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Aktgk`canakt# Nhkhedgc Ogta`hzeas# gkd
Izhjakeqs Gc`ajzgs
Gcafs Fessek`az
Lgkqgzu :1# :=7=
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Gjstzgot
]zhyedek` g `akazeo dasoze}tehk hi aktgk`canakt ek k.wqjet sustans es g
chk`.stgkdek` h}ak }zhjcan ek wqgktqn ekihzngtehk soeakoa+ G stzqotqzgc
sobana ihz za}zasaktek` gzjetzgzu nqcte}gzteta aktgk`cad stgtas pecc ueacd g
daa}az qkdazstgkdek` hi bhp tbau jabgya gkd ektazgot petbek nhza `akazgc
ohn}qtgtehkgc nhdacs gkd }zhthohcs+ Baza pa }zhyeda sqob g dasoze}tehk+
Iezst pa sbhp tbgt jhtb tba @B\ stgta gkd tba P stgta gdnet g sen.
ecgz gc`ajzgeo stzqotqza# pbeob es hkcu deazakt ek hka en}hztgkt datgec#
gkd tbgt ihz sunnatzeo tze}gzteta stgtas tbes gc`ajzgeo stzqotqza argotcu
obgzgotazesas tba ohzzas}hkdek` _CHOO.aktgk`canakt ocgssas+ Tbes kap
ohkkaotehk jatpaak gc`ajzg gkd aktgk`canakt tbahzu hazs kap ekse`bts
ek jhtb dezaotehks+ Hqz ngek tbahzan stgtas tbgt gzjetzgzu _CHOO ak.
tgk`canakt ocgssas ihz nqcte}gzteta }qza stgta aktgk`canakt gzesa izhn tba
ektazgotehk hi tba tze}gzteta @B\. gkd P.gc`ajzgs+
Tba @B\. gkd P.gc`ajzg gza nhzahyaz sqjlaot th g }qzacu deg`zgn.
ngteo ogcoqcqs# gkd ohksawqaktcu sh gza tba zasqctek` nqcte}gzteta aktgk.
`cad stgtas+ Izhn tbes }hekt hi yeap# tba destekotehk jatpaak tba @B\.
stzqotqza gkd P.stzqotqza es }qzacu th}hch`eogc# ek tazns hi ohkkaotad
ys+ desohkkaotad+ Pa ogk qsa tbes destekotehk th ektqeteyacu ohkstzqot
stgtas gkd ng}s petb ohn}car jabgyehqzgc }zh}azteas+
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Ohktakts
7 Ektzhdqotehk 4
: Aktgk`canakt 1
:+7 CHOO. ys+ _CHOO.awqeygcakoa + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 9:+: @B\ ys+ P stgtas + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 9
? Nqcte}gzteta _CHOO ocgsseogtehk sobanas 0
?+7 Ju Lhzdgk Khzngc Ihzn + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 0?+: Ekdqoteya ocgsseogtehk ju ze bt sek`qcgz s}goas + + + + + + + + + + 0?+? Ocgsseogtehk hi sunnatzeo stgtas ju da`akazgoeas + + + + + + + + + 2
4 Ohkozata Izhjakeqs gc`ajzgs 5
1 Nhkhedgc ogta`hzeas 771+7 @zg}beogc za}zasaktgtehk + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 7?1+: Zacgtehksbe} petb tba Oezoqet Nhdac + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 71
9 Nhkhedgc gc`ajzgs 70
9+7 Ektazkgc nhkheds gkd ohnhkheds + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 709+: Ektazkgc Izhjakeqs gc`ajzgs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 72
9+:+7 _}aoegc gkd gkte.s}aoegc ohnnqtgteya Izhjakeqs gc`ajzgs + :=9+? Tba `akazgc ogsa< ]ZH]s + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + :?
0 @B\ stgtas gkd P stgtas za}zasakt ohnnqtgteya Izhjakeqs gc.
`ajzgs :1
0+7 _}aoegc OIGs gza @B\ _tgtas + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + :10+: Gkte.s}aoegc OIGs gza P stgtas + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + :0
2 Ektazgotek` Izhjakeqs Gc`ajzgs :5
2+7 Ohn}canaktgzu ocgsseogc stzqotqzas + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + :52+: N_.}gezs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ?:
2+:+7 Qkeyazsgcetu + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ?42+? Zacgtehksbe} hi tba tph tbahzeas + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ?9
5 Ekdqoteya Ohkstzqotehk hi _tgtas ?0
7= Ohzhccgzeas ?5
77 Ohkocqsehk gkd Iqtqza Phzf 4=
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}zasaktgtehk ektazkgc th g nhkhedgc ogta`hzu# dqa th Ogzjhke gkd Pgctazs V77^+Gs sqob# pa bgya gooass th g zeob `zg}beogc cgk`qg`a ekyaktad ju ]akzhsa ek tba
750=s V7:^ gkd ihzngcesad ju Lhugc gkd _tzaat ek tba 755=s V7?^+ Izhjakeqs gc`a.jzgs gcsh bgya keoa khzngc ihzns# petb g yazu th}hch`eogc iaac "saa tba s}edaztbahzans ek saotehk 9+:# pbaza pa ohqkt ohkkaotehks gkd bhcas%+ Qsek` tbesthhcfet# pa edakteiu g }qzacu th}hch`eogc destekotehk "dh bhcas ygkesb hz ar}chda8%jatpaak tba Izhjakeqs gc`ajzgs `akazgtad ju tba P stgta gkd tba @B\ stgta+
Hqz ohza tbahzu es jqect q}hk tba `zg}beogc `akazgthzs hi Izhjakeqs gc`ajzgs+Qsek` `zg}b edakteteas# pa ogk qsa tbasa jqecdek` jchofs th ektqeteyacu ohkstzqotstgtas th jqecd.ek oaztgek jabgyehqzgc }zh}azteas# gkd ayak }zhyeda gk ekdqoteyanatbhd# ihcchpek` V74^ th ohkstzqot gzjetzgzu nqcte}gzteta stgtas+ Tba jakathi tbes es tbgt stgtas gza ohn}hsetehkgc ek kgtqza# kht lqst jcgof jhras# gkd tba}zh}azteas gkd ektazgotehks hi }cq``ek` je``az gkd je``az ohn}hkakts th`atbazes ayedakt ek tba `zg}beogc tbahzu+ Tbes atbeo es senecgz th tbgt hi nagsqzanaktjgsad wqgktqn ohn}qtek` "NJWO% V71# 79^# ek qsek` sen}caz stgtas th ohkstzqotnhza }hpaziqc hkas# jqt tba jagqtu hi tbes sobana es tbgt et ekihzns tba dase`khi wqgktqn }za}gzgtehks gkd }zhthohcs ekda}akdaktcu hi tba qkdazcuek` ohn.}qtgtehkgc }gzgde`n# gkd jagzs dezaot ektaz}zatgtehk ek jhtb tba oezoqet nhdacgkd NJWO+
Ek saotehk :# pa zayeap shna jgseo khtehks hi aktgk`canakt gkd "_%CHOOawqeygcakoa hi aktgk`cad stgtas+ Ek saotehk ?# pa zaohqkt sayazgc _CHOO aktgk.`canakt ocgsseogtehk sobanas# khtgjcu tba ekdqoteya sobana dqa th Cgngtg atgc V74^+ Pa tbak daka ek saotehk 4 tba ohkozata khtehk hi Izhjakeqs gc`ajzgshyaz yaothz s}goas+ Izhn tbaza# pa ektzhdqoa nhkhedgc ogta hzeas ek saotehk 1gkd sbhp bhp ng}s ek sqob ogta`hzeas cakd tbansacyas th g }hpaziqc `zg}beogckhtgtehk+ Pa saa bhp th ihzn gc`ajzgs ektazkgc th sqob ogta hzeas ek saotehk 9#gkd ek }gzteoqcgz# ihoqs hk tba daketehk hi Izhjakeqs gc`ajzgs ek tbes gjstzgot
