Energy Saving Analysis
for ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2010
Bing Liu, P.E., C.E.M. LEED AP
Senior Research Engineer
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
ASHRAE Annual MeetingJune 29, 2010Albuquerque, NM
PNNL’s Energy Modeling Support to 90.1
Progress IndicatorMeasure progress toward the 30% improvement goal in Standard 90.1-2010
Update Progress Indicator (PI) and report to ASHRAE 90.1 committee at each quarterly meeting
Energy Saving AnalysesSupport subcommittees’ new proposalsDevelop the building load profile spreadsheet tools for mechanical subcommittee
DOE’s DeterminationEstimate the energy savings of 90.1-2007 and 90.1-2010 as part of DOE’s Quantitative Analysis.
2
90.1 Progress Indicator Structure
3
Develop prototype building models
Apply to climate zones
Generate minimally code-compliant models for 90.1-2004, 90.1-2007, and 90.1-2010
Develop new construction weighting factors
Calculate the national weighted energy use intensity and energy cost index
90.1 Prototype Buildings - Approach
Convene the 90.1 Simulation Working GroupRepresenting the 90.1 subcommitteesEstablish the ground rules for modelingReview the key building modeling inputs and assumptionsReview the energy saving analysis results
Follow the 80-20 Rule to determine the prototype buildingsGenerate the models for the whole building energy
Receptacle loads (office equipment, cooking appliance, refrigeration etc)ElevatorExterior lighting, including façade, walk way, entry, and parking lot
4
90.1 Prototype Buildings - Source
DOE’s Commercial Reference Building Models formerly DOE’s benchmark buildings
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/commercial_initiative/new_construction.html
Advanced Energy Design Guideshttp://www.ashrae.org/technology/page/938
PNNL’s new construction drawings databasePrevious research and studiesExperts reviews and inputs from 90.1 SWG and committee members
5
90.1 Prototype Buildings
Principal Building Activity
Building Prototype Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Heating Cooling Primary
SystemSecondary
System
Office
Small office 5,500 1 Heat Pump Unitary DX CAV No
Medium office 53,600 3 Gas furnace Unitary DX VAV w/ elect. reheat No
Large office 498,600 12 Boiler Chiller, cooling tower VAV w/reheat No
Mercantile Standalone retail 24,695 1 Gas furnace Unitary DX CAV NoStrip mall 22,500 1 Gas furnace Unitary DX CAV No
EducationPrimary school 74,000 1 Gas furnace Unitary DX CAV No
Secondary school 210,900 2 Boiler Air cooled chiller VAV w/reheat CAV
Health Care
Outpatient health care 40,950 3 Boiler Unitary DX VAV w/reheat No
Hospital 241,410 5 Boiler Chiller, cooling tower VAV w/reheat Central CAV
LodgingSmall hotel/motel 43,200 4 Electricity DX PTAC No
Large hotel 122,132 6 Boiler Air cooled chiller Fan-coil units VAV w/reheat
Warehouse Non-refrigerated warehouse 49,500 1 Gas furnace Unitary DX Unit heater CAV
Food Service
Fast food restaurant 2,500 1 Gas furnace Unitary DX CAV No
Sit-down restaurant 5,500 1 Gas furnace Unitary DX CAV No
Apartment
Mid-rise apartment 33,700 4 Gas Split DX CAV No
High-rise apartment 84,360 10 Boiler Fluid Cooler Water-source
heat pump No
6
Small Office
Medium Office
Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR
53,600 3 1.5 33%
Large Office
Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR
498,600 12 (plus basement) 1.5 40%
3 Office Prototypes
Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR
5,500 1 1.5 15%
Non-refrigerated warehouse
Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR
49,500 1 2.2Office area: 12%Storage Area: 0%Overall: 0.71%
1 Warehouse Prototype
7
Stand-alone Retail
Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR
