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Enough Process Let’s Do Practices:
An Introduction to EssWork and EssUP
Ivar Jacobson
Next Generation Process
From the successes in modern software
development
Agile Methods Camp
The Software Engineering
Camp
Process Maturity Camp
In the future, an ever present but invisible process
We need a new paradigm
Process becomes second nature
Process is just a composition of
Practices
Practice is a First Class Citizen the unit of adoption, planning and execution of process
Unified ProcessExamples: CMMI, Spice XP, Scrum
Next Generation Process
From the successes in modern software
development
Agile Methods Camp
The Software Engineering
Camp
Process Maturity Camp
In the future, an ever present but invisible process
We need a new paradigm
Process becomes second nature
Process is just a composition of
Practices
Practice is a First Class Citizen the unit of adoption, planning and execution of process
Unified ProcessExamples: CMMI, Spice XP, Scrum
NEW
Problems with the Current Generation of Processes
• Denied Commonality• Process Completeness• Having to Adopt Whole Processes• The Process Being Out of Sync with What the Team
Does• Acquiring the Knowledge• The Process Adds Little Value
People don’t like processes.There is no one-correct process.They all have something to offer, but they’re hard to use together.
Current company processes
• Every large company has one or several processes manuals• Each process ”borrows” material from published processes• Each published process includes a soup of integrated ideas
AgileSoftware Engineering
Process Maturity
Company Processes A B C D N
Published Processes
A soup of ideas; it is a soup because you can not identify reusable elements
Current company processes
• Each process has very few unique, new ideas – say 5%• ”Borrowed” ideas comes from soups of ideas
Company Process A
New ideas say 5 %
A soup of soups of ideas “borrowed” and re-written by process engineers within the company
Software Engineering
Process Maturity
Published Processes
Agile
A soup of ideas
Next Generation Process is Practice-Centric
• Imagine that we can identify the unique ideas and keep them separate– A practices is a reusable method element that can be adopted separately
from other practices, and each practice give measurable result of value to the development organization
• Instead of creating published processes as a soup of ideas methodologists will focus on developing separate practices
• Company processes will be just collections of practices
Company Process A
New ideas say 5 %
A set of practices
= +
From potentially many different methodologists around the world –
essentially written by them
Agenda
• What is a Practice?• What is Essential Unified Process?• Making Practices useful
– Practice separation – Practice user experience– Practice smartness– How it all fits together – summary this far
• How do you use Practices?• Bringing Practices to Life with EssWork• Wrap up
What is a Practice?
Pragmatics• A Practice has a clear beginning and an end allowing it to be
independently applied• Examples of practices are
– Iterative development
– Use case driven development
– Project management à la Scrum
– Team practice incl workshops, war room,
pair programming, etc.
More precisely• A use-case module in our AOSD book
– It has a beginning and an end
– It may be a peer practice or extend an existing practice
Agenda
• What is a Practice?• What is Essential Unified Process?• Making Practices useful
– Practice separation – Practice user experience– Practice smartness– How it all fits together – summary this far
• How do you use Practices?• Bringing Practices to Life with EssWork• Wrap up
What is the Essential Unified Process?
More than just a Unified Process…. • This is where we started based on our heritage• A pre-built assembly of 8 core practices
…the first of a new generation of software development processes.
The Unified Process
Ericsson Approach
Objectory Process
Late ’60s
‘87 –’96
‘97 –’98
IBM Rational Unified Process
Good Software
‘99 –’05
Building on our heritage
The Practices in the Essential Unified Process
Software EngineeringPractices
Social Engineering Practices
Process Practices
Organizational Practices
Iteration
Component
Architecture Use Case
ModelingProcess Team
Title
EssUP Practices
ProductW
here
is te
stin
g?
It is
eve
ryw
here
!
Agenda
• What is a Practice?• What is Essential Unified Process?• Making Practices useful
– Practice separation – Practice user experience– Practice smartness– How it all fits together – summary this far
• How do you use Practices?• Bringing Practices to Life with EssWork• Wrap up
Some new innovations are required….