ohktart+ Pa gcsh daka tph fekds hi Izhjakeqs gc`ajzgs< s}aoegc ohnnqtgteyaIzhjakeqs gc`ajzgs "_OIGs% gkd gkte.s}aoegc ohnnqtgteya Izhjakeqs gc`ajzgs"GOIGs%+ Ek saotehk 0# pa }zhya tbgt @B\ stgtas ohzzas}hkd argotcu th _OIGshyaz O: gkd P stgtas ohzzas}hkd argotcu th GOIGs hyaz O:+ Hka hz nhza hitbasa stzqotqzas ogk ja ohnjekad th ozagta zeob ektazgotehk tbahzeas# pbeob gzaar}chzad ek saotehk 2+ Tba tbahzu hi ohn}canaktgzu ocgsseogc stzqotqzas es za.ohqktad izhn V70^# gkd tba tbahzu hi N_.}gezs es kap+ Ek saotehk 5# pa `h hkth sbhp bhp tba tbahzu hi N_.}gezs ogk ja qsad th ektqeteyacu ohkstzqot gcc hitba nqcte}gzteta stgtas edaktead ju V74^ gkd V72^+ _aotehk 7= hazs g kqnjazhi sbhzt ohzhccgzeas th danhkstzgta tba }hpaz hi tbes kap ohkkaotehk jatpaakgc`ajzg gkd aktgk`canakt tbahzu+
: Aktgk`canaktIhz Becjazt s}goas Be# e > 7#+++#k# cat s
Be ja g stgta+ Ei tbaza areststgtas se Be sqob tbgt s >
se# s es sged th ja sa}gzgjca+ Ei kh sqobstgtas arest# s es aktgk`cad+ s es g da`akazgta k.}gzteta aktgk`cad stgta eitbaza arest khk.tzeyegc s7# s: sqob tbgt s > s7 s:+ Ei tbaza gza kh
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sqob stgtas# s es g `akqeka k.}gzteta aktgk`cad stgta+ Ek O:O:# tph argn}cashi `akqeka je}gzteta aktgk`canakt gza tba Jacc stgta
sJacc
>
s==
&
s77
gkd tba
A]Z.stgta sA] Z > s7= & s=7+
:+7 CHOO. ys+ _CHOO.awqeygcakoa
Et es hitak qsaiqc th ohksedaz aktgk cad stgtas hkcu q} th chogc h}azgtehks+ Eitph stgtas ogk ja dataznekesteogccu ektaz.ohkyaztad petb hkcu chogc "hka.wqjet%}buseogc h}azgtehks gkd ocgsseogc ohnnqkeogtehk# tbau gza sged th ja CHOO.awqeygcakt+ Ei tbau ogk ja ektaz.ohkyaztad# jqt hkcu petb shna khk.|azh }zhj.gjecetu# tbau gza sged th ja sthobgsteo CHOO.awqeygcakt# hz _CHOO.awqeygcakt+Tbasa ogk ja ihzngcesad ju tba ihcchpek` }gez hi zasqcts# dqa zas}aoteyacu th V75^gkd V4^+
Tbahzan 7+ Tph stgtas
s
gkd
s
gza CHOO.awqeygcakt e tbaza arest chogc
qketgzu ng}s Qe sqob tbgt s > "Q7 Q: + + + Qk%s+Tbahzan :+ Tph stgtas s gkd s gza _CHOO.awqeygcakt e tbaza arest chogcekyaztejca ng}s Ce sqob tbgt s > "C7 C: + + + Ck%s+
Tbasa ocagzcu jhtb `akazgta awqeygcakoa zacgtehks# gkd izhn bakoa ihztb# pasbgcc qsa tbasa gs tba daketehks hi CHOO gkd _CHOO+ Ihz argn}ca# sJacc gkdsA] Z gza CHOO awqeygcakt# jqt tbau gza kht CHOO.awqeygcakt th 7? s==&:? s77#pbeca sJacc# sA] Z gkd 7? s== & :? s77 gza gcc _CHOO awqeygcakt+
:+: @B\ ys+ P stgtas
Ek V4^ et pgs sbhpk tbgt tbaza gza argotcu tph _CHOO.awqeygcakoa ocgssas hi`akqeka tze}gzteta stgtas ek O:
O:
O:+ Tba zst es petkassad ju g ?.wqjet
`akazgcesgtehk hi tba Jacc stgta# ogccad tba @zaakjaz`azBhzka\aecek`az "@B\%stgta s=== & s777 #gkd tba saohkd es petkassad ju tba P stgta s7== & s=7= & s==7 +
Tbhq`b jhtb hi tbasa stgtas gza ngrengccu aktgk`cad# tba P stgta es tbaqkewqa stgta "q} th _CHOO% tbgt nekenesas tzqa tbzaa }gztu aktgk`canakt# gsnagsqzad ju g natzeo ogccad tba tbzaa tgk`ca# hz zasedqgc tgk`ca V4^+ Ektqeteyacu#tbes nagks tbgt gcc hi tba aktgk`canakt }zasakt ek P es dqa th }gezpesa ohzza.cgtehks jatpaak agob hi tba tbzaa wqjets# zgtbaz tbgk "ek tba ogsa hi tba @B\%
tba aktgk`canakt jaek` shcacu dqa th g tzqa tze}gzteta ohzzacgtehk+Gs g zasqct hi tbes# P stgtas bgya tba }zh}aztu tbgt aktgk`canakt ogk sqzyeya
ayak pbak hka hi tba wqjets es tzgoad hqt+ Bhpayaz# petb @B\ stgtas# tzgoek`gku hi tba tbzaa wqjets hqt ueacds g }zhjgjecesteo nertqza hi }zhdqot stgtas+
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? Nqcte}gzteta _CHOO ocgsseogtehk sobanas
Gs paya gczagdu saak# tba _CHOO ocgssas ihz stgtas ohksestek` hi K ? wqjetsgza pacc fkhpk+ Tbes es zaaoteya hi tba igot tbgt taobkewqas s}aoeo th oaztgekK gza qsad th ohn}cata tba ocgsseogtehk hi tbasa stgtas+ Gcsh# ju gk aca`gktgz`qnakt ek V4^# tbaza gza kaoassgzecu ekketa _CHOO ocgssas pbak K 4+Th hjtgek keta ocgsseogtehk zasqcts ihz K.}gzteta stgtas# ngku gqtbhzs bgyaar}gkdad th tgcf gjhqt _CHOO sq}az.ocgssas# hz igneceas hi _CHOO ocgssas}gzgnatazesad ju hka hz nhza ohktekqhqs ygzegjcas+ _ayazgc gttan}ts bgya jaakngda th akqnazgta tbasa sq}az.ocgssas jgsad hk tba obgzgotazesteos hi tbaezngtzer za}zasaktgtehks+
?+7 Ju Lhzdgk Khzngc Ihzn
Ek :==:# Yazstzgata at gc V:=^ ektzhdqoad 5 _CHOO sq}az.ocgssas ihz 4.}gzteta
stgtas+ Tbes zasqct ar}chets tba ihcchpek` eshnhz}besn hi Cea `zhq}s< _C":6O%_C":6O% > _H"46O%+ Tbgt es# cekagz ng}s hi tba ihzn C N ihz C# N da.taznekgkt 7# ohn}car : : ngtzeoas gza ek 7.th.7 ohzzas}hkdakoa petb 4 4ohn}car.ygcqad# hztbh`hkgc ngtzeoas+ Tbau tbak `h hk th ar}zass tba :4 ohn.}car }gzgnatazs hi gk gzjetzgzu 4.}gzteta stgta gs g 4 4 ngtzer gkd }zhya tbgtgku sqob ngtzer ogk ja ohkyaztad th g khzngc ihzn qsek` ohn}car hztbh`hkgcngtzeoas H7 gkd H:+ Tbes khzngc ihzn tbak ngfas ar}ceoet tba zangekek` da.`zaas hi izaadhn hi tba 4.}gzteta stgta# gitaz g wqhteakt ju _CHOO gkd H7 gkdH: ueacd tba ihqz chogc ekyaztejca ng}s+
Pbeca tbes }zhyedas g taobkewqa ihz edakteiuek` _CHOO sq}az.ocgssas gkd esh.cgtek` izaa }gzgnatazs# et zaceas hk gk eshnhz}besn tbgt hkcu bhcds ihz _H"46O%#sh et gdnets kh kgtqzgc `akazgcesgtehk th be`baz denaksehks+ Gcsh# tba obheoahi sq}az.ocgssas da}akds bagyecu hk tbes }gzteoqcgz ocgsseiuek` taobkewqa# gkddhaskt kaoassgzecu ngfa ar}ceoet jabgyehqzgc destekotehks jatpaak tba ocgssas+
?+: Ekdqoteya ocgsseogtehk ju ze bt sek`qcgz s}goas
