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Unit 1 - Present continuous (Iam doing)Unit 2 - Present simple (I do)
Unit 3 - Present continuous (Iam doing) or present simple (do)?
Unit 4 - Present tensesUnit 5 - to be going to dosomething
Unit 6 - Will (1)Unit 7 - Will (2)
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Unit 8 - Will or going to?Unit 9 - When and if sentence
(When I do... / if I do...)Unit 10 - Will be doing and whave done
Unit 11 - Past simple (I did)Unit 12 - Past continuous (Iwas doing)
Unit 13 - Present Perfect (Ihave done) (1)Unit 14 - Present Perfect (I
have done) (2)Unit 15 - Present Perfect (I
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have done) (3)Unit 16 - Present perfect
continuous (I have been doinUnit 17 - Present perfectcontinuous (I have been doin
or present perfect simple (IhaveUnit 18 - Present perfect (I ha
done/ I have been doing) withhow long, for, sinceUnit 19 - Present perfect with
since, for, how long. Pastsimple with when.
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Unit 20 - Present perfect (I hadone) or past simple (I did)?
(1)Unit 21 - Present perfect (I hadone) or past simple (I did) ?
(2)Unit 22 - Past perfect (I havedone) - (I had done)
Unit 23 - Past PerfectContinuous (I had been doingUnit 24 - Have and have got
Unit 25 - Used to (I used to dUnit 26 - Can, could and be
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able toUnit 27 - Could(do) and coul
have(done)Unit 28 - May (have) and mig(have) (1)
Unit 29 - May (have) and mig(have) (2)Unit 30 - May and might
(future)Unit 31 - Can, could, may andwould
Unit 32 - Must and have toUnit 33 - Must, mustn't, need
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and needn't haveUnit 34 - Should (1)
Unit 35 - Should (2)Unit 36 - If sentences(present/future)
Unit 37 - If and wish sentenc(present)Unit 38 - If and wish sentenc
(past)Unit 39 - WouldUnit 40 - In case
Unit 41 - Unless, as long as anprovided / providing (that)
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Unit 42 - Passive(1) (bedone/have been done)
Unit 43 - Passive (2) (Presentand Past Tenses)Unit 44 - Passive (3)
Unit 45 - It is said that.../He issaid to...etc. and supposed toUnit 46 - Have something don
Unit 47 - Reported speech (1)Unit 48 - Reported speech (2)Unit 49 - Questions (1)
Unit 50 - Questions (2) (Sheasked me why... / Do you kn
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when...)Unit 51 - Auxiliary verbs in
short answers, short questionetc. So am I / Neither am I IUnit 52 - Question tags (are
you? doesn't he? etc.)Unit 53 - Verb + -ingUnit 54 - Verb + infinitive
Unit 55 - Verb + object +infinitiveUnit 56 - Infinitive or -ing?(1
like, would like etc.Unit 57 - Infinitive or -ing?(2
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begin, start, intend, continue,remember, try
Unit 58 - Infinitive or -ing?(3be afraid, need, helpUnit 59 - Preposition + -ing
Unit 60 - Verb + preposition ingUnit 61 - Expressions + -ing
Unit 62 - Be / get used tosomething (I'm used to...)Unit 63 - Infinitive of purpos
and as an attributeUnit 64 - Prefer and would
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ratherUnit 65 - Had better do
something It's time someonedid somethingUnit 66 - See someone do and
see someone doingUnit 67 - -ing clausesUnit 68 - Chance and
opportunityUnit 69 - Uncountable nounsUnit 70 - Countable nouns wi
a/an and someUnit 71 - A, an and the
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Unit 72 - The (1)Unit 73 - The (2)
Unit 74 - Plural anduncountable nouns with andwithout the
Unit 75 - School / the school,prison / the prison etc.Unit 76 - Geographical names
with and without theUnit 77 - Names of streets,buildings, etc. with and witho
theUnit 78 - Singular or plural?
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Unit 79 - ...'s (apostrophes) aof ...
Unit 80 - A friend of mine, mown house. On my own / bymyself
Unit 81 - Reflexive pronouns(myself/yourself etc.)Unit 82 - All/all of,no/none o
most/most of etc.Unit 83 - Both / both of, neith/ neither of, either / either of
Unit 84 - Some and anySome/any + -one/-body/-thin
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whereUnit 85 - No/none/any No/any
+ -one/-body/-thing/-whereUnit 86 - Much, many, little,few, a lot, plenty
Unit 87 - All, every and wholUnit 88 - Relative clauses (1) clauses with who/that/which
Unit 89 - Relative clauses (2)cluses with or without who/thUnit 90 - Relative clauses (3)
whose, whom and whereUnit 91 - Additional
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information relative clauses (Unit 92 - Additional
information relative clauses (Unit 93 - Participle clausesUnit 94 - Adjectives ending in
ing and -edUnit 95 - Adjectives: wordorder...
Unit 96 - Adjectives or adver(1)Unit 97 - Adjectives and
adverbs (2) (good/well,fast/hard/late, hardly)
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Unit 98 - So and suchUnit 99 - Enough and too
Unit 100 - To + infinitive afteadjectivesUnit 101 - Comparison (1)
Unit 102 - Comparison (2)Unit 103 - Comparison (3) - a.. as / than
Unit 104 - Superlatives thelongest, the most enjoyable etUnit 105 - Word order (1) -
verb + object; place and timeUnit 106 - Word order (2) -
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adverbs with the verbUnit 107 - Still and yet Any
more / any longer / no longerUnit 108 - Quite and ratherUnit 109 - Although / though
even though In spite of /despiteUnit 110 - Even
Unit 111 - As (reason) and as(time)Unit 112 - Like and as
Unit 113 - As ifUnit 114 - At / on / in (time)
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Unit 115 - For, during, whileUnit 116 - By and until
Unit 117 - In, at, on (position(1)Unit 118 - In, at, on (position
(2)Unit 119 - To, been to, into Bcar / in my car
Unit 120 - On time/in time Atthe end/in the endUnit 121 - Noun + preposition
(`reason for', `cause of' etc.)Unit 122 - Preposition + noun
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(`by mistake', `on television'etc.)
Unit 123 - Adjective +preposition (1)Unit 124 - Adjective +
preposition (2)Unit 125 - Verb + preposition(1)
Unit 126 - Verb + preposition(2)Unit 127 - Verb + preposition
(3)Unit 128 - Verb + Object +
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preposition (1)Unit 129 - Verb + Object +
preposition (2)Unit 130 - Phrasal verbs (getup, break down, fill in etc.)
Appendix 1 - List of presentand past tensesAppendix 2 - Regular and
irregular verbsAppendix 3 - SpellingAppendix 4 - Short forms (I'm
you've / didn't etc.)Appendix 5 - American Engli
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,
.
,
, -
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.
:
http://www.gerasoft.com/en
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Unit 1
Present continuous
(I am doing)
(a) present
continuous, -, . :
The dogis playingwith
,
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- Why are you crying?
- I've broken my favou
Tears are runningdow
(is crying)
).
C I am(= I'
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he/she/(it)is(= he'setwe/they/you are(=we
et
Kate is in her car.She is on her way to m
- She is drivingto the m ,
, - May I see your husband? Ishe
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havinga rest?
- That's OK. He is not sleeping.
Come in.
(b) prese
continuous, - , , :
- Who is that man at the bar?