…to bring the practices to life and make them useful.
Defining and using Practices in a new way.
Practice Smartness
Practice User Experience
Practice Separation
Agenda
• What is a Practice?• What is Essential Unified Process?• Making Practices useful
– Practice separation – Practice user experience– Practice smartness– How it all fits together – summary this far
• How do you use Practices?• Bringing Practices to Life with EssWork• Wrap up
Building a process eco-system around 8 Essential Practices
• There will be 100s of practices extending the essentials
PSP / TSP Pair Programming
Social Engineering Practices
Extended CMMI
6 Sigma Prince2
Process Practices
Organizational PracticesPortfolio
Management
ProgramManagement
Enterprise Architecture
Product Line Eng.
SOA
REUSE Model Driven Architecture
Systems Engineering Business Use-Case
Domain Modeling
Robustness Analysis
Aspect Orientation
Software Engineering Practices
Iteration
Component
Architecture Use Case
ModelingProcess Team
Title
EssUP Practices
Product
Add as many or few practices as you need
EssUP Practices My Own Process
Process Kernel
Use Case
Team
Iteration
Process
Title
Modeling
Component Product
Architecture
Agenda
• What is a Practice?• What is Essential Unified Process?• How do you describe Practices?
– Practice separation – Practice user experience– Practice smartness– How it all fits together – summary this far
• How do you use Practices?• Bringing Practices to Life with EssWork• Wrap up
Apply card game metaphor for practice descriptions
• A card contains concise description of things to produce and things to do, etc.
• A practice is a set of cards
• A team/individual works on a set of instance cards
* Ward Cunningham invented CRC cards,
published in 1989
Essen
tial U
nifie
d Pro
cess
©Iv
ar J
acob
son
Inte
rnat
iona
l, 20
06
revis
ion
24
A test
cas
e de
fines
a s
et o
f tes
t inp
uts
and
expe
cted
resu
lts fo
r the
pur
pose
of
eval
uatin
g w
heth
er o
r not
a s
yste
m
corr
ectly
impl
emen
ts a
spe
cific
sce
nario
.
Test C
ase
UCDD
Test
cas
es:
•Pro
vide
a fo
unda
tion
for d
esig
ning
and
impl
emen
ting
test
s
•Allo
w th
e co
mpl
etio
n of
sys
tem
spec
ifica
tion
•Allo
w te
sts
to b
e sp
ecifi
ed b
efor
e
impl
emen
tatio
n st
arts
Essen
tial C
onte
nts:
•1.
.n P
re-c
ondi
tions
for t
est
•1.
.n In
put
•1.
.n E
xpec
ted
Resul
ts
Refer
ence
s to
:
•1.
.n U
se-C
ase
Flow
s (d
efin
ing
a
scen
ario
to b
e te
sted
)
Scena
rio
Chose
n
Test D
ata
and
Resul
ts D
efin
edVar
iabl
es
Defin
ed
Speci
fied
Syste
m
Ess
entia
l Uni
fied
Pro
cess
©Iv
ar J
acob
son
Inte
rnat
iona
l, 20
06
revi
sion
24
Spe
cify
Tes
t