Jaogqsa hi sbhztohnek`s ek Yazstzgatas taobkewqa# gkd ek gk gttan}t th kd gkK.}gztu ocgsseogtehk nhza ek tba s}ezet hi Dqz# Yedgc# gkd Oezgos hze`ekgc :===zasqct# Cgngtg at gc ektzhdqoad g ocgsseogtehk sobana jgsad q}hk tba ze`btsek`qcgz sqjs}goa hi g }qza stgta V74^+ Cefa Yazstzgata# Cgngtg at gc za}zasakt}qza stgtas gs ngtzeoas+ Bhpayaz# tbau }gztetehk hqt hkcu hka wqjet# za`gzdek`gk K.}gzteta stgta gs g ng} N izhn "O:%"K7% th O:+ ]azihznek` g sek`qcgzygcqa daohn}hsetehk hk sqob g ngtzer ueacds g 7. hz :.denaksehkgc ze`bt sek`qcgzsqjs}goa# s}gkkad ju tph yaothzs ek "O:%"K7%+ Tba _CHOO sq}az.ocgss hiNes tbak cgjacad ju tba _CHOO sq}az.ocgssas hi tbasa yaothzs# tbqs }azihznek`tba ekdqoteya sta}+ Tba jgsa ogsa es tbak O:# pbaza tba hkcu tph _CHOO ocgssasgza za}zasaktad ju tba }zhdqot stgta gkd tba Jacc stgta+
Ek tba tze}gzteta ogsa# tba @B\ _CHOO ocgss ohksests hi stgtas pbhsa ze`btsek`qcgz sqjs}goa es s}gkkad ju tph }zhdqot stgtas# pbazags stgtas ek tba P
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_CHOO ocgss bgya g ze`bt sek`qcgz sqjs}goa tbgt es s}gkkad ju g }zhdqot stgtagkd gk aktgk`cad stgta+
Gk gctazkgteya pgu hi chhfek` gt tbes sobana es th ohksedaz K.}gzteta stgtasgs ohktzhccad "K 7%.}gzteta stgtas+ Tbgt es th sgu# tba ze`bt sek`qcgz s}goahi g stgta es s}gkkad ju vs# s~ e tbaza arests g _CHOO.awqeygcakt stgta hitba ihzn
s=# & s7# Tbes }zhyedas gk h}azgtehkgc dasoze}tehk hi g _CHOO sq}azocgss+ Kgnacu#
g stgta s es ek tba _CHOO sq}azocgss vs# s~ ei tbaza arests shna "tph.denaksehkgc# }hssejcu khk.hztbh`hkgc% jgses J sqob tbgt nagsqzek` tba zstwqjet ek J ueacds g stgta tbgt es _CHOO.awqeygcakt th s ihz hqtohna 7 gkds ihz hqtohna :+
?+? Ocgsseogtehk hi sunnatzeo stgtas ju da`akazgoeas
Ek :==5# Jgstek at gc V:7^ ar}chzad _CHOO ocgsseogtehk hi sunnatzeo K.wqjetstgtas+ Tbasa gza K.}gzteta stgtas ohktgekad ek tba sunnatzeo sqjs}goa hi"O:%K+ Th sqnngzesa tbaez sobana# pa zst ektzhdqoa tba K.wqjet sunnatze.sgtehk ng}# pbeob sen}cu sqns gcc hi tba }aznqtgtehks hi jgses yaothzs# ihzsae vs=# s7~+
_K e:>+++>eKKsae7ae: + + + aeK
Tba sunnatzeo sqjs}goa hi "O:%K es tbak s}gkkad ju tba K wqjet sun.natzeo Deofa stgtas+
sD
"f%K
_K"
s= + + + = f 7 + + + 7 Kf %
Gku sunnatzeo stgta ogk tbqs ja pzettak gs g cekagz ohnjekgtehk hi tbasa+Ihz ekstgkoa# e`khzek` sogcgzs sD"=%? & sD"?%? sP > sD":%? Qsek` Yeatgs ihznqcgs ihz sunnatzeo }hcukhnegcs# gku yaothz pzettak gs
g ohn}car sqn hi sunnatzeo stgtas ogk ja pzettak gs g sunnatzesgtehk hi g}zhdqot stgta# _K"s7 + + + K%+ Cattek` s|"% s= & a:es7# tba gjhya tphargn}cas gza _?"s|"=%# |"? %# |" :? %% sP > _?"s==7%
Tbes daohn}hsetehk es kht kaoassgzecu qkewqa# jqt tba da`akazgou ohk`qzg.tehk es+ Tba da`akazgou ohk`qzgtehk es g sat tbgt ohktgeks kqnjazs ohqktek`agob destekot ohn}hkakt hi tba }zhdqot stgta jaek` sunnatzesad+ Ihz ekstgkoa#tba da`akazgou ohk`qzgtehk hi @B\ es D7#7#7 gkd tbgt hi P es D:#7+ Ocagzcugku sunnatzeo }zhdqot stgta es D?+ Tba ogzdekgcetu hi tba da`akazgou ohk`q.zgtehk es ogccad tba deyazsetu da`zaa+ Jhtb hi tbasa natzeos gza ekygzegkt qkdaz
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_CHOO gkd tba obheoa hi sunnatzesad ihzn# gkd tbau }zhyeda tba ihcchpek`ocgsseogtehk tbahzans+
Tbahzan ?+ Ihz gku sunnatzeo stgta petb deyazsetu da`zaa d ?# tbaza esargotcu hka _CHOO ocgss gsshoegtad petb agob da`akazgou ohk`qzgtehk+
_}aoeogccu# d K# tba kqnjaz hi wqjets# sh tze}gzteta sunnatzeo stgtas ogkja hz`gkesad ekth hka hi tbzaa _CHOO ocgssas ihz agob hi tba tbzaa da`akazgouohk`qzgtehks+ Bhpayaz# tbes zasqct `akazgcesas th ngku.}gztu stgtas petb gbe`b cayac hi da`akazgou ek tbaez sunnatzesad za}zasaktgtehk+ Ihz ekstgkoa# paogk khp ohkocqda tbgt gku K.}gzteta stgta petb d > : es _CHOO awqeygcakt thshna Deofa stgta+
Tbahzan 4+ Ihz gku sunnatzeo stgta petb deyazsetu da`zaa d 4# g da`akazgouohk`qzgtehk edakteas g _CHOO sq}az.ocgss petb d ? ohn}car }gzgnatazs+
_h# qkcefa ek tba htbaz sq}azocgss.jgsad sobanas# tba kqnjaz hi ohktekqhqs}gzgnatazs sogcas cekagzcu petb tba kqnjaz hi wqjets+ Pa ogk saa tbes es g te`btjhqkd jaogqsa jaogqsa tba denaksehk hi tba K.}gzteta sunnatzeo sqjs}goa esK & 7# pbazags g sunnatzeo chogc h}azgtehk zanhyas g ohkstgkt kqnjaz hida`zaas hi izaadhn "saa Tbn ?9%+
4 Ohkozata Izhjakeqs gc`ajzgs
Pa zaogcc tba qsqgc khtehk hi qketgc gsshoegteya gc`ajzg hk g yaothz s}goa Ghyaz g acd f+ Ohksedaz g ng} " % < G G G+ Pa sgu "G# % es g qketgcgsshoegteya f.gc`ajzg e
" % es jecekagz# "sq sy% sp > sq "sy sp% ihz gcc sq# sy# sp G# gkd tbaza arests s G sqob tbgt sq s > s sq > sq ihz gcc sq G+
Pa sbgcc saa cgtaz tbgt et es ohkyakeakt th ngfa tbes daketehk petbhqt ngfek`zaiazakoa th }hekts+ _ekoa "% es jecekagz# tbaza arests g qkewqa < GG Gsqob tbgt
"sq sy% > sq syTgfek` tbes th daka nqcte}ceogtehk# gkd dakek` g ng} < f G sqob tbgt
"7% > s pa hjtgek tba ihcchpek` daketehk+Daketehk 1+ Ihz shna acd f# g qketgc gsshoegteya f.gc`ajzg "G##% es g f.yaothz s}goa G petb ng}s < GG G# < f G sqob tbgt "7% > "7%gkd "7 % > " 7% > 7+
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Pa ogk gcsh ihzn g ohqketgc ohgsshoegteya f.ohgc ajzg+ Tbes es g qketgcgsshoegteya f.gc`ajzg hk tba dqgc s}goa J+
"J# < J J J# < f J%Th ocgzeiu# pa ngfa g dezaot daketehk ek tazns hi J# zgtbaz tbgk J+
Daketehk 9+ G ohqketgc# ohgsshoegteya f.ohgc`ajzg"J##% es g f.yaothz s}goaG petb g ng} < J J J ogccad tba ohnqcte}ceogtehk gkd g ng} < J fogccad tba ohqket sqob tbgt "7 % > " 7% gkd " 7% > "7 % > 7+
Cat G#J ja tba spg} ng} G gsihcchps< "7 %" 7% > +Pa pecc tgfa tbes gs hqz }zengzu daketehk# gs et es nhza ohkyakeakt th ar}zass
ogta`hzeogccu+
Argn}ca 5+ Cat N ja tba yaothz s}goa hik k ngtzeoas+ Tgfa th ja ngtzernqcte}ceogtehk# pbeob es gsshoegteya gkd jecekagz+ Cat ja tba k k edaktetungtzer# gkd cat < N
f ja tba tzgoa iqkotehkgc+ Tbes dgtg ekdqoas g qkewqa
