Energy Scenario Of Zimbabwe
Prepared by:
DIPAL Jani
Energy balance – Country Analysis
OutlineEnergy Consumption by Source.Energy consumption by Sector.Energy produced by Source.Detail on Renewable Resouces.Short desciption on GHG.Conclusion.
Energy Flow Diagram
SECONDARY ENERGY
COAL, Biomass, fuelwood
Hydropower, ELECTRICITY
Mainly Road transport and Railways
WHAT CONSUMED BY DILIVERED ENERGY
DISTANCE TRAVELLED, ILLUMINATION,COOKED FOOD, ETC.
TRANSMISSON & DISTN. SYSTEMS
FINAL ENERGY
END USE ACTIVITY
PRIMARY ENERGY
SECONDARY ENERGY
Energy Consumption by Source is the total amount of primary energy consumed from the usage of a specified fuel. Primary energy includes losses fromtransportation, friction, heat loss and other inefficiencies. Specifically, consumption equals indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minusexports and international marine bunkers. The IEA calls this value Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES).
Energy Consumption by Sector
Energy Consumption by Sector 2005 of Zimbabwe
Energy Consumption by Sector 2005 of India
Energy Production by Source of India
Energy Production by Source of Zimbabwe
Fossil Fuel Reserves, Production, and Trade 2005 of India
Fossil Fuel Reserves, Production, and Trade 2005 of Zimbabwe
13%
49%
4% 2%10%
1% 6% 2%12%
1%
Energy Demand by Fuel in Zimbabwe
Energy Demand by Fuel
Residential
Agricu
lture
Commerce
Industry
Mining
59%
13% 7%18%
3%
Energy Demand by Sector in Zimbabwe
Energy Demand by Sector
Fuel wood is the most important domestic fuel in the country.
It is the major source of energy for cooking, lighting and heating for over 80% of the population mainly in the rural and peri-urban areas.
Coal is the most abundant source of primary energy found in Zimbabwe apart from fuel wood.
Zimbabwe has 30 billion tonnes of probable bituminous coal reserves in 21 deposits of which in situ reserves are estimated at between 10 and 20 billion.
Proven reserves can last for 107 years and total reserves for over 200years at the present production rate of about 5million tonnes per annum.
India is the 5th largest contributor to the world
pollution.
India accounts for 3.5% of greenhouse emission.
Energy demand by Sector in India
Energy demand by Fuel in India
Electricity generating Power Station
Power Stations Electricity genrating Power Station
Hwange Thermal Power Station 920MW
Kariba Hydro Electric Power Station 666MW
Thermal Power Stations at Harare 135MW
Bulawayo 120MW
Munyati 120MW
Classification Area Covered(million hectares)
Fuelwood 8.4
Timber 12.1
Non-Productive 14.2
Total 34.7
Biomass Reserve for Zimbabwe
The energy supply options for Zimbabwe have a mixture of hydroelectricity coal and renewable.
After the development and refurbishment of some coal fired thermal power plants in the past years the thrust is now on developing hydroelectric power plants as well.
Rural Zimbabwe as well as the low-income urban households are highly dependent on fuelwood. Fuelwood is legally not a commercial fuel as the collection and sale of fuelwoodrequires a license form the government.
Coalfield Reserves in million tonnes
Hwange 480
Dahlia 1400
Hankano 7850
Lubimbi 11800
Lusulu 3000
Kaonga and Sessami 1000
Mkushwe 4300
Sengwa 400
Total 30230
Major coalfields in Zimbabwe
Technology Installed Capacity(MW)
Technical Potential(MW)
Solar PV 0.8 >300
Solar WH 10000 units 1 million
Mini Hydro 1.7 20
Micro Hydro 1 15
Biogas 250 units 5000 units
Wind
Power generation from sawmill waste
0 250
Technical potential for Renewable Energy(MW) in Zimbabwe
Solar PV
Solar Photovoltaic installed in the country is mainly in rural areas at service centers like schools and hospitals as well individual homes. In rural areas PV is used for lighting, radio and television. PV has a lot of potential given the country’s annual insolation of over 2000kWh/m2 and the fact that, of Zimbabwe’s over 2million households only 23% are electrified. With an estimated installed capacity of 800kWp the annual increase growth of this sector is estimated at 3%. The recently ended GEF project facilitated large-scale importation and installation of a lot of PV systems around the country. This created a good number ofcompanies who provided Solar PV services.
Solar Water Heaters
It is estimated that over 10 000 solar water heating units are installed in the country. Installed units have capacities ranging from 50litres each to 1000 litres of water per unit. These units are mainly afforded by the middle to high-income groups in the country due to high capital costs of over US$1000. The greatest market potential for these units however exists in low-income households who however do not have the capital to acquire such units.