Sp
ecif
y a
test
to
:
•V
erif
y th
at t
he
exec
uta
ble
sys
tem
per
form
s as
sp
ecif
ied
•D
efin
e h
ow t
he
outc
om
es o
f th
e te
sts
are
eval
uat
ed t
o d
eter
min
e th
e te
st r
esu
lts
•F
ocu
s th
e d
evel
opm
ent
of
the
soft
war
e
tow
ard
s th
e te
sts
it m
ust
mee
t
The
acti
vity
is c
om
ple
ted
wh
en:
•Te
st:
Sp
ecif
ied
•Te
st S
pec
ific
atio
n: T
est
Cas
es Id
enti
fied
or
bey
on
d
Rec
om
men
ded
ap
pro
ach
es:
•In
dep
end
ent
syst
em t
est
•R
egre
ssio
n te
st
•In
teg
rati
on
tes
t
UC
DD
Tes
ter
Exe
cuta
ble
Sys
tem
Sp
ecif
ied
Sys
tem
Bac
klog
Dev
elop
er
Pro
ject
Lea
d
Test
Spe
cific
atio
n
Test
Inte
grat
e an
d Te
st
Exe
cuta
ble
Sys
tem
Ess
entia
l Uni
fied
Pro
cess
©Iv
ar J
acob
son
Inte
rnat
iona
l, 20
06
revi
sion
24
Sp
ecif
ied
Sys
tem
Tra
ck P
rog
ress
Co
mp
are
actu
al p
rog
ress
wit
h t
he
pla
n t
o:
•Q
uic
kly
iden
tify
pro
ble
m a
reas
•U
nd
erst
and
pro
gre
ss a
nd
vel
oci
ty
•P
red
ict
mile
sto
ne
com
ple
tio
n
•A
sses
s m
ilest
on
e ac
hie
vem
ents
Th
e ac
tivi
ty is
co
mp
lete
d w
hen
:
•T
est
Res
ult
s: E
valu
ated
•B
ackl
og
item
s ad
dre
ssed
(su
ch a
s
scen
ario
s an
d d
efec
ts)
hav
e b
een
mar
ked
as
Ver
ifie
d
•T
he
Use
-Cas
e M
od
ule
flo
ws
add
ress
ed
hav
e b
een
mar
ked
as
Ver
ifie
d
•M
ilest
on
e ac
hie
vem
ent
has
bee
n
reco
rded
an
d t
eam
vel
oci
ty is
kn
ow
n
Rec
om
men
ded
ap
pro
ach
es:
•C
on
tin
uo
us
pro
gre
ss t
rack
ing
•D
emo
nst
rate
res
ult
s re
gu
larl
y
UC
DD
Bac
klo
g
Dev
elo
per
An
alys
t
Pro
ject
Lea
d
Tes
ter
Use
-Cas
e
Mo
du
le
Bac
klo
g
Exe
cuta
ble
Sys
tem
Tes
t
Res
ult
s
Sp
ecif
ied
Sys
tem
Bac
klo
g
Exe
cuta
ble
Sys
tem
Ste
er P
roje
ct
Ess
entia
l Uni
fied
Pro
cess
©Iv
ar J
acob
son
Inte
rnat
iona
l, 20
06
revi
sion
24
A u
se-c
ase
spec
ific
atio
n d
escr
ibes
ho
w
an a
cto
r u
ses
a sy
stem
to
ach
ieve
a g
oal
and
wh
at t
he
syst
em d
oes
fo
r th
e ac
tor
to
ach
ieve
th
at g
oal
.U
se-c
ase
spec
ific
atio
ns:
•C
aptu
re r
equ
irem
ents
in c
on
text
•D
efin
e sc
enar
ios
•E
nab
le e
ffec
tive
sco
pe
man
agem
ent
•P
rovi
de
the
det
ail t
o d
rive
th
e o
ther
dev
elo
pm
ent
acti
viti
es a
nd
en
sure
th
at
they
del
iver
val
ue
Brie
fly D
escr
ibed
Ess
entia
l Out
line
Ful
ly D
escr
ibed
Bu
llete
d O
utlin
eUse
-Cas
e S
pec
ific
atio
nU
CD
D
Individual Flows may have different degrees of elaboration
Ess
enti
al C
on
ten
ts:
•1
Nam
e•
1 B
rief
Des
crip
tio
n•
1 B
asic
Flo
w•
0..n
Alt
ern
ativ
e F
low
s
Sp
ecif
ied
Sys
tem
Ess
entia
l Uni
fied
Pro
cess
©Iv
ar J
acob
son
Inte
rnat
iona
l, 20
06
revi
sion
24
Exe
cute
Tes
t
Tes
ter
Exe
cute
a t
est
to :
•V
erif
y th
at t
he
exec
uta
ble
sys
tem
mee
ts
the
eval