ng} sqob tbgt "N####% es g Izhjakeqs f.gc`ajzg+
Argn}ca 7=+ "O:# # # # % es g Izhjakeqs O.gc`ajzg# pbaza "% es tba cekagzgdlhekt# vs=# s7~ es gk hztbhkhzngc jgses# gkd
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G "J O%+
Pagf qketu nagks tbaza arests gk hjlaot E gkd tph kgtqzgc eshnhz}besns gkd sqob tbgt G < G > E G gkd G < G > G E+ Tbasa eshnhz}besns gzasqjlaot th oaztgek ohbazakoa }zh}azteas "saa a+`+ Ngo Cgka V::^%+
G stzeot nhkhedgc iqkothz I < O D jatpaak nhkhedgc ogta`hzeas es giqkothz tbgt }zasazyas tba nhkhedgc }zhdqot< I"G J% > I G I J+ Gstzeot nhkhedgc kgtqzgc tzgksihzngtehk es g kgtqzgc tzgksihzngtehk sqob tbgtGJ > G J +Zangzf 77+ Ek tba ogsa pbaza O gkd D gza ogztasegk nhkhedgc ogta`hzeas gkdI }zasazyas }zhdqots# gku kgtqzgc tzgksihzngtehk es nhkhedgc+ Bhpayaz# tbes es
kht tzqa ek `akazgc+Ek ngku nhkhedgc ogta`hzeas# tba tph hjlaots GJ gkd JG gza eshnhz}beo+
Ei tbaza es g kgtqzgc eshnhz}besn G#J < GJ > JG tbgt ektazgots ek g saksejcapgu petb gkd # e+a+ tbes awqgtehk bhcds "J#O#G "J#OG% G#J#O
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tbak es ogccad g jzgedek`# gkd Yg jzgedad nhkhedgc ogta`hzu+ Ei iqztbaznhza#G#J
G#J > 7G
J # tbak es ogccad g sunnatzu# gkd
Yes g sunnatzeo nhkhedgc
ogta`hzu+G jzgedad "zas}+ sunnatzeo% nhkhedgc iqkothz es lqst g nhkhedgc iqkothz
tbgt }zasazyas jzgedek`s "zas}+ sunnatzeas%+Tbaza gza ngku argn}cas hi sunnatzeo nhkhedgc ogta`hzeas+ Tba ogsa pa gza
nhst ektazastad ek es tba ogta`hzu hi keta.denaksehkgc ohn}car Becjazt s}goasgkd cekagz ng}s "IBecj%+ Baza# pa tgfa th ja tba qsqgc takshz }zhdqot gkdO th ja tba qket+ Ihz gku tph Becjazt s}goas G gkd J# tbaza es g sunnatzu
G#J < G J J G
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1+7 @zg}beogc za}zasaktgtehk
Tba tbahzu hi nhkhedgc ogta`hzeas es ek g stzhk` saksa g :.denaksehkgc tbahzu+Hka ektaz}zatgtehk ihz tbes denaksehkgcetu es tbgt tba takshz }zhdqot }zhyedasg s}goegc denaksehk# pbeca tba ohn}hsetehk hi gzzhps }zhyedas tan}hzgc# hzogqsgc denaksehk+ Tba ektaz}cgu hi tbasa tph denaksehks es za}zasaktad ju tbajeiqkothzegcetu hi tba takshz }zhdqot+
"i: `:% "i7 `7% > "i: i7% "`: `7% ":%
Hka ogk ektaz}zat tbes awqgtehk ju tbekfek` hi tbasa ihqz gzzhps hooq}uek`g }eaoa hi :.denaksehkgc s}goa+
i7
i:
`7
`:
Izhn tbes }hekt hi yeap# tba jzgofatek` ek aw ":% es g }eaoa hi assaktegccunagkek`cass suktgr# pbeob es zawqezad th ngfa shnatbek` tbgt es :.denaksehkgcju kgtqza ar}zassejca gs g "7.denaksehkgc% tazn+ Th gddzass tbes essqa# pa sbgccektzhdqoa g `zg}beogc khtgtehk ihz sunnatzeo nhkhedgc ogta`hzeas# senecgz thtbgt hi oezoqet deg`zgns+ Ad as za}zasakt hjlaots gkd khdas za}zasakt nhz.}besns+ Khzngccu# jhtb ad`as gkd khdas gza cgjacad# jqt baza pa sbgcc ohksedazhkcu `zg}bs pbaza ayazu ad`a za}zasakts tba sgna hjlaot# sh pa sbgcc hnet ad`acgjacs+ Takshzek` es dhka ju lqrtg}hsetehk gkd ohn}hsetehk es }azihznad ju
}cq``ek`# hz `cqek` tba ek}qts hi hka `zg}b th tba hqt}qts hi gkhtbaz+ Tba edak.tetu gzzhp es za}zasaktad ju gk an}tu ad`a gkd tba takshz qket ju gk an}tu`zg}b+
i ` > i ` ` i >i
`
"?%
_ekoa pa ogk ar}zass G G gs g }gez hi cekas# pa ogk# ihz ekstgkoa# ar}zass
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g ng} b < G G G G gkd ohn}hsa ek ygzehqs pgus petb htbaz ng}s+
b "i 7% >i
b
"7 i% b >i
b
"4%
Pa ogk ar}zass tba jeiqkothzegcetu hi gkd tba kgtqzgcetu hi gs ihcchps
i
`"1%
i `>
i`
"9%
Ad`as# khdas# gkd ad`a ozhssek`s }zhyeda g `zg}beogc cgk`qg`a ihz sunnatzeonhkhedgc ogta`hzeas+ Tbes cgk`qg`a og}tqzas argotcu tba ohbazakoa }zh}azteas}zasakt ek g sunnatzeo nhkhedgc ogta`hzu+ _acek`az stgtas tbes }zaoesacu ek V:4^+
Tbahzan 79+ "Ohbazakoa ihz sunnatzeo nhkhedgc ogta`hzeas%+ G pacc.ihznadawqgtehk jatpaak nhz}besns ek tba cgk`qg`a hi sunnatzeo nhkhedgc ogta`hzeas
ihcchps izhn tba grehns hi sunnatzeo nhkhedgc ogta`hzeas ei gkd hkcu ei et bhcds#q} th eshnhz}besn hi deg`zgns# ek tba `zg}beogc cgk`qg`a+
_h igz# pa bgya ektzhdqoad g `zg}beogc cgk`qg`a ihz dasozejek` tazns ek gsunnatzeo nhkhedgc ogta`hzu+ Tbasa tazns gza }zaoesacu tba dezaotad gouoceo`zg}bs `akazgtad ju tba gzzhps ek tbgt ogta`hzu+ Ei tba ceka za}zasakts gk hjlaotG# gkd G bgs g dqgc# pa ogk gotqgccu ar}zass tazns gs gzjetzgzu `zg}bs+ Paza}zasakt tba tu}a G gs g ceka dezaotad dhpk# G gs g ceka dezaotad q}# gkd tbang}s dG gkd aG izhn tba }zayehqs saotehk gs og}s gkd oq}s+
dG > aG > > "0%
Pa bgya gkhtbaz ohbazakoa tbahzan izhn V:?# :4^ ihz tbes kap# je``az deg.`zgnngteo cgk`qg`a+
Tbahzan 70+ "Ohbazakoa ihz ohn}got ochsad ogta`hzeas%+ G pac c.ihznad awqg.tehk jatpaak nhz}besns ek tba cgk`qg`a hi ohn}got ochsad ogta`hzeas ihcchps
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izhn tba grehns hi ohn}got ochsad ogta hzeas ei gkd hkcu ei et bhcds# q} th esh.nhz}besn hi deg`zgns# ek tba `zg}beogc cgk`qg`a+
1+: Zacgtehksbe} petb tba Oezoqet Nhdac
Gkuhka petb shna ignecegzetu hi tba wqgktqn oezoqet nhdac pecc bgya saak deg.`zgns tbgt chhf cefa "?% gkd "4%+ Tbes es jaogqsa wqgktqn oezoqet deg`zgns gzag s}aoegc ogsa hi tba `zg}beogc za}zasaktgtehk hi nhkhedgc ogta`hzeas+ Tzgdetehk.gccu# oezoqet deg`zgns gza lqst `zg}bs tbgt gza }cgkgz gkd dezaotad gouoceo+ Tbasagza argotcu tba fekds hi `zg}bs hka ogk ohkstzqot ek g nhkhedgc ogta`hzu ei hkazaizgeks izhn qsek` tba sunnatzeo# ohn}got stzqotqza hi tba ogta`hzu+ _acek`azssqzyau V:4^ hazs g zasqct "hze`ekgccu dqa th Lhugc gkd _tzaat% gjhqt tbasa fekdshi `zg}bs gs pacc# ihz tba sgfa hi ohn}catakass+
Tbahzan 72+ "Ohbazakoa ihz }cgkgz nhkhedgc ogta`hzeas%+ G pacc.ihznad awqg.