Biogas
Biogas digesters dotted around the country have been installed by three organizations that arethe Department of Energy, Silveira House and Biomass Users Network (BUN). Two types of digesters are being promoted in the country namely the Chinese and the Carmetec ( Centre for Agricultural Mechanisation and Rural Technology in Tanzania) but the former is the most popular. The units are located at schools, rural homes and selected industries. All these small digesters use livestock dung especially cow dung as the feed.
Briquetting and gasification
Although the country has a lot of sawmill dust from timber estates in the Eastern highlandsthere are not known operational briquetting schemes. Two attempts have so far failed to takeoff the ground. In 1992 a local NGO, BUN acquired a 26kW plant situated at ForestryCommission (a parastatal). The concept of this project was to address the disposal problem ofthe sawdust. The plant however did not address the problem as it could only briquette 2% ofthe sawdust. The briquettes produced were solid cylindrical, which were not popular with the locals.
Micro and Minihydro potential exists in the country but mainly in the eastern part of the country due to its terrain and rainfall patterns. Several schemes, mostly private owned, are generating electricity mainly for private used with only one scheme feeding into the national grid. Schemes already in place include Claremont (250kW), Aberfoyle (25kW), Nyafaru(30kW), Rusitu (700kW), Mutsikira (3kW), Svinurai (10kW), Sithole-Chikate (25kW) and Kuenda (75kW). Studies done by the then Ministry of Energy, Water Resources and Development identified six existing dams that could be developed to have microhydro schemes. These are : Manyuchi(250kW), Mwenji (250kW), Ngezi Palawan (220kW), Ruti(250) and Smallbridge (220kW). Other bigger schemes identifies are Mazvikadei (700kW),Rusitu (4500kW), Lusitu (700kW), Sebakwe(310kW) and Siya (350kW).
Micro and Minihydro
Zimbabwe as a landlocked country, does not have very large wind resources.Preliminary data, which was collected by the Department of Meteorological Services, indicates that the highest wind speeds at 10 meters above ground level are found near Harare, Chivhu, Gweru, Bulawayo Airport and Chipinge in the Eastern Highlands. The average wind speed of these areas is only3.8m/s. Given such low wind speeds, the only feasible application of wind energy is in waterpumping windmills. In the eastern part of the country there are projects currently going on which are looking at using the energy produced by the windmills for battery charging. Another project is also looking at measuring wind speed at 20 meters above ground, which is the useful height for electricity generation from wind.
Wind Energy
Cubic meters/day Sewage Biogas Methane Produced
Harare 300000 140000 70000
Mutare 30000 1107 554
Masvingo 16800 621 311
Bulawayo 35000 2951 1475
Methane production from sewage plants using biodigesters in Zimbabwe.
YearIndustrial
production growth rate (%)
2002 -10
2003 -3.1
2004 -14.7
2005 -7.8
2006 3.6
2007 -1.8
2008 -5
2009 -14.7
Definition of Industrial production growth rate: This entry gives the annual percentage increase in industrial production (includes manufacturing, mining, and construction).
Year GDP - per capita (PPP) (US$)
2000 24002001 25002002 24502003 24002004 19002005 19002006 21002007 21002008 2002009 200
Definition of GDP - per capita (PPP): This entry shows GDP on a purchasing power parity basis divided by population as of 1 July for the same year.
YearOil -
consumption (bbl/day)
2003 23000
2004 23000
2005 23000
2006 22500
2007 22500
2008 16000
Definition of Oil - consumption: This entry is the total oil consumed in barrels per day (bbl/day). The discrepancy between the amount of oil produced and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is due to the omission of stock changes, refinery gains, and other complicating factors.
YearElectricity -
consumption (billion kWh)
2000 8.4032001 6.9392002 10.4752003 9.8132004 9.8132005 11.222006 11.222007 112008 11.592009 11.59
Definition of Electricity - consumption: This entry consists of total electricity generated annually plus imports and minus exports, expressed in kilowatt-hours. The discrepancy between the amount of electricity generated and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is accounted for as loss in transmission and distribution.
YearElectricity - production
(billion kWh)
2000 6.972001 5.782002 6.4252003 6.7352004 6.7352005 8.8392006 8.8772007 9.4122008 9.4672009 9.467
Definition of Electricity - production: This entry is the annual electricity generated expressed in kilowatt-hours. The discrepancy between the amount of electricity generated and/or imported and the amount consumed and/or exported is accounted for as loss in transmission and distribution.
YearElectricity - exports (million kWh)
2000 02001 02002 02003 02004 02005 02006 02007 02008 342009 34
Definition of Electricity - exports: This entry is the total exported electricity in kilowatt-hours.