- Oh, this is James Feather, a
famous playwriter. They say, he
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writinga new play now.
The delegation is carryingon
negotiations with our firm.
Today they are havingan
excursion to our plant.
ahaving. tohave ontinuTense "to possess"(). are
havingan excursion= are goingsight-seeing.
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, ontinuous Tense.Unit 3.
(c) presecontinuous, : today, this season..:
- We are leavingtomorrowat six
- They are playingwith this team
a week.
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(d) presentcontinuous,
:
- The population of the world is
risingvery fast. ( `rises')
- Isyour French gettingbetter?
`does ... get')
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Unit 2
Present simple
(I do)
(a)
- .
.:He is not writing
(he is asleep).:He writesbooks.
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present simple:
I / we / you / they write
he / she / (it) writes
Every day my husband and I get
at 7 o'clock. We haveour
breakfast and goto the office. It
seven o'clock now, but we are
sleepingbecause it is Saturday a
we don't have to go to the officeWeget up, have breakfast, goto
the office-
,, .
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present simple, , , .
, ,
. ,
- I always put downthe new wor
into my notebook.
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- Doesshe studyFrench three
times a week?
- They do not watchTV everyevening.
- Who doesthe shopping in your
family?
- My mother does. She goes
shopping twice a week.
, :he / she -s.
s:
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- I workwith the computer every
day.My friend worksevery day
too.
(b) do / does, .
doI/we/you/they
doeshe/she/it//sh/she/it
wor
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- Excuse me, doyou speakEngli- `Would you like a cigarette?' `N
thanks. I don't smoke'.
- What doesthis word mean? ( `What means this word?')
- Rice doesn't growin Britain.
.Unit 4
(c) present simp , :
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- Every Saturday we goto thecinema. ( ?-1 )
- She doesn'toften read
newspapers.
- How often dothey cometo see
you?
(d) presesimple, , :
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- The Earth isround. It goesrouthe Sun.
- In Britain most of the shops cloat 5.30 p.m.
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Unit 3
Present continuous (I am
doing)
orpresent simple (I do)
Unit1Unit2.
(a) :
Present continuous
(I am doing)Pr
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Present continuous,
:
I am doing
Pr
past now future p
The bell is ringing,the lesson is over.
Asrin
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( )There isno rain.
The Sun is shining
brightly. Let's gofor a walk.
-Where isAnn?-She is havingher
English lesson now.Present continuous
is
(Th
da
it
Sh
tw
Pr
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:
The vacuum cleanerisnot working
It broke downyesterday.
Thdo
Yone
(b) Unit 1 , ontinuous tens
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simtenses.
, `I am liking'.
I like
( ),
continuous tenses:
want like belong know suppose
needlove see realise mean forget pre
hate hear believe understand
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remember seem
have ( ''.Unit 24)
think( '')
- I havemany books by this writ
( )
- I hate doing nothing
- She doesn't like reading
newspapers.
- This carbelongsto ourneighbours.
- They can't hear us. They are to
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far away.
- She seemsvery tired.
- What do you thinkTom will do( '')
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Unit 4
Present tenses , , presentcontinuous
(I am doing).
present simple(Ido).
She is speakingwith her
friends.
They are cleaningthe
appartment.
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, ontinuous tenses, "- " , .
:
belong know prefer suppose
see realise mean remember
hear believe cost understand
want like hate contains
seem love need forget
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, Present Simplec
I hatebeing interrupted al
the time.
The book containsmany
chapetrs devoted to the history
the country.
can+see,hear
.., , :
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- I can seesomeone through the
window,
but I can't hearwhat they're
saying.
ontinuoustenses, :
to think- ""
to see- ""
to have- , to have breakfast, to have dinneto have a good time,
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to have supper, to have troubles
..
- I'm thinkingof going to the
cinema tonight.
- She is havinga rest. She is very
tired.
- I'm seeingmy manager to-
morrow at 8.
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Unit 5
to be going to do
something
(a) to be going
do something, :
- I'm going to do my laundrynex
Monday.
- When are you going to buyme
new shoes?
- John is not going to tellher
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anything about it.
willgoing toUnit 8
(b) present continuouam doing), - - , ,
-. Unit 4.
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(c) was/weregoing to do,
( ):
- I was going to returnyour book
today but left it at home.
- They were going to swim, but t
weather was too cold.
(d) to bgoing to do something, , ,
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.
:
, He is going to fallinto
, ,
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. going to ,
(
, - Mother has bought lots of cake
for our party.
It's going to bea joilly good part
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- It's going to beanother warm
day.
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Unit 6
Will (1)
(a) will('ll), - :
- Oh, He's left the door open. I'l
goand shut it.
- `What would you like to eat?' `
havea sandwich, please.'
- Did you visit Mary? `Oh no, I
forgot. I'll doit now.'
- I'm too tired to walk home. I
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think I'll takea bus.
present simple
(I do) .
- I'll goand lock the door. ( `go and lock the door.')
will, , ( )
:
- He can't visit you tomorrow
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because his parents are comingt
see him.
( `his parents will come')
willwon't( will not):
- :I'm afraid Mr Fredcan't see you until 8 o'clock.
-:Oh, in this case I won'twai
I think I'l
I don't thinkI'll .., - :
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- I think I'llstay at home and rea
tonight.
- I don't think I'll goout thisevening. I'm too busy.
(b) will :
- :
- That box seems to be heavy. I'l
helpyou with it. ( 'I help')
- `I need a pen.' `Don't worry. I'lendyou mine.'
-
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:
A:You know that money I lent
you? Can I have it back?B:Of course. I'll bringit backtomorrow. ( `I bring')
- We've asked him to help us buthe won't.
- The bike won'tstart. ( = the bik
`refuses' to start)- :
- Thank you for lending me the c
I'll giveyou it back on Sunday. ( `I give')
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- I won't tellSally what you've
said. I promise.
- I promise I'll informyou as sooas I arrive.
- -
(Will you...?):- Will you makecoffee, please?
- Will youplease bea little
quieter? I'm trying to concentra
will.Unit 7. will going.Unit 8
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Unit 7
Will(2)
(a) , ,
- . will :
- Jim is playinggolf on week-end( `Jim will play')
- Isshe going for a walkthis
evening? ( `will she walk')
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.Unit 4Unit 5
, , .
:
Ted:I'm very worried aexamination next montJack:Don't worry, Ted.
`You'll pass'
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. (, ): .
(will/won't.
- When you ome back home, yo
noticea lot of changes.
- This time next year we'll beinUSA. Where willyou be?
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- When willhe knowhis
examination results?
- I won't passthe exam. I haven'done any work for it.
will :
probablyI'llprobablybtonight.
(I'm) sureYou must meeI'm sureyou'll make
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friends with her.
(I) expectI expectAntothat job.
(I) thinkDo you thinkwcontest?
(b)WillshallShallwill I we:
- Weshall( we will)probablgoto France in September.
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I'llwe'll:
- We'llprobably goto France in
September.
shall shan't
(shall not):
- Ishan't( I won't)be here ao'clock.
shall
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he/she/it/you/they.
, shall I... ? shall we... shall( will) (,
..):
- ShallI ordera taxy? (=
?)
- I've got little money. What sha
do? (= , -, ?)
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- What concert shallwegothis
evening to?
willUnit 6,Unit 8U9
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Unit 8
Willorgoing to?
(a)
will, going to, , .