tehk jatpaak nhz}besn tazns ek tba cgk`qg`a hi nhkhedgc ogta`hzeas ihcchps izhntba grehns hi nhkhedgc ogta`hzeas ei gkd hkcu ei et bhcds# q} th }cgkgz eshth}u#ek tba `zg}beogc cgk`qg`a+
Baza# }cgkgz eshth}u nagks sen}cu tbgt hka `zg}b ogk ja daihznad ekthgkhtbaz petbhqt ozhssek` ad`as+ Gk argn}ca hi tbes fekd hi daihzngtehk es Aw"1%+ Oezoqet deg`zgns gcsh takd th zqk ek tzgofs# }gzgccac cekas tbgt ocagzcudestek`qesb wqjets+ Tbes ze`edetu ohnas izhn tba igot tbgt oezoqet ohn}hkaktsgza qketgzu# sh takd th bgya tba sgna kqnjaz hi ek}qt gkd hqt}qt pezas+ Bhp.ayaz# tbes ohkyaktehk es }qzacu }adg`h`eogc# gs gzjetzgzu }cgkgz# dezaotad gouoceo`zg}bs ogk ja ektaz}zatad gs oezoqets petbhqt gnje`qetu+
Awqgtehk "9% ohktgeks saanek`cu nhza arhteo deg`zgns ihz tbhsa qsad thoezoqets+ Bhpayaz# tbes lqst ngfas ar}ceoet tba got hi spg}}ek` wqjets# zgtbaz
tbgk akohdek` et petb wqgktqn `gtas# sqob gs ? ohktzhccad.kht `gtas+
"2%
Ngfek` tbes daketehk gcchps ceka ozhssek`s# gkd pa ogk dh gpgu petb tbakaadcass zastzeotehk tbgt deg zgns ja }cgkgz+ Ohn}got stzqotqzas ogk ja ak.ohdad ek tba oezoqet nhdac gs pacc+ Zaogcc izhn Znf 74 tbgt pa ogk ngfa O:
saci.dqgc+ Tbak# ets gsshoegtad ohn}got stzqotqza es "5%
Khp# pa ogk }cq` gk qkfkhpk stgta gkd ektaz}zat tbes }eotqza gs g sen}ceadyazsehk hi tba taca}hztgtehk }zhthohc+
>
Zagdek` tba cait bgkd seda izhn th} th jhtthn# pa stgzt petb gk qkfkhpkhka.wqjet stgta gkd g Jacc }gez+ Pa tbak nagsqza tba zst tph wqjets ek tbaJacc jgses gkd }hst.sacaot hk tba hqtohna s+ Gs g zasqct# pa bgya taca}hztadtba qkfkhpk stgta s hkth tba tbezd wqjet+Zangzf 75+ Tba iqcc taca}hztgtehk }zhthohc phzfs dataznekesteogccu# petbhqtzacuek` hk }hst.sacaotad nagsqzanakts+ Et zawqezas ocgsseogc ohnnqkeogtehk gkdg qketgzu ohzzaotehk hk tba tbezd wqjet+ Tbes ogk ja ar}zassad `zg}beogccu gspacc# qsek` gk gjstzgot ohkstzqotehk ogccad ocgsseogc stzqotqzas+ _aa saotehk 2+7ihz g jzeai ektzhdqotehk th ocgsseogc stzqotqzas# gkd V:1^ ihz tba iqcc ohkstzqotehkhi tba taca}hztgtehk }zhthohc+
Bgyek` g ohn}got stzqotqza nagks pa ogk dzh} tba ohkdetehk tbgt `zg}bs jagouoceo+ Gcsh khta tbgt chh}ek` jgofpgzds qsek` g ohn}got stzqotqza }azihznsg }gztegc tzgoa+ Ihz ekstgkoa# pa ogk tzgoa hqt tba ze`bt wqjet hi b < O: O: O: O: gs ihcchps
b
Pa bgya saak tbgt gcc hi tba ek`zadeakts hi g sunnatzeo# ohn}got stzqotqza
gza }zasakt ek tba tzgdetehkgc oezoqet nhdac hi wqgktqn ohn}qtek`+ Gcchpek`gzjetzgzu `zg}bs lqst ar}chets tba stzqotqzgc zacgtehksbe}s hi gcc hi tbasa ek`za.deakts ek g pgu tbgt es }zhygjcu qkgnje`qhqs+ Tbgt es# pa ogk gcpgus ektaz}zatg `zg}b gs g oezoqet ju za}cgoek` ozhssek`s petb ? OKHT `gtas gkd chh}s petb}gztegc tzgoas+ Dqa th Tbn 70# pa bgya tba zangzfgjca igot tbgt gku sqobektaz}zatgtehk pecc awqgc gku htbaz+
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9 Nhkhedgc gc`ajzgs
Gc`ajzgs# ohgc`ajzgs# Izhjakeqs gc`ajzgs# gkd je.gc`ajzgs gcc arest ek tba ogta.`hzu hi Becjazt s}goas+ Bhpayaz# tbau ogk gcsh ja ihznqcgtad ek g nqob nhza`akazgc sattek`# pbaza gcc hi tba gjhya stzqotqzas gza dakad ektazkgc th g ogt.a`hzu Y+ Tbgt es th sgu# pa bgya g pgu hi rek` gk gc`ajzgeo stzqotqza Ggkd ihznqcgtek` tba ohkdetehks ju pbeob hka ogk sgu gk hjlaot Y Yogzzeastba stzqotqza hi G+ Iqztbaznhza# pa bgya g `akazgc ohkdetehks ihz pbgt gkG.stzqotqza.}zasazyek` ng} "e+a+ gk G bhnhnhz}besn% izhn Y7 th Y: chhfs cefa+
9+7 Ektazkgc nhkheds gkd ohnhkheds
G nhkhed ektazkgc th g nhkhedgc ogta`hzu "Y# # E%# es gk hjlaot G gkd g }gezhi ng}s < G G G dakek` nqcte}ceogtehk gkd < E G }eofek` hqt tbaqket+ Nqcte}ceogtehk es gsshoegteya# sh tbes deg`zgn ohnnqtas+
"G G% G G G
G
G "G G% G G
G
G
Nqcte}ceogtehk es cait gkd ze`bt qketgc# sh tbes deg`zgn gcsh ohnnqtas+
G G E
G G
E G
G G
G
G
Pa khp bgya tba gjecetu th awqe} g cgz`a ygzeatu hi hjlaots petb g nqcte.}ceogteya stzqotqza+ Ek tba ogsa pbaza Y> _at# tbes zaohyazs tba qsqgc khtehk hinhkhed+ Nhkheds ektazkgc th Gj# tba ogta`hzu hi gjacegk `zhq}s# gza zek s# gkdnhkheds ektazkgc th Yaotf gza gsshoegteya f.gc`ajzgs+
Tba dqgc hi g nhkhed es g ohnhkhed+ Ihz gk hjlaot G ek Y# hka ogk daka gektazkgc ohnhkhed gs g tze}ca "G# < G G G# < G E% pbaza tba ihcchpek`deg`zgns ohnnqta+ Ohgsshoegteyetu "7 % " 7% > +@zg}beogccu# tba tbezd ohkdetehk da}eots gs ihcchps+
> > "7=%
Tba Izhjakeqs edaktetu `qgzgktaas tbgt gku tzaa ohksestek` hi ### bgs gqkewqa khzngc ihzn+ Ju tzaa# pa nagk tba `zg}b ohktgeks kh qkdezaotad ouocas+Ihz tbes setqgtehk# pa ektzhdqoa g s}aoegc khtgtehk ihz ogkhkeogc tzaas# fkhpk gss}edazs+
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_=n _
7n _
k
= _k
7 _k
n >
+++
+++ +++
Ihz argn}ca# pa ogk qsa tbes khtgtehk th ohkstzqot tba ihcchpek` ng}s+
_=: > _:= > "77%
Daketehk :7+ Ek g sunnatzeo nhkhedgc ogta`hzu Y# pa sgu g nhz}besn n esohkstzqotad izhn g Izhjakeqs gc`ajzg "G####% ei et ohksests hkcu hi tba ng}s7G# # # # # G#G#G gkd G#G+ Pa sgu sqob g nhz}besn es ohkkaotad ei ets`zg}beogc za}zasaktgtehk es ohkkaotad+
Gzjetzgzu nhz}besns ohkstzqotad izhn Izhjakeqs gc`ajzgs bgya pacc jabgyadkhzngc ihzns+ Tba ihcchpek` es g ihcf tbahzan# tbgt bgs jaak stgtad ek a+`+ V0^+
Tbahzan ::+ G ohkkaotad nhz}besn ohkstzqotad izhn g Izhjakeqs gc`ajzg Ges ohn}catacu dataznekad ju ets kqnjaz hi ek}qts# hqt}qts# gkd chh}s+
Pa ogk saa tbgt tba hkcu }aztekakt ekihzngtehk gjhqt g "ohkkaotad% `zg}b hig Izhjakeqs gc`ajzg es ets ek}qts# hqt}qts# gkd tba kqnjaz hi chh}s# hz bhcas+Tbes sq``asts tbgt `zg}bs hi Izhjakeqs gc`ajzgs gza ek shna saksa bhnhth}u.ekygzegkt+ Tbes es ekdaad tba ogsa# ek tba g}}zh}zegta ogta`hzu< tba ogta`hzu hiochsad 7.denaksehkgc ngkeihcds gkd :.denaksehkgc ohjhzdesns+ Tbes ohkoa}t esar}hqkdad q}hk ek datgec ek Lhgoben Fhofs jhhf hk Izhjakeqs gc`ajzgs V0^+ Etihcchps agsecu izhn tbes igot tbgt gku `zg}b ek g Izhjakeqs gc`ajzg bgs g khzngcihzn+
Ohzhccgzu :?+ Gku hjlaot gdnettek` g Izhjakeqs gc`ajzg gdnets g saci.dqgcohn}got stzqotqza+