YearElectricity - imports (million kWh)
2000 19212001 15642002 45002003 35502004 35502005 30002006 33002007 22502008 28672009 2867Definition of Electricity - imports: This entry is the total imported electricity in
kilowatt-hours.
Year Oil - imports (bbl/day)
2006 23000
2007 23000
2008 13370
Definition of Oil - imports: This entry is the total oil imported in barrels per day (bbl/day), including both crude oil and oil products.
A Greenhouse Gas is abbreviated GHG is a gas in an atmosphere that absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth’s atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. In the Solar System, the atmospheres of Venus, Mars, and Titan also contain gases that cause greenhouse effects. Greenhouse gases greatly affect the temperature of the Earth; without them, Earth's surface would be on average about 33 °C (59 °F) colder than at present.
Greenhouse gases are harmful gases that cause global warming, this is what most people know of greenhouse gases. Indeed their role in global warming phenomenon is their most important role, and unfortunately the biggest ecological problem we are facing today. Greenhouse gases are causing so called "greenhouse effect". Our planet gets plenty of radiation from the Sun that passes through the atmosphere to the Earth's surface where it gets released back into the atmosphere as Infrared radiation, of which some is absorbed by greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases then return this energy in form of heat back towards the Earth . The higher the level of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere the more radiation is absorbed causing in the end higher temperature. Greenhouse gases are very important and play crucial role in maintaining the temperature of the Earth, without them life on Earth wouldn't be possible because planet would be too cold.
Rankin 2000 with
land-use change
Rankin 2000 withoutland-use change
Rankin 2005 withoutland-use change
Country
Year 2000 Tonnes ofCO
2ewith land-
usechange
Year 2000 Tonnes ofCO
2ewithout land-usechange
Year 2005 Tonnes ofCO
2ewithout land-usechange
90 116 146 Zimbabwe 6.5 2.7 0.8
162 146 120 India 1.8 1.9 1.7
Asia 4.5 3.4
World 6.8 5.6
41
Projected World Peak Production of Petroleum
42
World Total Primary Energy Supply in 1998 (9491 Mtoe)
**Other includes geothermal, solar, wind, heat, etc.
43
Why the growing Interest in Biomass Energy?
The link between biomass energy and poverty is strong
Biomass delivers energy in all forms – solid, liquid and gas
Meets energy needs without expensive technologies The linkage with ghg emission mitigation is strong By being locally-driven, it enhances energy security
44
Why the growing Interest in Biomass Energy? Cont...
½ Million die annually in SSA as result of traditional fuelwood use (against 750,000 for malaria)
One billion in SSA will in 2030 be dependent on traditional woodfuel for energy
Access to modern energy is in decline in most of SSA countries
45
Decline in electricity use (kwh/capita) 1990 - 2004
COUNTRY RATE OF DECLINE
Ghana -22%Chad -31.3%Cameroon -8.9%S. Leone -54.7%DRC -42.1%Zimbabwe -10%Source: UNDP HDR, 2007/8
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Energy Resource DistributionREGION RESOURCES
West Oil, Gas & Hydro
East Hydro & Geothermal
South Coal & Hydro
Central Hydro & Biomass
Zimbabwe Windpower- Powervision Project Proposal
Form
The project aims to install 10 owner-operated income generating wind-charging systemsaround Zimbabwe
Brief Outline
Suitable sites will be surveyed and if suitable a wind charger system will be installed. Thesewill comprise:-i) A tower
ii) A Wind generatoriii) A controlleriv) A battery bankv) A DC-AC Invertervi) An automatic battery charging systemvii) Limited 220volt AC distributor
Operation
The owners will use the systems to: -
a) provide power for lights and entertainment for owner's useb) Operate a commercial battery charging systemc) Sell limited Ac power to small business tenants
Barriers to be addressed by the project
1.2.3.4.5.6.
Inadequate technologyInappropriate technologyUnavailable fundingPrivate sector led developmentHigh investment costsDissemination of information
Potential Owners
a)b)c)d)
Mr Elias Mabvuramiti- ChimanimaniMr. S. Ngwenya- Bulawayo AreaMr Moses Ruwana- Mt DarwinMr Moyo- Nyanga
Project cost and financial EstimatesUS$ 5100Project Costing
48
ZW$ 1520ZW$ 1680ZW$ 500ZW$ 660ZW$ 300ZW$ 960 = UD$ 17
Monthly Income and ExpenditureLoan Repayment at 60% interest rateMonthly Income from battery chargingOther business incomeTotal IncomeAdd Value of home power useTotal equivalent income
System CostingTurbine and controlsTowerBatteriesInverterTransport and InstallationTotal
US$18001000800750750
5100
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www.eia.doe.gov
www.iceednigeria.org
www.earthtrends.wri.org
www.greenbusinesscentre.com
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