uat
ion
cri
teri
a o
f th
e te
st
•Id
enti
fy d
efec
ts a
nd
pla
ce in
th
e b
ackl
og
to e
nsu
re t
hat
th
ey a
re a
dd
ress
ed
The
acti
vity
is c
om
ple
ted
wh
en:
•Te
st:
Eva
luat
ed
•A
ny
Def
ects
: Id
enti
fied
and
adde
d t
o t
he
Bac
klo
g•
Test
Res
ult
s: A
nal
yzed
Rec
om
men
ded
ap
pro
ach
es:
•A
uto
mat
ed t
esti
ng
•P
rog
ram
mat
ic t
esti
ng
•M
anu
al t
esti
ng
UC
DD
Exe
cuta
ble
Sys
tem
Sp
ecif
ied
S
yste
m
Bac
klog
Tes
t R
esu
lts
Tes
t
Exe
cuta
ble
Sys
tem
Bac
klog
Def
ect
Inte
gra
te a
nd
Tes
t
Dev
elop
er
Ess
entia
l Uni
fied
Pro
cess
©Iv
ar J
acob
son
Inte
rnat
iona
l, 20
06
revs
ion
24
Skill
ed a
t elic
iting
opp
ortu
nitie
s, n
eeds
and
stak
ehol
der r
eque
sts,
and
turn
ing
them
into
an
agre
ed s
yste
m s
peci
ficat
ion.
Ana
lyst
Ana
lyst
s he
lp th
e te
am to
:
•Id
entif
y an
d un
ders
tand
pro
blem
s an
d
oppo
rtun
ities
•Cap
ture
, und
erst
and
and
com
mun
icat
e
requ
irem
ents
•Cre
ate
and
agre
e sp
ecifi
catio
ns a
nd
mod
els
•En
sure
eve
ryon
e un
ders
tand
s w
hat t
he
spec
ified
sys
tem
sho
uld
do
Esse
ntia
l Ski
lls:
•Ve
rbal
and
writ
ten
com
mun
icat
ion
•Agr
eem
ent f
acili
tatio
n
•Req
uire
men
ts c
aptu
re
•Use
-Cas
e M
odel
ing
Cle
arly
Des
crib
es
Wha
t’s N
eede
d
Bui
lds
Mod
els
Faci
litat
es
Dis
cuss
ionsA
dapt
s
Tech
niqu
es
App
lies
Com
plem
enta
ry
Tech
niqu
es
The “Essentials” are in the cards
Essential Unified Process © Ivar Jacobson International, 2006 revsion 24
Skilled at eliciting opportunities, needs and stakeholder requests, and turning them into an agreed system specification.
Analyst
Analysts help the team to:
• Identify and understand problems and opportunities
• Capture, understand and communicate requirements
• Create and agree specifications and models
• Ensure everyone understands what the specified system should do
Essential Skills:
• Verbal and written communication
• Agreement facilitation
• Requirements capture
• Use-Case Modeling
Clearly Describes What’s Needed
Builds Models
Facilitates Discussions
Adapts Techniques
Applies ComplementaryTechniques
Supported by simple guidelines and references
I help withtest cases
Reference books
Intelligent Agents
RUP Knowledge Base
Agenda
• What is a Practice?• What is Essential Unified Process?• How do you describe Practices?
– Practice separation – Practice user experience– Practice smartness– How it all fits together – summary this far
• How do you use Practices?• Bringing Practices to Life with EssWork• Wrap up
Bill Gates: The Road Ahead
Newsweek December 19, 2005:
”How ’intelligent agents’ and mind-mappers are taking our information democracy to the next stage.”