:
.
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.
Peter:My new car hasa flat tyre.
Can you repair it?
Father:OK, but now
I'm very busy.I'll repairit tomorrow.
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.Mother:Can yourepair Peter's
new car?
It has a flat tyre.
Father:Yes, I know. He
told me.I'm going to repairit
tomorrow.
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:
, :
Mother:Ted, we don't have anysugar.
Ted:Oh, don't we? If so, I'll getsome from the shop.
( )
Ted:I'm going to getsome sugarfrom the shop.
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( )
Can I get you anything, John?
(b) , (
will, going to, :
- Do you think Jim will buythat
house?
- Oh darling, it's already 6 o'cloc
We're going to belate for the
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party.
going to(will -, , (
). ,
,
.(Unit 5d:
- Look at those black lines. TheTV-set's going to break. (the lineare there
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now)
- I feel awful. I think I'm going to
beill. (I feel awful now)
ewill .
will
(Unit 7):
- Mike willprobably arriveat
about 10 o`clock tomorrow.
- I'm sure she will likethe presen
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you want to give her.
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Unit 9
When andifsentences
(When I do.../ if I do...)
(a) :
- IfI havespare time I'll goto th
cinema.
:
I'll goto the cinema -
IfI havespare time-
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().
, will, shall
be going to . present simple(I d
- Whenwe getoff the train, I'll b
an ice cream for you.
I'll buy an ice cream for you -
- Whenwe getoff the train -
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present simple
tense .
(when?)
(under what condition
present
future. :
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- I shall tell him about it (underwhat condition?) if I see himtomorrow.
- We shall go for a walk(when?)soon asthe rain stops.
- You can have the book(when?)whenI've readit.
present perfect(I've read) , when-
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.
(a) (when- )
, , :aftebefore
while, until/till, as soon as, when (under whatcondition)
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: if, unless,provided(that),
on condition(that).
(b)
whenif. when , :
- I'm going shopping this afternoWhenI go shopping, I'll buy
some food.
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if ( when) ,
- If you miss this train, you'll belate for your work.
- If he does not come soon, I'm n
going to wait.
(c)
:
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- He does not know if he will comto see us tonight .
- I do not know, when I'llbeback
, if when, , ,
.
(object- "what
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:
- I 'll go shopping with you (undewhat condition?)ifI havetimetomorrow.
present simptense,
under what condition?":
- I do not know(what?) ifhe willcomeon time.
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what?, when-, future tense.
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Unit 10
Will be doingand will ha
done
(a) :
. :
- Mary, what about going to the
cinema at 12 o'clock?
- I'm sorry, but I can't. I promise
mom to help her in the garden.
I'llbe plantingflowers this time
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tomorrow.
- Then what about going to the
cinema at six?- Well, at 6 o'clock I'llbe cleanin
my room, but I'll have cleanedit
in half an hour, so we can go to tcinema at 7 o'clock.
'llbe planting,'llbe cleaning- Future Continuous Ten
Future Continuous(wbe doing),
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Past(was doing) Present Continuous (am/is/aredoing), , , .
will be doing continuous:
- My friend has her English lessoevery day at 5 o'clock.
- Yesterday at 5 o'clock she washavingher English lesson. (.U
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12)
- It is 5 o'clock now she is having
her English lesson. (.Unit 1)- At 5 o'clock tomorrow she will
havingher English lesson.
(b) 'll havecleaned Futu
Perfect Tense. (will have done),, - .
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:
- He says that before he leaves(this is a certain moment in the
future),
he'llhave seenevery show in the
town.
- By this time next month, all the
roses will have died.
- When you are my age you'llha
learntmuch about the weakness
man.
3
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Future Continuous Tense(will bedoing) : , :
- Here is John's schedule for thenext Saturday:
-in the morning he will be workin
in the garden.
-in the afternoon, when it is very
hot he will be repairinghis
car in the garage.
- And what is he doing in the
evening? He is taking Mary to th
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cinema.
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Unit 11
Past simple (I did)
(a) :
- I wrotea letter to my yesterday.
wrote - Past
Past simple,
.
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- Mr. Gosselyn readThe Times,
wentto church on Sunday and
accompaniedhis wife to tea-parties.
- She wonevery prize that was
open to her.- It wastwo years later that
Jimmie Langton discoveredher.
- He blushedand his blue eyesshone.
- Her aunt talkedin a deep loud
voice.
(b)
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Past simpletensec , :
yesterday, last night, last week,last month,
last year,last summer(autumn,winter,spring),
at six(seven...) o'clock on
Sunday(Monday...),
an hour(a week...) ago,the otherday,
in 1994(1966),during the war(threvolution..)
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- Mr. Smith beganteaching in a
secondary school in England in
1988.
- On Mondayhe cameto the offi
by taxi.
- I wentto Ireland in a fishing botwo years ago.
- Last monthTom and Jim visite
Scotland and climbedthe mountains.
(b) Past simptense
-ed d.
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.
:
- She walkedround the garden w
the colonel and listenedintellegently while he talkedof
peace.
- Her beauty createda sensationMiddlepool.
- He stayedin Middlepool for tw
years.- She lookedstraight into his eye
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- Julia smiledat the complacency
on her husband's handsome face
- Michael staredat them gravely
Appendix 3.
(d)
(irregular). , pasimple
-ed.:
1.,
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:
tell - told Mrs. Gosselyn toldher
about India.
give - gave He gavea little laugh
of embarrasment.
take - took She tookhim into a
small room behind the dining-roo
fly - flew The children flewto mtheir mother.
see - saw I last sawJill over thre
years ago.
2.,
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- -t:
teach - taught Her aunt taughth
how to walk and how to hold
herself.
leave - left He leftthe room an
hour ago.
sell - sold The baker soldgood
cakes.
bring - brought John broughthis
little brother to school.
buy - bought They boughtthat fr
from Greece.
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catch - caught Mr. Brown caught
the eight o'clock train.
3., d t:
send - sent He senta letter to hiaunt yesterday.
build - built Jack builthis house l
autumn.
bend - bent That stormy night tr
bentbefore the wind.
lend - lent The other day Dolly le
them money.
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4.,
infinitive Past simple:
cut - cut Aunt Aggie cutthe cake
hit - hit The cruel driver hitthehorse.
put - put Yesterday the
worshippers puttheir gifts beforthe gods.
set - set The sailors, after
quarreling with their captain,sethim adrift on the ocean in an
open boat.
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split - split The ship splitin two
under the force of the stormy
waves.
burst - burst Dolly burstinto
laughter.
let - let The prisoner lethimselfdown from his window with
a rope made of knotted sheets.
5., :
go - went Ann wentup to the
drawing-room.
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Appendix 2.
(e)
:
burn - burntburned
:
The old house burntdown The o
house burneddown
last night in the big fire. last
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night in the big fire.
smell - smeltsmelled
The dog smeltat the stranger fo
The dog smelledat thestranger for
a minute but did not recognize hi
a minute but did not recognize hi
dream - dreamtdreamed
I dreamtof my old home last nig I dreamedof my old home lanight.
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Appendix 2.
(f) past simple be(am/is/are)
was/were:
I/he/she/it wasweJulia wasqui
She wasa borMichael's eyes were
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(g)
Past simple did/didn't+ (do/open/rain ..):
- Didthey like the idea of his goi
on the stage?
They didn'tlike the idea of hisgoing on the stage.