]zhhi+ Qsek` tba og} gkd oq} izhn "77%# pa saa tbgt tba Izhjakeqs gc`ajzgsgtesas Aw 7+
>
Ohzhccgzu :4+ Gku nhz}besn ohkstzqotad izhn g Izhjakeqs gc`ajzg G es awqey.gcakt th hka hi tba ihzn s7
+ + +
sk# pbaza agob se es hi tba ihzn es g s}edaz
petb = hz nhza chh}s gt ets oaktaz
+++
+++
+++
+++
>
+++
+++ +++
+++
Tbes es tbak g }zhdqot hi }zayehqscu ohksedazad ogsas+
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9+? Tba `akazgc ogsa< ]ZH]s
Gcc hi tba gjhya argn}cas gza s}aoegc ogsas hi g nhza `akazgc ohkstzqotehk+Th nhteygta tbes ohkstzqotehk# pa zst ohksedaz tba sngcc ogta`hzu D hi ketahzdekgcs k > v= 7 + + + k 7~ gkd hzdaz.}zasazyek` ng}s+ Tbes es tbaogta`hzu Ngo Cgka ogccs tba gc`ajzgests sen}ceoegc ogta`hzu ek V::^+ Pa ogkohksedaz tbes g nhkhedgc ogta`hzu# petb tba nhkhedgc }zhdqot jaek` hzdazaddeslhekt qkehk+
n k > n & kv= + + + n 7~ v= + + + k 7~ > v= 7 + + + n & k 7~
Ihz i < n n gkd ` < k k# pa tgfa tba khzngc deslhekt qkehk hiiqkotehks# ueacdek` i ` < n k n k+
"i
`%"r% > i"r% ei r 3 n`"r n% htbazpesaTbes ogta`hzu bgs gk eketegc hjlaot = > v~# pbeob es gcsh tba takshz qket+ Et
gcsh bgs g taznekgc hjlaot 7 > v=~+ Jaogqsa hi tbes igot# tba ihcchpek` ng}sarest gkd gza qkewqa+
n < : 7 a < = 7Iqztbaznhza# sekoa 7 es taznekgc# tba ihcchpek` deg`zgns ohnnqta+
? :
7
? :
n ed7
n
ed7 n n
7 7
:
7
:
ed7 ana ed7 n
Iqztbaznhza# tba gzzhps n# a gkd edakteteas edk `akazgta tba pbhca ogta`hzuD+ Khp# cat qs ohksedaz g stzeot nhkhedgc iqkothz I izhn D th shna htbaz"}hssejcu cgz a% stzeot nhkhedgc ogta`hzu Y+ Cat I"7% > G+ Tbak# I":% >I"7 7% > I"7% I"7% > G G+ Cat I"n% > gkd I"a% > + Khp# cats chhfgt tba eng`as hi tba gjhya deg`zgns+
G G G G G
G
G
G
G G
G
G
G
G G
G G
G
G G
G
G
Zaogcc tbgt ek g stzeot nhkhedgc ogta`hzu# > ed+ _h# tba gjhya deg`zgns gzastzeot yazsehks hi tba nhkhed deg`zgns izhn saotehk 9+7+ _ekoa D es `akazgtadju n# a# gku gzzhp ek tba eng`a hi I nqst gcsh ja+ _h# tba ogta`hzu D akohdasargotcu tba dgtg ohktgekad ek tba tbahzu hi nhkheds+ Gs sqob# et es ogccad tba]ZH ihz nhkheds+
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Daketehk ?:+ G ]ZH "ihz ]ZHdqot ogta`hzu% es g stzeot nhkhedgc ogta`hzupbhsa hjlaots gza kgtqzgc kqnjazs+
D es tba tbahzu hi nhkheds# pbazags I dakas g nhdac hi tbgt tbahzu ekgkhtbaz "qsqgccu ohkozata% ogta`hzu+ Ei Y> _at# tbes es awqeygcakt th tba qsqgcdaketehk hi nhkheds+ Gs sqob# I es ogccad gk gc`ajzg hi tba ]ZH D+
Daketehk ??+ Ihz g ]ZH ]# g stzeot nhkhedgc iqkothz es fkhpk gs g ].gc`ajzg+Ihz ].gc`ajzgs I gkd @# g stzeot nhkhedgc kgtqzgc tzgksihzngtehk es fkhpk gsg ].gc`ajzg bhnhnhz}besn+
D.gc`ajzg bhnhnhz}besns gza tbak tba qsqgc khtehk hi nhkhed bhnhnhz.}besns+ Tbgt es th sgu# g D.gc`ajzg bhnhnhz}besn es ohn}catacu dataznekadju g ng} b < I"7% @"7% tbgt ohnnqtas g}}zh}zegtacu petb tba nqcte}ceogtehkgkd qket ng}s ek tba eng`as hi I gkd @+ Gcsh# et es kht deoqct th saa pbu Dh}
es tba ]ZH ihz ohnhkheds+
Khp# ohksedaz tba sfacatgc ogta`hzu I hi keta sats gkd iqkotehks+ Tbesogta`hzu es wqeta senecgz th D# jqt petb hka en}hztgkt deazakoa+ 7 es steccg taznekgc hjlaot# sh pa ogk stecc daka qkewqa gzzhps n gkd a tbgt sgtesiutba gjhya ohnnqtgtehk }zh}azteas+ Bhpayaz# tbasa gza kh chk`az sqoeakt th`akazgta tba pbhca ogta hzu+ Ek D tbaza gza kh khk.tzeyegc jelaotehks# jqt Iohktgeks gcc hi tba }aznqtgtehk ng}s hi keta sats+ Th `akazgta tbasa# pa kaadhka nhza ng}# g spg} ng} s < : : ednk# sh I es g sunnatzeo nhkhedgc ogta`hzu+ Gcc hi tba deg`zgnsek D ohnnqta# gchk` petb hka nhza Ngt"K%%# gkd Bh}i gc`ajzgs "Ngt"\%%+ Edakteiuek` tba ]ZH] ihzg tbahzu ogk ennadegtacu ngfa daa} zasqcts gjhqt tba tbahzu ar}ceoet+ Ihz ek.stgkoa# Tbn ?= es gk agsu ohzhccgzu hi tba igot tbgt tba ]ZH] ihz _OIGs es tbaogta`hzu hi ohs}gks hi keta sats+
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Tbahzan ?9+ Ei s gkd s gza sunnatzeo K.wqjet stgtas sqob tbgt s gkd
s
gza _CHOO.awqeygcakt# tbak tbaza arests gsek`ca ekyaztejca# 7.wqjet ng} G
sqob tbgts > GKs
Pa gza khp zagdu th stgta tba ngek zasqct ihz tbes saotehk+
Tbahzan ?0+ Agob _OIG @ hkO: ogkhkeogccu ekdqoas g sunnatzeo stgta ekO:O:O: pbeob es _CHOO.awqeygcakt th s@B\+ Ohkyazsacu# gku sunnatzeostgta tbgt es _CHOO.awqeygcakt th s@B\ gzesas izhn gk _OIG @+]zhhi+ "% Cat " # # # % ja gk _OIG+ Daka tba _OIG \gs ihcchps syKhp# cattek` sq > jst & ost#
s > jstt & ostt & "7 g%stt
]cq``ek` ek th # cattek` d > "7 g% gsttts & jstt & ostt & dstt tsd
> =# htbazpesa es sa}gzgjca+ Cat
ss
> 7
d"j
st
& o
st
% gsttts & dsst & dstt tsKhta tbgt ss > fst# htbazpesa es sa}gzgjca+ Gcsh# ju daketehk hi Izhjakeqs
gc`ajzg# es g khk.da`akazgta oh}gezek`+ _h# obhhsa khk.}zh}hztehkgc ss# stsqob tbgt 7
dst
Tbak# tba stgta gsshoegtad petb "# % es " 7% > stts & sstt & sttt
Khp# daka tba ihcchpek` chogc ng}s gkd > +
Tgfek` tba .sunnatzeo nhkhedgc ogta`hzu "IdBecj# "%%# pbaza "% es tbacekagz gdlhekt# V5^ `has hk th }zhya g stzhk`az zasqct gjhqt ocgsseogc stzqotqzas+
Tbahzan 4=+ Ihz g ._OIG "G## %# oh}eas k hztbhkhzngc yaothzs s}gk.kek` G+ Iqztbaznhza# et es qkewqacu dataznekad ju tbasa yaothzs+
Khp# cat qs tgfa sazehqscu tba igot tbgt oh}eas g sat hi nagsqzanakt hqt.ohnas# tbekfek` hi tban gs tba ae`akjgses hi g khk.da`akazgta hjsazygjca+ Pazagcesa tbgt khk.da`akazgta hjsazygjcas qkewqacu datazneka ocgsseogc stzqotqzas#gkd yeoa.yazsg+
Ohksedaz g }gez hi ngrengccu khk.ohnnqtek` hjsazygjcas# cefa tba ]gqce \gkd R ngtzeoas+ Tbasa bgya tba ihcchpek` ae`akjgsas# zas}aoteyacu vs=# s7~ JR > vs s~
Pa ohkstzqot g ocgsseogc stzqotqza th oh}uek` gkd dacata J\
Pa ogk gcsh ektzhdqoa }bgsa `gtas > > s== & s77Bhpayaz# tba og}s gkd oq}s ohnnqta gs ihcchps
Tba ceka petb tba teof es ogccad tba dqgcesaz hi tbasa Izhjakeqs gc`ajzgs+ Pasbgcc zaiaz th et gs d@P + Ohkozatacu# et es g KHT `gta hk tba ohn}qtgtehkgcjgses "e+a+ tba ]gqce R h}azgthz%+ Pa khta tbgt et es saci.gdlhekt# qketgzu# gkd gIzhjakeqs gc`ajzg akdhnhz}besn hk @+
" . %
> ..