Smart Practices have Smart Tools: intelligent agents
I help withuse cases
I help witharchitecture
I help withIterative planning
I help withEmbedded
Systems
I help withBusiness Systems
Active Guidance gives you expert advice just when you want it (if you
want)
Active Review monitors status, progress and quality for you (if you
want)
Active Automationperforms mundane tasks for you (if you
want)
Virtual Pair ProgrammersAnalystsDesignerTesterProject Managers
You learn as you work
You learn as you work
Smart Practices have Smart Tools: intelligent agents
I help withuse cases
I help witharchitecture
I help withIterative planning
I help withEmbedded
Systems
I help withBusiness Systems
Active Guidance gives you expert advice just when you want it (if you
want)
Active Review monitors status, progress and quality for you (if you
want)
Active Automationperforms mundane tasks for you (if you
want)
Virtual Pair ProgrammersAnalystsDesignerTesterProject Managers
You are in command
You are in command
Smart Practices have Smart Tools: intelligent agents
I help withuse cases
I help witharchitecture
I help withIterative planning
I help withEmbedded
Systems
I help withBusiness Systems
Active Guidance gives you expert advice just when you want it (if you
want)
Active Review monitors status, progress and quality for you (if you
want)
Active Automationperforms mundane tasks for you (if you
want)
Virtual Pair ProgrammersAnalystsDesignerTesterProject Managers
You focus on creative work
You focus on creative work
Agenda
• What is a Practice?• What is Essential Unified Process?• How do you describe Practices?
– Practice separation – Practice user experience– Practice smartness– How it all fits together – summary this far
• How do you use Practices?• Bringing Practices to Life with EssWork• Wrap up
Knowledge Base
Agents and tools
Cards Guidelines
References
Practices
How it all fits together – summary this far
Sta
rt h
ere
Fin
ish
her
e
Process Kernel
I dotest cases
Agenda
• What is a Practice?• What is Essential Unified Process?• Making Practices useful
– Practice separation – Practice user experience– Practice smartness– How it all fits together – summary this far
• How do you use Practices?• Bringing Practices to Life with EssWork• Wrap up
Remember the team goal…
GoodSoftware
Current Situation
andOpportunity
To produce good software, quickly!
Three collaborating games
Select Practices and Assemble a Process[Process Improvement Game]
Use the Process to Plan the Project[Planning Game]
Use the Process in a Project[Development Game]
GoodSoftware
Current Situation
andOpportunity
All implemented within Eclipse/EPF.
Playing the games
In more detail ... The Game Board is initially a practice independent Process Kernel
Compet
enci
es
Things
to P
roduce
Key Generic Artifacts
Things
to D
o
Key Generic Activities
Sta
rt h
ere
Fin
ish
her
e
Play your cards to assemble your process and your schema
• Where is the project in its lifecycle?• What have you produced already?• What do you do already?
Sta
rt h
ere
Fin
ish
her
e
People,Processes,
Current Practices
Your Team
Align
Play your cards to assemble your process and your schema
PracticePracticePracticePractice
Add
Sta
rt h
ere
Fin
ish
her
e
• What are you going to produce (artifacts)• What skills do you need (competencies)?• What are you going to do (activities)?
All within Visual Studio
PracticePracticePracticePractice
Add
Instantiate only the practices you need within Eclipse.
Browse the Practices within Visual Studio
Practice ExplorerFor Browsing
Authoring, and Composing Practices
See Cards within Visual
Studio
Agenda
• What is a Practice?• What is Essential Unified Process?• Making Practices useful
– Practice separation – Practice user experience– Practice smartness– How it all fits together – summary this far
• How do you use Practices?• Bringing Practices to Life with EssWork• Wrap up
Next Generation Process Challenge
• How do you get the practices into your organization?
• How do you adapt the practices into your organization?
• How do you make the practices stay relevant in your organization?
Multiply the challenges by the number of people and
projects in your organization
We need an Infrastructure!!!