- DidTom dance with Helen
yesterday?
No, Tom didn'tdance with Helen
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yesterday.
- She knew that she didn'tlook
well in costume.
(h),
did/didn't have:
- Didyou havea bath this mornin- We didn't haveany more flowe
in the garden.
be(was/were)
did:
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:- Washe at homeyesterday?
- He was notexactly mean, but hwas notgenerous.
past simpleUnit 12,Unit 20,Unit 21.
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Unit 12
Past continuous (I was
doing)
(a) :
Yest
was
was playing-
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,
Past continuous ,
- .:
- She was sittingcomfortably on
the floor.
- The boy was throwingstones akitten which was sittingon
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the fence across the street.
Past continuous - , , - .
:
- She was cookingthe supper.(p
continuous)= , .
- She cookedthe supper. (pastsimple)=
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.
, . :
- Red Chief was sittingon Bill'schest holding him by hair with on
hand.
He was tryingto take Bill's scalp
- He was standingin front of him
ready to strike him with a big
stone.
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(b) Past continuous
tobe . :
I/he/she was
we/they/you were
play
(c) Pastcontinuous, , -
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- . , .
- This time yesterday the Time
Traveller was talkingto a group
hisfriends about the problem of
travelling in time.
(d)
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, :
- The Time Ttraveller was movin
further and further into the futu
(e) Past continuous Past simple,, -
:
- Just at daybreak I woke up
because Bill was screaming.- When I came backto a cave I s
that Bill was standingwith his
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back to the wall.
, , past simple:
- Arthur gavethe sailor his watc
and money and the salor went
away.
(f) Past continuous
:the whole day, all day long.
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- The car was waitingfor them a
the stage door the whole day.
- All day longhe was walking
noiselessly, like a scout.
(g) Past continuous , .
, :
always,ever, constantly.
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- His photograph was always
appearing in the illustrated pape
- Ann was constantlycomplainin
of being lonely.
: (know),
continuous tens Unit 3b.
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Unit 13
Present Perfect (I have
done) (1)
(a)Present Perfect
!
Present Perfect
,
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, .
- I have brokenmy
- I can not write the ,
got no pencil now. :I have no p
(Simp
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I/we/they/you
have(= I'veetc.)
he/she has (= he's
etc.)
br
I (etc.)haven't
he/shehasn't
brokeny
ha
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- She has goneoff to the woods.
She is in the woods now.)
- Haveyou washedyour hands?
Are they clean now?)
Present Perfect
have/has + the past participle.
Past Participle -ed
(opened, decided), (broken,lost, written, done ..
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.Appendix 2).
(b)C just(
) already( , ):
- Whats the matter? Why are y
so sad?
- I havejustreceiveda letter fromy friend. She is ill.
- Do you know that Tom...?
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- We havealreadyheardabout
that!
- May I go for a walk?- You must do your homework.
- I have alreadydoneit.
- Lets water the plants! - I haveustdoneit.
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(c) gone tobeen to.
. Unit 119.
- Pussy Cat, Pussy Cat,
Where have you been?- I have been toLondon
To look at the Queen.
, ,
- Dont look for the cat. It has gotothe garden.(= The cat is not
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here, it is either in the garden its way
to the garden.)
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Unit 14
Present Perfect (I have
done) (2)
(a) :
Jane: Have youreadany
books by Dostoyevsky?
Mary: Yes, I have readsome.
Jane: And have youread
any books by Chekhov?Mary: Of course, I have
readhis plays and short
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stories.
He is my favorite
Russian writer.Jane: And what about
Belyaev?
Mary: I have neverheardof this writer!
, (
).
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PresentPerfect, ,
. :
- Haveyou ever beento France?
- She has beento this museum
several times.
- Haveyou ever heardhis story?
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- I have never seensuch a terrib
film.
present perfect,, - - ,
.
cpresent perfectever
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never:
- She has never reada single boo- I havn't readthe paper for the
last two days.
- She has not writtento me for ayear,- said Roy.
(b) PresePerfect
This is the first
time...,Its the first time..., ..
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- This is the first time, I have
visitedthe USA.
- It is the first time, they havecometo our new flat.
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Unit 15
Present Perfect (I have
done) (3)
(a)
Roy: Haveyou seen
Mary?
Ann: No, I havent.
I hope to see her at
your party.
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, Present Perfect Tense.
:
- They have translatedmany
interesting articles recently.
- Whyhave notyou gonewith
them?
- Ive completedwritingmyexercises at last!
(b)
present perfect yet
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(. Unit 107). Yet,
, .
- She has not readthe article yet
- HasMr. Smith lefthis house ye
(c) this year, this
week, thismorning, this evening, this term,
today
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..(.. ,
):
- I have not even hadcoffee this
morning.
- This yearwe have takenonly o
assistant.(
, .)
- I have hadonly one new dress t
summer.- exclaimed Jane.( .)
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(d) ,
, Present Perfect
Continuous(Ihave been doing):
- They have been talkingall the
morning.
Present perfect continuous.U16, Unit 17, Unit 18.
Present perfect past simple.Unit 20, Unit 21.
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Unit 16
Present perfect continuou
(I have been doing)
(a)
:
- Is the tea cattleboiling?
- No, it is not. But thewater is quite hot.
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- It has been boiling.
- I have been sleeping
for more than ten
hours!
Continu
I/we/they/you have
(= I've ..)
he/she/it has (= he's
b
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..)
PresentPerfect
Continuous,
(),
( ).
:
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- She has been washing
her hair, but it may be
dry now.
- Bill has been dining
with us tonight.
- Ivejust been having
such a delightful chat
with Margaret.
(b)
PresentPerfect Continuous,
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, - . (), ,
( ).
:
- I have been writingfor
more than an hour.
- Weve been staying
here nearly a week.
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- You have been making
excuses for him all your
life.
PresentPerfect Continuous
how long, for since :
- She has been having
English lessons sinceshe
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was five.
- How longhaveyou
been playingtennis?
Present
Perfect+ since/for. Unit 18-Unit 19.
Present PerfectPresent
Perfect Continuous.
Unit 17- Unit 18.
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Unit 17
Present perfect continuou
(I have been doing) or
present perfect simple (
have done)?(a)
- He is exhausted.
- He has been riding
a bicycle.
-
b-
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Has been riding- present perfect
continuous.
.,
.
b
H
p
s
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.
(b)
continuous, ,
:
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- She has been
readingall day long.
- They have been
washingthe carfor two hours.
- You have beentalkingwith her
all the morning.
-
w
- w
- e
.Unit 18
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present perfecthow long?
(c)
continuous, ,know. have known `have
been knowing'.
Unit 3b.
- I have knownher since my
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childhood.
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Unit 18
Present perfect
(I have done/I have been
doing)
with howlong,for, since(a) PresentPerfect Present PerfectContinuous , ,
.
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- I have been thinking
about it for a long time.
- They have been marriedfor many years.
- He has been readingsince
he came.
(b) Present
Perfect(I have done)Present Perfect
Continuous(I have been
doing) ,
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. . Unit 16b.
- She has been playingchess for 10 years.
- She has playedchess for
10 years.
Present
Perfect(I have done) ,
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(, always)., :
- My parents have always
livedin this small town.
- He has lookedafter Miss
Gregg for many years now.
, ,
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Present Perfect
Continuous(I have been
doing):
- My friend has been
stayingwith us for several
days.