>.
.. > "75%
Pa sbgcc qsa tbes igot th e`khza dezaotehk hk ad`as jatpaak dhts hi tba sgnaohchqz ohktgekek` teofs+
. . > . . . > .
Khta tbgt > :s=+ _h# q} th g sogcgz# . > + Tbes en}ceas tbgt gcshoh}eas chh}s+
> . >.
.
> . . >
Khp pa gza }za}gzad th saa bhp tba cekagz gdlhekt "% gots hk tbasa stzqo.tqzas+ @ es g .OIG# sh > gkd > + P eskt g .OIG# jqt ethjaus sfap }zh}azteas+
>.
..
>
.
Tbes }zh}aztu cats qs tqzk ngku edakteteas q}seda.dhpk+ Pacc }zhyeda hkadazeygtehk gs gk argn}ca+
]zh}hsetehk 4:+ >
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]zhhi+ Pa }azihzn tba dazeygtehk qsek` edakteteas gkd Aws 75+
>
..
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..
> ..
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> ..
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.
> .. . >
Paya gczagdu saak tba g}}ceogtehk hi Aws 75 ihz }qccek` dqgcesazs ek gkdhqt hi g 4.ouoca+ Nhdqch tbes awqgtehk# tbaza gza tph htbaz ohk`qzgtehks ihzdqgcesazs ek g 4.ouoca# pbeob jhtb bgya desohkkaotek` zapzetas+
. . > . >.
":=%
Izhn tbes gkd tba khzngc bhnhnhz}besn zapzetas# hka ogk dazeya zadqotehkstbgt desohkkaot gku gctazkgtek`.ohchqz 4.ouoca+ Iqztbaznhza# hka ogk qsa tbagjhya zqcas th dazeya zadqotehks ihz gku :.ouoca+
_hna hi tba zqcas }zhyedad baza gza cefacu th ja zadqkdgkt+ Et es g ngttazhi hk`hek` phzf th bhka tbasa dhpk th g nekengc# aca`gkt sat hi grehns# pbeobueacd g `zg}b zapzetek` tbahzu petb keoa }zh}azteas# sqob gs chogc ohkqakoa+Tba }zasakoa hi sqob g sat hi grehns ogk tbak ihzn tba daketehk hi gk N_.}gez# gkd gcchp et th ja ceitad ekth gku sunnatzeo nhkhedgc ohktart# kht lqstwqjets ek tba ogta`hzu hi keta.denaksehkgc Becjazt s}goas+
2+:+7 Qkeyazsgcetu
Ei pa gcchp gzjetzgzu 7.wqjet stgtas# gk N_.}gez es ohn}qtgtehkgccu qkeyazsgc+Th saa pbu tbes es sh# pa sbgcc qsa tba @B\(P }gez th ohkstzqot tba CQ.daohn}hsetehk hi gk gzjetzgzu : : ngtzer+ Ihz hqz }qz}hsas# pa sbgcc qsa tba`akazgcesad ihzn hi CQ.daohn}hsetehk ]CDQ ":7%
Pbaza ] es g }aznqtgtehk# C gkd Q gza qket.deg`hkgc chpaz. gkd q}}az.tzegk`qcgz ngtzeoas# gkd D es g deg`hkgc ngtzer+
Ihz g yaothzs s# s O:# pa ogk ohkstzqot tba ihcchpek` ng}s
: 7= :
Iqztbaznhza# sq}}hsa tbgt : > 7# tbak qsek` tba dqgcesaz d@P # pa ogkohkstzqot tbasa ng}s+
Q >
7 7= 7
C d@PQ d@P >
7 =
7 7
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Zagcesek` tbgt tba hkcu tph }aznqtgtehks hyaz O: gza tba edaktetu gkd d@P #pa ogk ohkstzqot gku ng} ju daohn}hsek` gs ek Aw :7+
G
.
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.
.
."::%
Canng 4?+ Pa ogk ohkstzqot g OKHT `gta gs ihcchps s= gkd > s7gkd tba dqgcesaz es tba KHT `gta+ Iezst# pa }qt ":?% ek g ihzn ohkyakeakt ihz}cq``ek` ..
.
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Ei pa }cq` s= ekth tba zst wqjet ..
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> ..
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> . >
+++pa `at s= 7+ Ei pa }cq` ek s7 ..
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> ..
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> .
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> . > .
+++pa `at s7 KHT+Tbahzan 44+ Gk N_.}gez petb gzjetzgzu hka.wqjet stgtas es qkeyazsgc ihz wqgk.tqn ohn}qtgtehk+
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ek 7
ek :
otzc
hqt
"g% Ocgsseogc
ek7
ek:
otzc
hqt
"j% Wqgktqn
Ie`qza 7< Tph fekds hi nqcte}carazs
5 Ekdqoteya Ohkstzqotehk hi _tgtas
Zaogcc izhn saotehk ?+: tbgt Cgngtg at gc za}zasakt K.}gzteta _CHOO sq}az.ocgssas petb stgtas hi tba ihcchpek` ihzn
s > s=# & s7# ":1%
Pbaza s gkd s gza "K 7%.}gzteta stgtas+ @eyak tbgt pa ogk ohkstzqot"K 7%.}gzteta stgtas# pa ogk zagob gku K.}gzteta stgta petb tbes ohkstzqotehk+]zh}hsetehk 49+ Gku stgta ek"O:%K ogk ja ar}zassad ek tba ihzn hi Aw+ :1+
]zhhi+ Cat s ja g stgta ek "O:%K+ Cat s > "=s7%s gkd s > "7s7%s+_ekoa vs=# s7~ es gk hztbhkhzngc jgses# s ogk ja pzettak gs g sqn hi ets}zhlaotehks# gs ek Aw+ :1+
_h# pa pgkt th zst wqjet th got gs g spetob jatpaak tph }hssejca h}tehks+Ek ocgsseogc oezoqets# tbes phzf es dhka ju g dayeoa ogccad g nqcte}caraz# hz NQR"Ie`+ 7+g%+
Tba ch`eo `gta tbgt dhas tba ozeteogc phzf hi tba NQR es tba ?.stgta `gta+Tbasa `gtas jabgya gs gk gkd acaotzhkeo spetob# petb tba seda ek}qt tgfek` gohktzhc jet+
=
>
7
>
Tbes chhfs yazu senecgz# th}hch`eogccu# th tba jabgyehqz hi tba nqcte}ceogtehk
ihz gk GOIG "O:# # %+ Cat gkd ja tba tph }hssejca ek}qts ihz tba ohktzhcwqjet# tbak >
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Qsek` tbes igot# pa ogk ohkstzqot g wqgktqn nqcte}caraz "Ie`+ 7+j% yazusenecgzcu th bhp tba ocgsseogc NQR pgs ohkstzqotad+ Pa khp gdg}t tba wqgktqn
NQR th bgya tba ohktzhc wqjet gs gk hqt}qt# th ngtob Aw :1 gkd hzeakt tba`qza th}.th.jhtthn+
WNQR .
.
.
.