Next Generation Process Infrastructure Advantage
Collect Distill Empower
• Discover, collect and describe the knowledge of thousands of experienced practitioners
• Dramatically reduce the work to access this knowledge
• Deliver the knowledge you need, and only that knowledge, when you need it and not before
• Make practices smart, so that they actively help you to do your job better
• Empower teams to create innovative and new ways-of-working
• Exploit and build on existing practices rather than recycle and replace them
Imagine You Can:
EssWork – Bringing practices to life
Practice DeliveryPractice Development
CommunityEcosystem
TeamEnvironment
Run-Time Composition
Team Facilitation
Practice Application
Dynamic User Experience
Practice Authoring
Practice Separation
Practice & Process
Browsing
Practice Assembly
EssWork: A Practice Centric Infrastructure
PracticeDefinition
PracticeManipulation and Execution
(EssWork Core)
Pra
ctic
e T
oo
lin
g
Pra
ctic
e U
ser
Inte
rfac
e
Practice Persistence
EssWork: The Next Generation Process Infrastructure
EssWork Core (Java/Microsoft)
EssWorkNativeXML
Datastore
EssWorkWeb 2.0
User Experience
EssWorkMicrosoft
OfficeUser
Experience
EssWorkEclipseUser
Experience
EssWorkVisual StudioUser
Experience
MicrosoftTeam
FoundationServer
IBMRationalServer
JIRAServer
…. …
…. …
EssWork: For the Microsoft Environment
EssWork Core (Java/Microsoft)
EssWorkNativeXML
Datastore
EssWorkWeb 2.0
User Experience
EssWorkMicrosoft
OfficeUser
Experience
EssWorkEclipseUser
Experience
EssWorkVisual StudioUser
Experience
MicrosoftTeam
FoundationServer
IBMRationalServer
JIRAServer
…. …
…. …
Visual Studio Team System (without EssWork)
Visual Studio
Team Foundation
Server
Client Side Server Side
WIQL
Visual Studio Team System (with EssWork)
Visual Studio
Team Foundation
Server
Ess
Wo
rk
EssWork Injects Practice Support into VSTS(on the client side and server side)
WIQLP3QL
Visual Studio Team System (with EssWork)
• Client Side • Server Side
• Adding EssWork Nature into existing workitems for practice guidance
• Adding practice based work items for greater control
• Practice development• Practice facilitation
Adding an EssWork Nature to TFS Work Items
Bug EssWorkNature
Scenario EssWorkNature
Task EssWorkNature
Guidance
EssWorkNatureComponent
EssWorkNatureUse Case
Existing Process (e.g. MSF Agile, MSF CMMI)
Selected Practices
(from EssUP)
Practice Development and Facilitation
Practice Browsing and Authoring
Practice Facilitation
Agenda
• What is a Practice?• What is Essential Unified Process?• Making Practices useful
– Practice separation – Practice user experience– Practice smartness– How it all fits together – summary this far
• How do you use Practices?• Bringing Practices to Life with EssWork• Wrap up
The current situation – methods and processes
1st Generation
tacit
Ad Hoc Knowledgein textbooks
2nd Generation
explicit
Structured Knowledge in an engineered PD
USDP,SA&SD, OOSE,
Scrum, XP
RUP, MSF,Select Perspective
1st Generation
tacit
Ad Hoc Knowledgein textbooks
2nd Generation
explicit
Structured Knowledge in an engineered PD
USDP,SA&SD, OOSE,
Scrum, XP
RUP, MSF,Select Perspective
Interactive Knowledgein an active environment
3rd Generation
smart
Essen
tial U
nifie
d Pro
cess
©Iv
ar J
acob
son
Inte
rnat
iona
l, 20
06
revis
ion
24
A test
cas
e def
ines
a s
et o
f tes
t inputs
and
expec
ted re
sults
for t
he purp
ose o
f
eval
uatin
g w
hether
or n
ot a s
yste
m
corr
ectly
imple
men
ts a
spec
ific
scen
ario
.
Test
Cas
e
UCDD
Test
cas
es:
•Pro
vide
a fo
undatio
n for d
esig
ning a
nd
imple
men
ting te
sts
•Allo
w th
e co
mple
tion o
f sys
tem
spec
ifica
tion
•Allo
w te
sts
to b
e sp
ecifi
ed b
efor
e
imple
men
tatio
n sta
rts
Essen
tial C
ontents
:
•1.