- I have been learning
English since September.
(d) ,,be, have, know( Unit 3b
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have
Unit 24)
Present Perfect
Continuous
ContinuousPresent Perfect:
- I've lovedher since shewas a child.
- But we have beenin
conference for two hours -he said.
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(d) ,
,
, PresentSimple (I do) Continuous(I am doing).
- What areyou doinghere?
I'm waitingfor my friend.
- How long have you been
waitingfor her?
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- I've been waitingfor her for
about an hour.
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Unit 19
Present perfect with sinc
for, how long.
Past simple with when.
(a) ,since for
PresentPerfect Continuous. since
:
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- She has been watching
TV sinceearly morning.
- They have been travellingsincelast Monday.
For :
- Hehas been workingin
that firm fortwo months.
- It has been rainingfor3hours.
- They have been agruing
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about that formore than
an hour.
all day all morning all week
all my life.. for.
- It has been raining all day
long.
- She has been training allweeklong.
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(b)Presentperfect(I have done/I have
been doing), , (how long) -
( ). Howlong is it since...?:
- It's two years sinceI sawyour
flat.
-It's ages sincewe visitedthis
place.
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- How longhas itbeen
raining?
- It's been raining since oneo'clock.
(c) , when Past
Indefinite Tense(I did), , - :
- Whendid he comehome?
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- Whendid you seethis
film?
- Hewas preparingfor hisreport, whenthe telephone
rang.
- WhenI enteredthe roomI saw my mother sitting in
the armchair.
(d)How long is
it since?
- Its two years sinceI saw
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your flat.
-Its ages sincewe visited
this place.
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Unit 20
Present perfect (I have
done)
or past simple (I did)? (1
(a) :
.
. .
.
.
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.
,
.- HasMary lefther copy-book
again?
- No, she hasn't. Shehas brought- Did sheleave her copy-book?
- Yes, she did.
She left (past Simple)her copy-
bookbut now shehas brought
(present perfect)it.
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present perfect(hasbrought) . `Hehas lefther copy-book' , ( Unit 13).
past simple(left) . `Sheleftit at home',
, .
:
- We went to the Crimea for our
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holiday, but now we've comebac
home.
- She had a lot of dirty dishes aftthe party, and she has washedth
all.
(b) presentperfect(I have done) , ( ):
- For some years Chekhov livedhis estate not far from Moscow.
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- The state Florida in the USAw
discoveredby Ponce de Leon.
(c) present perfechave done), ( ) (.Unit 13) ,
past simple(I did).
- Pussy Cat, Pussy Cat
Where have you been?
- I have beento London
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To look at the Queen.
- Pussy Cat, Pussy Cat
What didyouseethere?
- I sawa little mouse
Under her chair.
present perfect past simple.Unit 21.
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Unit 21
Present perfect (I have
done)
or past simple (I did) ? (2
(a)Present Perfect Tense ,
, ..,
:
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Ann has reada lot
this year.John has writtena
letter today.
T
, (, yesterday,in 1995...)
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Past simpleTense (I did):
- John wrotea letter yesterday.
Present Perfect
:yesterday, two days aglast week,when I was a child.
PastSimple.
- Two yearsago Iworked in theinsurance agency.
- When I was a childIlikedice-
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cream very much.
Present Perfect :
ust, already, ever, never, recent
lately, not yet.
- Have youeverbeento France?
- I havejustreturnedfrom Fran
-, , Past Simple Tense
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- When was heborn?
- When didyougothere?
Present
Perfect Tense. , : , ,
.
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:
- He hasalready finished his
dinner,hasn'the?
- He hasn't finishedhis dinner ye
hashe?
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Unit 22
Past perfect (I have done
(I had done)
(a)Past Perfect Tense
had + past participl(seen, gone,opened, written,looked, ..).
(past participle) Appendix2. PastPerfect ,
1.
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:
- I had writtena letterbytwoo'clock.
2. :
- She hadalready leftwhen I cam
- I didn't know what I should wri
I hadneverwrittenletters befor
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(b)Past Perfect (I had done) - Present
Perfect (I have done).C:
Present
I'm not hungry. I've
justhadlunch.The house is dirty.
We haven'tcleaned it for weeks.
I w
juTh
Wcl
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(c) Past Perfect PasSimple:
- Was Mary ready to go to the
cinema when you cameto her?
- Yes, shehad been readyby themoment.
- Jack wasn't in when I phoned
him. He was in his office.- Jack hadjustgothome when I
phonedhim. He had beenin his
office.
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Unit 23
Past Perfect Continuous
(I had been doing)
(a)Past Perfect Continuous
be Past Perfect+ Participle 1(had been doing).Past Perfect
Continuous , .
- Although the sunwas shining, i
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was still cold as ithad been
raininghard for two hours.
- He felt tired when he came homas he had been playingfootball.
(b)Past Perfect Continuous, , -
, - .
- She had been sleepingfor twohourswhen we returned.
- It had been rainingfor an hour
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when I left home.
(c)Past Perfect Continuous(habeen doing)- Presen
PerfectContinuous(have been doing).
:
Present
How long have youbeen waiting? H
be
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( )He's out of breath.
He has been
running.
th
HH
(d) Past PerfeContinuous
(had been doing) PastContinu(was/were doing):
She had been sleepingfor threehourswhen we returned.
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( , ).
She was sleepingwhen wereturned.
( ,
).
(e)
(, know) Continuous.
Unit 3b.
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Unit 24
Have andhave got
(a)Have have gotHave got has got
have has. :
- Ihave gota brother.: I hava brother.
-Tom has gotmany books.:Tom hasmany books.
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:
Haveyou gotasister?
Haveyou a sister?
Do you havea
sister?
I ha
I ha
I do
Hashe gota flat? He
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Hashe a flat?
Does he havea
flat?
He
He
flat
(Past) go .
- When I was a student I hadafriend.
did didn't.
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- Didyouhavea friend when youwere a student?
- I liked to travel but I didn'thav
a car then.
(b)Have .
Have
. :
havebreakfast/lunch/d
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drink/
a cup of coffee/a cigare
havea swim/a walk/a rparty/
a good time ..
havea bath/a shower/a
havea look(at somethin
havea baby(= give birthavea chat(with someo
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have
have got:
- I usually have breakfast at 8
o'clock.( 'have got')- Last summer I had a goodtime
:
- I have a bath every morning.(= -)
- I've got a bath.(=
)
to do
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.
- When doyou usually have
breakfast?
- Idon't havebreakfast so early
- Did you have a goodtime last
summer?
- I didn't have a goodtime last
summer.
have ,
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Continuous(is having/ arehaving/was having ..):
- Where's Mike? He's havingdinner.
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Unit 25
Used to (I used to do)
(a) used to (used todo/used to smoke ..) , , .
- I used toswim a lot in summer bI don't go swimming any more.
- Ann used tohave headaches, nshe feels quite well.
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Used to , ( ).
- We used to livein Spain but nowe live in France.
- Thereused to bea garden in
front of the house, now you can
a
restaurant in its place.
(b)Used to +
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( ). 'I use to do'. present simple (Ido).
:
past: he used to playtennis thereused to bea house herepresent: heplaystennis thereishouse here
: did...u
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to?
- Did you use toread a lot?
: didn't usto..(
'used not to'):
- I didn't use toread a lot.