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Khteoa tba en}hztgkt igot tbgt# qkcefa ek tba ocgsseogc ogsa# pbaza pa ogk sen.}cu desohkkaot gk ek}qt# ek tba wqgktqn ogsa# pa nqst }zhlaot et hqt+ Jagzek`tbes ek nekd# pa ngfa tba ihcchpek` gssaztehk+
]zh}hsetehk 40+ WNQR es g ng} tgfek` stgtas hi tba ihzn s s th stgtashi tba ihzn
7ss=# & 7ss7# ]zhhi+ G`gek# tbes ogk ja }zhyad ju ohkozata ogcoqcgtehk# jqt et es }azbg}s nhzaakce btakek` th chhf gt tba zapzetas+ Pa ja`ek ju }cq``ek` ek s gkd s gkd}zhlaotek` tba cait wqjet petb =s+
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Pa saa tba ar}aotad zasqct hi 7ss+ Khp# ei pa }cq` ek 7s<
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.>
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.>
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>
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>
pa `at 7ss+Ohzhccgzu 42+ WNQR nqst bgya g khk.dataznekesteo }za}gzgtehk+
]zhhi+ Ei pa ohqcd g}}cu WNQR petb }zhjgjecetu 7 ihz gku ek}qt stgtas# tbak paohqcd g}}cu et th tba stgta s==+ Jqt tbes es en}hssejca# gs "WNQR%s== > =+Zangzf 45+ Tba }zhhi hi ]zh} 40 da}akds hk tba sogcgzs gsshoegtad petb`zg}beogc edakteteas+ Tbes datgec bgs jaak hnettad baza# jqt taobkeogccu# pa bgya
hkcu }zhyad tbgt tba ng} WNQR es77ss=# & :7ss7#
Et lqst bg}}aks th ja tzqa ek tbes ogsa tbgt 7 > : > 7+ Tbaza arests gstzeot yazsehk hi tbes zapzeta tbahzu pbeob ohqcd }zhya tbes stzhk`az zasqct#jqt tba datgecs hi tbes gza kht ozqoegc th tba argn}cas `eyak ek tbes za}hzt+
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7= Ohzhccgzeas
Pa sbgcc khp ar}chza shna hi tba en}ceogtehks hi tba zasqcts ek tbes za}hzt+ Kh.teoa bhp nhst hi tba ohzhccgzeas ngfa qsa hi tba ektaz}cgu jatpaak aktgk`canaktocgsseogtehk gkd gc`ajzg+
Ohzhccgzu 1=+ Ayazu Izhjakeqs gc`ajzg hyazO: es chogccu awqeygcakt th hka tbgtes s}aoegc hz gkte.s}aoegc+
]zhhi+ Agob OIG hk O: ek IBecj ekdqoas g tze}gzteta wqjet stgta _=? # pbeob#gs g ohksawqakoa hi tba OIG jaek` qketgc# es khk.da`akazgta+ Bakoa et aetbaznqst ja _CHOO.awqeygcakt th s@B\ hz sP# nhza }zaoesacu# et es aetbaz "C C C%s@B\ hz "C C C%sP ihz shna ekyaztejca C+ Gkd ohksawqaktcu# juTbahzans ?0 gkd ?2# tba OIG ogk ja tzgksihznad aetbaz ekth gk _OIG hz gkGOIG+
Tbes en}hztgkt ohzhccgzu es g kap ocgsseogtehk zasqct ihz OIGs hyaz O:# gkdngfas tba destekotehk petb g }qzacu gc`ajzgeo }zh}aztu+ Tbes zasqct sq``aststbgt tbaza ngu ja gk gc`ajzgeo lqsteogtehk ihz tba igot tbgt tbaza gza hkcu tph`akqeka tze}gzteta _CHOO ocgssas hyaz O: O: O:+Ohzhccgzu 17+ Ayazu gsshoegteya# qketgc gc`ajzg ekO: gdnets g Izhjakeqs ihzn+
]zhhi+ Cat "G##% ja gk gsshoegteya# qketgc gc`ajzg+ es qketgc# sh ek }gzteoqcgz#nqst ja khk.sa}gzgjca+ Tbazaihza et es _CHOO awqeygcakt th N < O:O: O:#pbaza N es hka hi tba ihcchpek`+
N > @ > s===s & s777s hz N > P > s===s & s7"7=s & =7s%
_h# > "C7
%N"C:
C?
%# ihz shna ekyaztejca ng}s Ce+ Ek tba ogsa pbazaN > @ # cat > &s"C .77 %+ Tbak > "==s & 77s%"C: C?%# pbeob nqstja g khk.da`akazgta }gezek` ihz Ce ekyaztejca+ Ek tba ogsa pbaza N > P # cat > 7s"C .77 %+ Tbak > "7=s & =7s%"C: C?%# pbeob es gcsh g khk.da`akazgta}gezek`+ Tbazaihza# gku gdnets g Izhjakeqs ihzn+
Zangzf 1:+ Hka ne`bt ja tan}tad th jaceaya tbes zasqct ihz be`baz denaksehks#jqt pa ogk gczagdu kd g ohqktaz.argn}ca ek O?+ Tgfek` vs=# s7# s:~ gs tbaohn}qtgtehkgc jgses# tba ihcchpek` gsshoegteya# qketgc gc`ajzg dhas kht gdnet gIzhjakeqs ihzn s===s & s7"=7s & 7=s% & s:"=:s & :=s% > s=
Cat > g
=
s& j
7
s& o
:
s+ Tbak
> g==s & j"=7s & 7=s% & o"=:s & :=s%
Th sbhp tbes es da`akazgta# et sqoas th sbhp tbgt et nqst bgya g khk.tzeyegcze`bt kqccs}goa K+ Ei j > =# tbak s7 K+ Eio > =# tbak s: K+ _h# sq}}hsa jgkd o gza jhtb khk.|azh+ Tbak sq > js7 "j(o%s: > = gkd sq K+
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ihz OIGs gkd _OIGs# gs pacc gs ohnnqtgteya jegc`ajzgs V:9^ gkd Bh}i gc`ajzgs#pbeob gza gcc stzqotqzas ozeteogc th qkdazstgkdek` hqz arestek` ektazgotehk tba.
hzeas+ Cgofs natbhd hiohn}hsek` ]ZH]s ohqcd ayak ja tba ze`bt izgnaphzfihz qs th desoqss ektazgotek` nhkhedgc gc`ajzgs ek `akazgc+
Pa gcsh pesb th stzak`tbak tba ohkstzqotehktaobkewqa en}cead ju ]zh} 40 thg ocgsseogtehkzasqct hk `zg}beogc stgtas# gkgch`hqs th tba hka }zhyedad ju V74^+Tbes es `hek` th zawqeza g jattaz qkdazstgkdek` hi bhp ygzehqs daohn}hsetehksgkd ogkhkeogc ihzns hi aktgk`cad stgtas gza zaaotad ek tba tbahzu# gkd }zhjgjcug igez gnhqkt hi ngtzer ogcoqcgtehk+ Gkhtbaz }htaktegc gyakqa ihz tbes zasagzobes th }azihzn tba `zg}beogc gkgch`qa th tba "sen}caz% ocgsseogtehk zasqct ihzsunnatzeo stgtas# }zhyedad ju Jgstek at gc ek V:7^+ Tba `zg}beogc khtgtehk bgsgk ayedakt khtehk hi sunnatzu "kgnacu `zg}b sunnatzu%# pbeob es sqoeakt thsbhp g stgta es sunnatzeo+ Bhpayaz# et es qkfkhpk pbatbaz tba tbahzu hi N_.}gezs es stzhk` akhq`b th sbhp tbgt tba `zg}b hi g sunnatzeo stgta es kaoassgzecuawqeygcakt th g sunnatzeo `zg}b+ Iqztbaznhza# tba `zg}beogc tbahzu bgs g zeobogtgch`qa hi sunnatzesek` ng}s# tbhq`b pa dhkt fkhp ei et ohktgeks tbasunnatzesek` ng} tbgt es ozqoegc th Jgsteks sobana+
Et bgs gczagdu jaak sbhpk tbgt tba cgk`qg`a hi ohn}canaktgzu ocgsseogcstzqotqzas schts stzge`bt ek th nagsqzanakt jgsad wqgktqn ohn}qtgtehk "saaa+`+ V?:^%+ Pa bgya saak ek saotehk 2+? tbgt pa ogk nhya izaacu jatpaak OO_sgkd N_.}gezs# sh tbes zasqct artakds th N_.}gezs+ Izhn tbes }hekt hi yeap#P(@B\ `zg}bs gza g tu}a hi `akazgcesad `zg}b stgta+ Tbes hjsazygtehk gkd etsen}ceogtehks pgzzgkt iqztbaz ekyaste`gtehk+ Tba igot tbgt P(@B\ `zg}bs ogk jayeapad gs g `akazgcesad ocqstaz stgta nagks ngku hi tba deg`zgns pa ohkstzqotogk ja zagcesad qsek` NJWO+ Pa ogk gcsh zagcesa tba `akazgthzs dezaotcu ek gsce`bt `akazgcesgtehk hi tba oezoqet nhdac+ ]za}gzgtehks gkd ohnqcte}ceogtehksogk ja zagcesad dezaotcu# gkd }zhlaotehks gkd nqcte}ceogtehks ogk ja zagcesad#
ektzhdqoek` azzhz tazns+ Tbasa azzhz tazns ogk tbak shnatenas ja ohnnqtgtadth tba akd hi tba oezoqet petb zapzetek` "hz iad ihzpgzd ek tba cgk`qg`a hiNJWO% th dase`k dataznekesteo hz kagz.dataznekesteo }zhthohcs+ Tbasa }zhoassascakd ozadejecetu th tba ocgen tbgt tbahzateogc `geks ek tba izgnaphzf hi N_.}gezsogk ja tzgkscgtad ekth zagc }zhthohcs# pbeca tba sustan etsaci zangeks g`khsteoth tba qkdazcuek` ohn}qtgtehkgc }gzgde`n+
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Zaiazakoas
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