.n P
re-c
onditi
ons fo
r tes
t
•1.
.n In
put
•1.
.n E
xpec
ted
Results
Refer
ence
s to
:
•1.
.n U
se-C
ase
Flow
s (d
efin
ing a
scen
ario
to b
e te
sted
)
Scena
rio
Chose
n
Test D
ata
and
Resul
ts D
efin
edVar
iabl
es
Defin
ed
Specifi
ed S
yste
m
Ess
entia
l Uni
fied
Pro
cess
©Iv
ar J
acob
son
Inte
rnat
iona
l, 20
06
revi
sion
24
Spe
cify
Tes
t
Sp
ecif
y a
test
to
:
•V
erif
y th
at t
he
exec
uta
ble
sys
tem
per
form
s as
sp
ecif
ied
•D
efin
e h
ow t
he
outc
omes
of
the
test
s ar
e
eval
uat
ed to
det
erm
ine
the
test
res
ult
s
•F
ocu
s th
e de
velo
pmen
t o
f th
e so
ftw
are
tow
ard
s th
e te
sts
it m
ust m
eet
The
acti
vity
is c
omp
lete
d w
hen
:
•Te
st:
Sp
ecif
ied
•Te
st S
pec
ific
atio
n: T
est
Cas
es Id
enti
fied
or
bey
on
d
Rec
om
men
ded
ap
pro
ach
es:
•In
dep
end
ent
syst
em t
est
•R
egre
ssio
n te
st
•In
tegr
atio
n t
est
UC
DD
Tes
ter
Exe
cuta
ble
Sys
tem
Sp
ecif
ied
Sys
tem
Bac
klog
Dev
elop
er
Pro
ject
Lea
d
Test
Spe
cific
atio
n
Test
Inte
grat
e an
d Te
st
Exe
cuta
ble
Sys
tem
Ess
entia
l Uni
fied
Pro
cess
©Iv
ar J
acob
son
Inte
rnat
iona
l, 20
06
revi
sion
24
Sp
ecif
ied
Sys
tem
Tra
ck P
rog
ress
Co
mp
are
actu
al p
rog
ress
wit
h t
he
pla
n t
o:
•Q
uic
kly
iden
tify
pro
ble
m a
reas
•U
nd
erst
and
pro
gre
ss a
nd
vel
oci
ty
•P
red
ict
mile
sto
ne
com
ple
tio
n
•A
sses
s m
ilest
on
e ac
hie
vem
ents
Th
e ac
tivi
ty is
co
mp
lete
d w
hen
:
•T
est
Res
ult
s: E
valu
ated
•B
ackl
og
item
s ad
dre
ssed
(su
ch a
s
scen
ario
s an
d d
efec
ts)
hav
e b
een
mar
ked
as
Ver
ifie
d
•T
he
Use
-Cas
e M
od
ule
flo
ws
add
ress
ed
hav
e b
een
mar
ked
as
Ver
ifie
d
•M
ilest
on
e ac
hie
vem
ent
has
bee
n
reco
rded
an
d t
eam
vel
oci
ty is
kn
ow
n
Rec
om
men
ded
ap
pro
ach
es:
•C
on
tin
uo
us
pro
gre
ss t
rack
ing
•D
emo
nst
rate
res
ult
s re
gu
larl
y
UC
DD
Bac
klo
g
Dev
elo
per
An
alys
t
Pro
ject
Lea
d
Tes
ter
Use
-Cas
e
Mo
dul
e
Bac
klog
Exe
cuta
ble
Sys
tem
Tes
t
Res
ult
s
Sp
ecif
ied
Sys
tem
Bac
klo
g
Exe
cuta
ble
Sys
tem
Ste
er P
roje
ct
Ess
entia
l Uni
fied
Pro
cess
©Iv
ar J
aco
bson
Inte
rnat
iona
l, 20
06
revi
sio
n 24
A u
se-c
ase
spec
ific
atio
n d
escr
ibes
ho
w
an a
cto
r u
ses
a sy
stem
to
ach
ieve
a g
oal
and
wh
at t