(d) , I used to do
I am used to doing(.Unit 62
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,
:
- I used toplay with Kate.( ).
- I amused toplayingwith Kate. ).
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Unit 26
Can, couldand be able t
(a) an, ,
,
.
- can't cannot.
- He canspeak English.- Canyou translate this book?
- I can'tvisit you every day.
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Be able to can,
can :
- I'm not able tovisit you everyday.
can
: can( -present) cou(
-past),
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be able to.
- He hasn't been able toworkrecently.(can has noPresentPerfect)
- She might not be able tofly toLondon.(can has noinfinitive)
(b)Could was able to:
could
can.
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- Tom couldplay football very w
- She couldn'tspeak English.
ould
:see, heasmell,
taste, feel, understand, remembe
- He spoke so quickly that Icouldn't understandhim at all.
- Though I was sitting in the lastrow, I could seethe film well.
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Could ,
-:
- My mother couldspeak fivelanguages.
,
- ,
was/were able to(
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could):
- He didn't want to buy a new subut at last we were able to
persuade him.
- She wasn't ableto pass the exa
couldn't
.- Hecouldn'tplay tennis.
- Wecouldn'tpersuade him to bua new suit.
can .Unit 31. could
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.Unit 27 Unit 31.
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Unit 27
Could(do) and could
have(done)
(a)Could
.
.
could
can(.Unit 26).
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- I could not hearhim.
ould
,
.
- Couldyou pleasegiveme a
stamp?
- Where shall we go tomorrow? W
could goto the restaraunt.
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an .
could
, an.
Could
.
- There could beanother rise in
prices next month.( =
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.)
could ,
would be able to.
- He works day and night. I
couldn't doit.
(b) ould
could have (done).
,
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,
,
.
- He could have takenthe dog ou
but he didn't do it.- Why did you choose to work at
the plant? You could have stayed
at the Institute.- You should not have taken part
this adventure. You could have
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perished.
(c) couldn't have(done).
I couldn't have donesomething' =
( ) .
- Last Sunday a party wasarranged at Tom's place. I could
have
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taken partin it, anyway, because
was busy.
- Tom didn't enter the UniversityHe couldn't have passedthe
exams.
.could/couldn't
Unit 26,Unit 28b,Unit 29c,Unit
Could if
Unit 36,Unit 37,Unit 38.
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Unit 28
May (have) and might
(have) (1)
(a)May might,
-.
. :
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Hemay bebusy now.He mibebusy now.
may might
may may not
might not(mightn't). may
-
:- Annmight not knowabout it.
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( )
- Jackmight not be readyfor the
exam.( )
(b) may have
done might have done, :
- Why didn't she answer thephone?
- She might have gone shopping.- I can't find my key anywhere.
- Youmay have lostit while you
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walked with your dog.
could may might. ,
- Where is Mike? I'm not sure. Hcould bein his club.
may might.Unit 29 Unit 30.
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Unit 29
May(have) and might
(have) (2)
(a)
:
.
,
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He may bein his office
)He might be havinglun
)
Ask Ann. She might kn )
may might, ,
- .
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.
:
- He maybe in his office. Hemightbe in his office.
may not
might not(mightn't):
- Jack might not bein his office.
(= , - I'm not sure whether I can lend
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you any money. I may not have
enough.
(= , )
:
may
I/you/he(.)
(not
might
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(b)May have donemight havedone,
.
- A:I wonder why Ann didn't
answer the doorbell.- B:Well, I suppose she may havbeenin the bath.
(= , - A:Why didn't he say hello whe
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he passed us in the street?
- B:He might have been day-
dreaming.(= , )
- A:I can't find my bag anywher
- B:You might have leftit in theshop.
(= , )
- A:I wonder why Ann didn't comto the meeting.
- B:She might not have knownabout it.
(= , )
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(c)
:
may b
I/you/he (not)
have
b
d
( ..) might k
`Couldn't
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have (done)'
`can'thave (done)',
- `Where's Jack?' `I'm not sure.He could bein his office, I suppo
but he's not usually there at this
time.'
maymight .U30,Unit 31.
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Unit 30
Mayand might(future)
(a) may might
.
:
- I'm not quite sure where to go my holidays but Imay goto theUSA.
(=, )
- The weather forecast is not ver
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good. Itmight snowthis evening
(=, )
- We can't help her. Why doesn'she ask Nick? Hemight beable help
her.(=, )
may not might not(mightn't
- Zagmay not goto the cinemawith us. He is very busy.
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(= ,
- There might not bea party on
Sunday because the parents are (=, )
maymight,
. :
- We may goto the USA.- Wmight goto the USA.
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(b) may might
Continuous:may/might be doing
will be doing(.Unit 10a,Unit 10b:
- Don't come at 6. I'll be watchinmy favourite film on television.
- Don't come at 6. I may(or migh
be watchingmy favourite film on
television.(= perhaps I'll be in themiddle of watching it.)
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Continuous (may/might be
doing) ,
.
:
- He's goingto the USA in May.
()- Hemay (ormight)be goingto tUSA in May.()
:
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- Hemay/might goto the USA inMay.
(c)May as well, might as well
:
A:- Where shall we go tonight?
B: - I don't know. Any ideas?
A: - Well, there's a party at Brig
A lot of people will be there.
B: - We might as wellgo therethen. There's nothing else to do.
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may/might as well,
,
-, ,
, ,
.We might as wellgo there
:
.
- I'll have to wait half an hour fo
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the next train, so I might as well
walk.
- We may as wellgo to thr partyWe've nothing else to do.
- Shall we go shopping now? - W
might as well.
may might. Unit 2
may Unit 31.
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Unit 31
Can, could, mayand wou
(a) .
can could
,
- -:
-Canyou wait a moment,please?
-Dan,canyou help me,please?
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-Excuse me.
Couldyou tell where the
theatre is?- Do you think Icoulduseyour pen?
- I wonder if theycouldhelp us.
-,
:Can I have..?/Could I have..?/Mahave..?
- Can I havethese shoes, please?( )
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- Could I havethe sugar, please?( )
(b) .
an,could may,
:
- Hello, can Ispeak to Ted, plea
( )- 'Could Iuse your track?' `Yes,
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course.'
- 'Do you think I couldgo with
you?' `Yes, sure.'- 'May Itell her about this?' `Ye
please do.'
,
can may( could):
- You can (may) visit us if yolike.
an/can't,
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-,
( ):
- You can drivefor a year inBritain with an international
license.
- If you're under 18, you can'tdrivea car in Russia.
(c) can
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- :
- `Can I get youlemonade?'`That's very nice of you.'
- `Can I help you, sir?' `No thankyou. I'm being served.'
(d) - ,
Would you like(
`do you like'):
- Would you likesome whiskey?
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`do you like')
- Would you like to playgolf with
me tonight?( `do you like toplay')
I'd like(= I would like):
- I'd likesome information aboutnew services, please.
- I'd likeyou to be more attentiv
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Unit 32
Mustand have to
(a)
-, must(d
have to(do).
:
- You must (have to) have apassport to visit most foreign
countries.
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, must
have to. must , , :
- You musthelp your sister.
- He mustnot smoke so much.
- He mustbe at home now.
- The book is not on the shelf. Jemustbe reading it now.
- It is six o'clock. She musthave
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come home.
have to
, .
:
- I have a terrible tooth
I have to go to the dent
.
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.
- We are tomeetat 5 o
,
.
