• ENGR 1181 First-Year Engineering Program
College of EngineeringEngineering Education Innovation Center
First-Year Engineering Program
Solar Cell Lab
• ENGR 1181 First-Year Engineering Program
Solar Cells – Current Applications
• Calculators that never need batteries• Emergency road signs or call boxes, on buoys, even in
parking lot lights• Satellites where they are used to power the electrical systems• Yard Lights• Residential• Limited commercial
Solar Cells
• ENGR 1181 First-Year Engineering Program
Solar Cell Lab - Materials
• Silicon (not doped) is basically an insulator
(with 4 valence electrons, all used in bonding crystal lattice => no 'free electrons)
• Solar Cell consists of 2 differently doped semiconductors layers (silicon)
• N-doping introduces free 'electrons' (introduce impurity into lattice with 5 valance electrons => 1 free electron per atom)
• P- doping introduces free 'holes' (introduce impurity into lattice with 3 valance electrons => 1 free 'hole' per atom)
POSITIVE
NEGATIVE
• ENGR 1181 First-Year Engineering Program
Solar Cell Lab – Electrical
• Concentration difference of holes and electrons – The important fact to note on the next slide is that when N and P doped materials are layered, a surplus of positive and negative charge carriers are produced so that when photons(light) hit the solar cell these additional charge carriers, which were initially in equilibrium, now cause an external voltage whose value is dependent upon the employed materials.
• ENGR 1181 First-Year Engineering Program
Solar Cell Lab - Electrical
For more information refer to: http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/solar-cell.htm
Depletion Region
Sunlight or Light Source
In Solar Cell Lab, Load = Resistor
• ENGR 1181 First-Year Engineering Program
P. 6
Solar Cell Lab - Device
• ENGR 1181 First-Year Engineering Program
Solar Cell Lab - Characteristics
Energy generated by the solar cell is
– Proportional to the intensity of the incident light
– Dependent upon the load applied to the solar cell
– Temperature dependent
• ENGR 1181 First-Year Engineering Program
Solar Cell Lab - EvaluationAdvantages
– Energy source is FREE (sun)– No emissions (earth friendly)– No moving parts (low maintenance)
Disadvantages– Technology is presently very expensive– Low power conversion efficiency (5 – 17 %)– Intensity of light source impacted by
geographical location and local weather conditions
– Energy source available for limited time (daylight)
• ENGR 1181 First-Year Engineering Program
Solar Cell Lab - Schematic
red banana plug lead
( resistive lead – negligible impact )
Light Source
Indicates probe ends
black banana plug lead
( resistive lead – negligible impact )
• ENGR 1181 First-Year Engineering Program
Solar Cell Lab Setup
• ENGR 1181 First-Year Engineering Program
Solar Cell Lab
Circuit Diagram
Wire connections Resistor Board
Solar CellDMM
• ENGR 1181 First-Year Engineering Program
Solar Power Conversion Efficiency
V
When sunlight strikes the surface of a Solar Cell, it develops a voltage (V) and that voltage can be used to power any electrical device (like an iPhone charger).
Electrically, the Solar Cell acts like a battery that supplies Voltage (V) and Current (I) to power any device (like the Resistor R) in the circuit diagram.
The Solar Cell generates power from sunlight and delivers that power to the Resistor, where it ends up being dissipated as heat, or:
The power conversion efficiency of the Solar Cell is:
Where the Power Input to the Solar Cell from sunlight falling on it
15 Volts
BATTERYR = 5 Ohms
Current, I
• ENGR 1181 First-Year Engineering Program
Solar Cell Output as a function of Incident Light Angle
The Power output of a solar cell as a function of the angle Φ of the incident light is given by:
P(
Where the Power output of the Solar Cell when = 0 degrees.
• ENGR 1181 First-Year Engineering Program
Solar Cell - Procedure
Please note that you should use the on-line version of the Solar Cell Procedure in
the lab since it is in color and thus is much easier to view and understand the various connections. You can use your hard copy as a reference when you are writing your memo.
• ENGR 1181 First-Year Engineering Program
Solar Cell – Procedure, one last hint
Very slight changes of the solar cell location in the x and y directions are needed to maximize the voltage reading and thus the incident light!
xy
Voltage reading
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