he
syst
em d
oes
fo
r th
e ac
tor
to
ach
ieve
th
at g
oal
.U
se-c
ase
spec
ific
atio
ns:
•C
aptu
re r
equ
irem
ents
in c
on
text
•D
efin
e sc
enar
ios
•E
nab
le e
ffec
tive
sco
pe
man
agem
ent
•P
rovi
de
the
det
ail t
o d
rive
th
e o
ther
dev
elo
pm
ent
acti
viti
es a
nd
en
sure
th
at
they
del
iver
val
ue
Brie
fly D
escr
ibed
Ess
entia
l Out
line
Ful
ly D
escr
ibed
Bul
lete
d O
utlin
eUse
-Cas
e S
pec
ific
atio
nU
CD
D
Individual Flows may have different degrees of elaboration
Ess
enti
al C
on
ten
ts:
•1
Nam
e•
1 B
rief
Des
crip
tio
n•
1 B
asic
Flo
w•
0..n
Alt
ern
ativ
e F
low
s
Sp
ecif
ied
Sys
tem
Ess
entia
l Uni
fied
Pro
cess
©Iv
ar J
acob
son
Inte
rnat
iona
l, 20
06
revi
sion
24
Exe
cute
Tes
t
Tes
ter
Exe
cute
a t
est
to :
•V
erif
y th
at t
he e
xecu
tab
le s
yste
m m
eets
the
eval
uatio
n c
rite
ria
of t
he te
st
•Id
entif
y d
efec
ts a
nd
pla
ce in
the
bac
klog
to e
nsur
e th
at th
ey a
re a
ddre
ssed
The
activ
ity
is c
ompl
eted
whe
n:
•Te
st:
Eva
luat
ed
•A
ny
Def
ects
: Id
entif
ied
and
adde
d to
the
Bac
klog
•Te
st R
esul
ts:
An
alyz
ed
Rec
om
men
ded
ap
pro
ach
es:
•A
uto
mat
ed te
stin
g
•P
rogr
amm
atic
tes
tin
g
•M
anu
al te
stin
g
UC
DD
Exe
cuta
ble
Sys
tem
Sp
ecif
ied
S
yste
m
Bac
klog
Test
R
esul
ts
Test
Exe
cuta
ble
Sys
tem
Bac
klog
Def
ect
Inte
grat
e an
d Te
st
Dev
elop
er
Esse
ntia
l Uni
fied
Proc
ess
©Iv
ar J
acob
son
Inte
rnat
iona
l, 20
06
revs
ion
24
Ski
lled
at e
liciti
ng o
ppor
tuni
ties,
nee
ds
and
stak
ehol
der re
ques
ts, a
nd tu
rnin
g
them
into
an
agre
ed s
yste
m s
peci
ficat
ion.
Ana
lyst
Ana
lyst
s he
lp th
e te
am to
:
•Id
entif
y an
d un
ders
tand
pro
blem
s an
d
oppo
rtun
ities
•C
aptu
re, u
nder
stan
d an
d co
mm
unic
ate
requ
irem
ents
•C
reat
e an
d ag
ree
spec
ifica
tions
and
mod
els
•Ens
ure
ever
yone
und
erst
ands
wha
t the
spec
ified
sys
tem
sho
uld
do
Ess
entia
l Ski
lls:
•Ver
bal a
nd w
ritte
n co
mm
unic
atio
n
•Agr
eem
ent f
acili
tatio
n
•R
equi
rem
ents
cap
ture
•U
se-C
ase
Mod
elin
g
Cle
arly
Des
crib
es
Wha
t’s N
eede
d
Bui
lds
Mod
els
Faci
litat
es
Dis
cuss
ions
Ada
pts
Tech
niqu
es
App
lies
Com
plem
enta
ry
Tech
niqu
es
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