- I can't meet you on Friday. I ha
to work.
(b) Must
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.
Must
- must .
- We musthelp her in her work.
Have to .
:
- I had togo to hospital.(past)
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- She has torewrite hercomposition. (infinitive) - (Presensimple)
- Have you ever had togo tohospital? (present perfect)
, do/does/didchave to
,
:
- What doI have todo get a driv
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license? ( 'have I to do')
- Why didyou have togo to
hospital? ( 'had you to do')(c) Must't don't have to
. 'Youmust't dosomething'
:',
':
- You mustn't gothere.
- You mustnot do such things.- He mustn'tleave the room for
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while.
- You mustnot tell anyone what
said.
. Unit 33a.
'You don't have to do something
:
; ':
- I don't have towear a suit towork but I usually do.
- You don't have toborrow this
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book from the library. I'll give it
you.
(d) have to have got to.
:
-He have togo right now. -has got togo right now.
-He have tosell his house. -He has got tosell his house.
MUST TO
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Past
- - - - - - - -
- - - - -
I wa
mee
Wa
to...
Thewer
Present
We must
go nowMust you
I ammee
Shego..
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go there Are
com
Future - - -
- - -
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Unit 33
Must, mustn't, needn't an
needn't have
(a) Must,mustn'tneedn't
(You) must(do) -:
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You haven't got much t
hurry.
You can tell Tom what
keep it a secret.
(You) mustn't(do)
():
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The baby is asleep. You
(= , You can tell Tom what
mustn'ttell anybody el
(= ,
(You) needn't(do)
:
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You've got plenty of tim
hurry. (= I can hear you quite cle
shout. (=
(b) needn't
don't/doesn't need to:
- You've got plenty of time. Youdon't need tohurry.
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, `don't neetohurry',
`needn't hurry'( to).
(c)Needn't have(done)
:
,.
20 .
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Tom needn't have hurr
).
`Tom needn't have hur ,
Needn't have,
-,
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:
- Ann bought some eggs but whe
she got home she found that she
already
had plenty of eggs. So she needn
have boughtany eggs.
- Thank you for doing the washin
up but you needn't have doneit
really.
I was going to do it later.
(d) Didn't need toDidn't need to( `didn'thaveto')
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,
- . :
- I didn't need to go, so I didn't g
- I didn't need to gobut I decided
to go anyway.
needn'thave,
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:
- I needn't have gone. (= ,
, .)
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Unit 34
Should(1)
(a) should
,
. . should
,
, must.
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, should
: :
- You should not smokeso much.
- It's late. The boy should goto
bed.- They should be invitedto our
party.
Should
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. 'You shouldn't dsomething'
, - .
:
- You shouldn't be sittingin the
sun, move out of it into the shade
- You should have toldme about
- You shouldn't feelso unhappy
over such trifles.
(b) shoul
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-.
I think/I don'tthink/
do you think?
- I don't thinkyou should works
hard.- I think the government should d
something about the economy.
(c)Should ,
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- ,
:
- Those children shouldn't be
playing.
- They should beat school.
(d) should have done shouldn't hav
done.
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.
, ,
:
- He looks very ill. He
at hom ,
, -
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, ,
-
- Bill, you shouldn
, (,
).(e) ought
should.
- It's really a good film. You ough
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to/should goand see it.
- You should/ought to be polite.
should.Unit 35.
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Unit 35
Should(2)
(a)
Unit 34, should
, -
:
- He usually comes home at 6
o'clock. now it is eight. He shoul
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beat
home. (,
- She knows the subject very weShe shouldn'thave problems at h
examination.
(b)Should , :
suggest propose recommend insidemand ..
- She insistedthat we shouldcomto the meeting.
- He suggests that they shouldte
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her everything.
- I demandthat he shouldapolog
to me.
suggest.
(to do / to play ..). :
- They suggestwegotogether.- Mom suggested(that)Iinvitedmy friends.
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( Momsuggested me to invitallmy friends.)
suggest-ing.Unit 53.
(c)Should wonderful
naturalimportantinterestingsurprising
impossibleunlikely ..:
- It isinterestingthatsomebody(something)shoulddo(
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done).
- It is very strangethat she shou
speakto him in such a tone.
that
,
perfectinfinitive
(have done) should.
- It is much better that they shou
have foundeverything before it
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too late.
(d)If....should.
if
should,
.
- Ifyou comein time we'll go to
cinema together.
- Ifyou shouldcome in time, wemay go to the concert.
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,
.
Should
( ).
-Should you come in time, we'llmanage to go to the concert.
- Shouldshe be more careful, she
wouldn't make so many mistake
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Unit 36
Ifsentences
(present/future)
(a)
:
Zag:I think I left my
suitcase in your house. Haveyou seen it?
Jane:No, but I'll have a look. If
findit, I'llgive it to you.
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, . :`If Ifind... I'll...'
(. Unit 9c).
Jane:If I found$500 in the streeI wouldkeep it.
. .
, . :`If I foundwould...'
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they would be very angry.
- She wouldn't lend us any mone
we askedher to.
(b)Would
if- :
- Everyone would be veryfrightened ifsomeone pointeda
gun at him.
( `if someone would point')- Ifwe didn't cometo her birthda
party tonight, she would be angr
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( `if we wouldn't come')
i... would,
-
-:
- I would be very grateful ifyou
wouldinform me about new pric
as soon as possible.( )
- `Shall I open the window?' `Ye
please, ifyou would.'
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(c)
( if-) would/wouldn't.Would
'd,
:
- If you stopped drinking, you'd
probably feelbetter.
- He wouldn't cometo the party you invited him.
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could might:
- Sally might beangry if I didn't
come to her.(= perhaps she woulbe)
- If it stopped snowing, we could
somewhere.(= we would be able
to go out)
(d) wh ,
( ):
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- Duke would be angry ifI didn't
visit him.( `when I didn't visi
- What would you cry ifyou saw
snake?( `when you saw')
.Unit 9c.
if.Unit 37Unit 38.
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Unit 37
Ifand wishsentences
(present)
(a)
T , .
-If I knewher address,her.
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T `If I knew h
,
.
, if pa
tense(`I did/I was/I knew' ..).
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, :
- I would buy it ifI hadmoremoney.( )
- Ifhe didn't wantto see us, he
wouldn't come.( )
- We wouldn't have any job ifwe
didn't lookfor it.( )
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(b)
wish.
Wish
, , ,
:
He w
her
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I wishit
wasn't so
rainyin
England.(
.)
(Do
you
(
The
ovewish
so m(
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I wi
holi
(
if wish
were was:
- If I wereyou, I wouldn't go the
( `If I was you')
- I'd go out if it weren'training shard.( `if it wasn't raining')
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- I wish my work wereeasier.(`I wish my work was easier.')
(d) would
(if) wish:
- If I wererich, I wouldbuy a car
for you. ( `if I would be rich')
- Iwishyou were cleverer.( wish you would be cleverer.)
I
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wish...would....
.Unit 39.
Could `would bable to'
`was able to':
- She could(= would be able to) dthe work faster if she could
(= was able to) type.
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if wish.Unit 36,Unit38,Unit 39.
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Unit 38
If and wishsentences (pa
(a) :
Last month
Mary didn'tfeel well. Ted
didn't knowthis, so he
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didn't go to see
her. After
Mary got betterthey met again.
