Sarzanini (Professor of Analytical Chemistry)
Dip. di Chimica Analitica, Universita di Torino
Via P. Giuria 5, 1-10125 Torino, Italy
Phone: +39 (0)11 6707628, Fax: +39 (0)11 6707615
E-mail: [email protected]
Arturo Silvestri (Professor of Inorganic Chemistry)
Dip. di Chimica Inorganica, Universita di Palermo
Viale delle Scienze, Parco d'Orleans II
I -90128 Palermo, Italy
Phone: +39 (0)91 489369, Fax: +39 (0)91 427584,
E-mail: [email protected]
Louise M. Smith (Dr.)
Dep. of Biological Sciences, De Monfort University
PO Box 143, Leicester LE8 OHL, UK
Phone: +44 (0 )1162576306, Fax: +44 (0 )1162577287
E-mail: [email protected]
Barbara Sulzberger (Ph.D., Professor of Environmental Chemistry)
Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science
and Technology
Uberlandstrasse 133
CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
Phone: +41 (0)1 8235511, Fax: +41 (0)1 8235028
E-mail: [email protected]
Roberto Todeschini (Professor)
Contributors
Dipartimento di Scienze dell' Ambiente e del
Territorio, Universita di Milano
Via L. Emanueli 15, 1-20126 Milano, Italy
Phone: +39 (0)264474307, Fax: -39 (0)2 64474300
E-mail: [email protected]
Constant van den Berg (Ph.D.)
Oceanography Laboratories
University of Liverpool
Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
Phone: +44 (0 )1517944096, Fax: +44 (0 )1517944099
E-mail: [email protected]
Marco Vincenti (Professor of Analytical Chemistry)
Dip. di Chimica Analitica, Universita di Torino
Via P. Giuria 5, 1-10125 Torino, Italy
Phone: +39 (0)11 6707636, Fax: +39 (0)11 6707615
E-mail: [email protected]
Stuart Wakeham (Ph.D., Professor)
Skidaway Institute of Oceanography
10 Ocean Science Circle, Savannah, GA 31411, USA
Phone: +01 (0 )9125982347, Fax: +01 (0 )9125982310
E-mail: [email protected]
Vincenzo Zelano (Professor of Analytical Chemistry)
Dip. di Chimica Analitica, Universita di Torino
Via P. Giuria 5, 1-10125 Torino, Italy
Phone: +39 (0)11 6707619, Fax: +39 (0)116707615
E-mail: [email protected]
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