Ted said:
-If I had
knownthat you
were ill, Iwould have
If
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visited you. (
,
past perfect (I had done/I
had been/I had known
..) if.
- If I had knownyou were in ParIwould have shown
you the city.(
- Iwould have goneout with youI hadn't hadso much work.
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( )
- If he had been lookingwhere hwas going, he wouldn't have
walkedinto
the wall. ( )
would(have)
(if) :
- If I had met youyesterday, I
would have invitedyou to the
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party.
( `if I would have met')
would had 'd:
- If I'd met (=hadmet)you, I'dhave invited(= wouldhave invite
you to the party
(b) past perfect
(I had done) wish,
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-, ( )
:
- I wish I had known that Tim wa
ill. I would have come to see him
(I didn't know that he was ill.)
- I feel sick. I wish I hadn't eaten
fish for dinner.(I ate fish.)- Do you wish you had studied
maths instead of languages?
(You didn't study maths.)- The weather was terrible. We
wish it had been warmer.(It was
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warm.)
wouldhave wish:
- We wish it had beenwarmer.(
`would have been')
(c)Would have (done)- would (do):
- If she had gone to the partyyesterday, she would betired no
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( -present
- If she had gone to the party
yesterday, she would have seen( -past.)
would have
might have could have:
- If we'd trained harder, we migh
have won.(= perhaps we wouldhave won)
- We could have goneout if it
hadn't been raining.(= we would
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have been able to go out)
if wish.U36,Unit 37,Unit 39.
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Unit 39
Would would would have if
() .Unit 36, Unit 37Unit 38.
would , ..
. Unit 31. would.
(a) wou
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I wish...
:
It is raining.
Don wants to go out, but not in th
rain.
He says:
I wishit would stopraining.
, ,
. I wish would...,
, -
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- - .
.
- I wishsomeone wouldhelp us tcarry the boxes. They are so
heavy.
- The music next door is very louI wishthey wouldturn it down.
I wish ...wouldn't
:
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- I wishyou wouldn'tgo out so
lately. I begin to worry.
I wish... would, ,
- , -
.
`I wish I would ...'.
wish
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.Unit 37 Unit 38.
(b)Would/wouldn't past will/won't:
present Lucy: I'lllend you my
computer, Tommy.
past Lucy said that he wouldlenTommy his computer.
presentSam: I promise I'lldo it
you.
pastSam promised that he would
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do it for you.
presentFred: Damn! The car wo
start.
pastFred was angry because the
car wouldn't start.
would,
,
:
- In the childhood we lived by the
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sea. In summer, if the weather
was fine, wewouldall get upver
early and gofor a walk.- Whenever Harry was angry, he
wouldjust break chairs and desk
used to:
- ... we all used to get upearly an
go...
.Unit 25 used to
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Unit 40
In case
(a) :
-
, ,
.He wears two watches
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stop
In case one of them sto
, .
incase:
- John might phone tonight. I don
want to go out in case he phones
(= , ,)
- I'll draw a map for you in case
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you can't find our house.(= ,
)
(b) willcase; ,
:
- I don't want to go out tonight in
case John phones.( `in caseJohn
will phone')
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(c) In case
if. :
- We'll buy some more foodifTocomes.(= , ,
; ,
; ,
.)- We'll buy some food in caseTo
comes.(= , ,
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;
; ,
.)
:
- This letter is for Ann. Can you
giveit to her if you see her?
- This letter is for Ann. Can you
takeit with you in caseyou see
her?
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(d) in cas ,
- - :
- We bought some more food incaseTom came.(=
, )- I drew a map for her in casesh
couldn't find our house.
- We rang the bell again in casethey hadn't heard the first time.
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(e) `In caseof...' case. In case
of fire `
- In case of fire, please leave the
building as quickly as possible.- In case of emergency, telephon
this number.(=
)
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Unit 41
Unless,as long asand
provided / providing(tha
(a) Unless :
. ,
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Joe can't hear unless yo
:`Joe canshouUnless
Unless
unless:
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- Don't tell Ann what I said unles
she asks you.(= ,
)
- I'll come tomorrow unless I hav
to work.(= , )
- I wouldn't eat fish unless I was
extremely hungry.(=
)
unless :
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- We'll be late unless we hurry.( )
- Unless you work harder, you're
not going to pass the examinatio
(= )
- The man said he would hit me
unless I told him where the monewas.
(=
unless ifnot:
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- Don't tell Ann what I said ifshe
doesn'task you.
- We'll be late ifwe don'thurry.
(b) As long as/ provided (that)/providing (that)
but onif
( , ):
- You can use my car as long as
( `solong as')you drive
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carefully.
(= ,
)- Travelling by car is convenient
provided (that) you have
somewhere topark.(= , )
- Providing (that) she studies harshe should pass the examination.
(=
(c) ,
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willunless,as long as,provided
providing.
:
- We'll be late unlesswe hurry.( `unless we will hurry')
- Providingshe studieshard ...(`providing she will study')
.Unit 9(
).
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Unit 42
Passive(1) (be done/hav
been done)
(a)
(Active Passive). :
Somebodybuilt this ca(active)subjectobject
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This castlewas built insubject Somebody
. ,
,
.
,
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, , .
- Your sonbrokemy window. Mywindow was brokenby your son.
- Her words shock me. I amshockedby her words.
C ,
-
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,
.
- Englishisspokenall over theworld.
- Iwasntinvitedto the party.
, ,
by:
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- This wall was paintedbymyhusband. (= my husband painted it
- We are worriedbyher silence.(=her silence worries us).
(b)
to be(is/are/was/were/have been .
+ the Past Participle(taught, buisold,
answered ..): (be) taught (be
built
(be) sold (be) answered.
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past participles
(done/seen/written ..) Appendix 2.
Passive presentpast tenses
. Unit 43.
(c)
(to)be done/ be opened/be broug ..
(will, can, must ..)
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(:be
going to,want to).:
Infiniti
Active:We mustfinish
as possible.
This workmus
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Passive:soon as possibl
- This book can be boughteverywhere.
- His letterought to be translateat once.
- A new theatreis going to be
openednext year.- Go away! I want to be leftalon
Passive
Infinitive (have been
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done/opened/brought).
Perfect Inf
Active: Somebody shouthe car.
Passive:The carshouldwashed.
- My bag has disappeared. Itmuhave been stolen.
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- You were too careless. Youmighave been hurt.
- The weather was awful. Theflightought to have been cancell
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Unit 43
Passive (2) (Present and
Past Tenses)
(a)
(Present) (Past):
Present S
A:show(s)/clean(s) So
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.. ne
:am/is/areshown/cleaned
..
Wfil
H
ve
co
Ico
Htr
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Past Sim
A:showed/cleaned
..
So
ne
:was/were
shown/cleaned ..
W
filTh
heW
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bo
Present Con
A:am/is/are
showing/cleaning
..
Sous
m
:
W
a m
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am/is/are being
shown/cleaned
..
T
cl
E
ho
re
Past ContA:
was/wereshowing/cleaning
Sosh
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.. w
:was/were being
shown/cleaned ..
Wsh
w
I f
be
Present P
A:have/hasshown/cleaned So
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.. sh
:have/has been
shown/cleaned
..
Wsh
H
th
I h
bi
Past PeA: had So
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shown/cleaned
..us
he
:had been
shown/cleaned ..
W
a
ca
Ji
he
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U
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