24,695 1 1.28 7%
Strip Mall
Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR
22,500 1 4 11%
2 Mercantile Prototypes 2 Education Prototypes
Primary School
Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR
74,000 1 NA 35%
Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR
210,900 2 NA 33%
Secondary School
8
Outpatient Health Care
Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR
40,950 3 NA 20%
2 Health Care Prototypes
Hospital
Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR
241,410 5(plus basement) 1.33 16%
2 Lodging Prototypes
Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR
43,200 4 3 11%
Small Hotel
Large Hotel
Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR
122,132 6(plus basement)
Ground & basement floor:
3.8All other floors:
5.1
27%
9
Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR
2,500 1 1 14%
Quick-Service Restaurant
Full-Service Restaurant
Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR
5,500 1 1 18%
2 Food Service Prototypes 2 Apartment Prototypes
Mid-rise Apartment
Floor area (ft²) Number of Floors Aspect Ratio WWR
33,700 4 2.74 15%
High-rise Apartment
Floor area (ft²) No. of Floors Aspect
Ratio WWR
84,360 10 2.75 15%
10
Climate Zones
Climate Zone Climate Zone Type Representative City
1A Very Hot - Humid Miami FL
1B Very Hot - Dry Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
2A Hot - Humid Houston, TX
2B Hot - Dry Phoenix AZ
3A Warm - Humid Memphis, TN
3B Warm - Dry El Paso, TX
3C Warm - Marine San Francisco, CA
4A Mixed - Humid Baltimore, MD
4B Mixed - Dry Albuquerque NM
4C Mixed - Marine Salem OR
5A Cool - Humid Chicago IL
5B Cool - Dry Boise ID
5C Cool - Marine Vancouver, BC
6A Cool - Humid Burlington VT
6B Cool - Dry Helena MT
7 Very Cold Duluth, MN
8 Subarctic Fairbanks, AK
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New Construction Weighting Factors
Serial No ASHRAE PrototypeTotal Floor Area
(x1000 ft²)Construction
Weights
1 Large Office 220,134 2.66%
2 Medium Office 400,091 4.84%
3 Small Office 371,009 4.49%
4 Stand-alone Retail 1,009,246 12.21%
5 Strip Mall 375,093 4.54%
6 Primary School 330,418 4.00%
7 Secondary School 685,508 8.29%
8 Hospital 228,131 2.76%
9 Outpatient Health Care 289,171 3.50%
10 Full-service Restaurant 43,650 0.53%
11 Quick -service Restaurant 38,809 0.47%
12 Large Hotel 327,562 3.96%
13 Small hotel/motel 113,837 1.38%
14 Non-refrigerated warehouse 1,105,951 13.38%
15 High-rise apartment 593,241 7.18%
16 Mid-rise apartment 484,343 5.86%
Covered by Prototypes 6,616,193 80.0%
17 No Prototype 1,649,785 20.0%
18 Total 8,265,977 100.0%
CBECS Type
Total Floor Area
(x1000 ft²) Weights
17A Pubic Assembly 414,953 5.02%
17B Food Sales 96,990 1.17%
17C Other 769,423 9.31%
17D Public Order and Safety 121,907 1.47%
17E Religious Worship 184,143 2.23%
17F Service 62,369 0.75%
McGraw-Hill New Construction Data by Building Type
Download PNNL report on construction weights: http://www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/PNNL-19116.pdf
12
13
New Construction Weights (cont’d)
1 2A 2B 3A 3B 3C 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 6A 6B 7 8
weights by bldg
type
Large office 0.102 0.326 0.061 0.445 0.285 0.117 1.132 0.000 0.154 0.442 0.121 0.133 0.000 0.011 0.000 3.33
Medium office 0.129 0.813 0.292 0.766 0.715 0.136 1.190 0.036 0.196 1.060 0.342 0.298 0.035 0.033 0.007 6.05
Small office 0.084 1.064 0.289 0.963 0.475 0.078 0.936 0.047 0.123 0.920 0.322 0.241 0.030 0.032 0.005 5.61
Standalone retail 0.224 2.220 0.507 2.386 1.250 0.191 2.545 0.119 0.428 3.429 0.792 0.948 0.091 0.109 0.014 15.25
Strip mall retail 0.137 0.991 0.254 1.021 0.626 0.103 1.008 0.023 0.107 1.023 0.201 0.153 0.016 0.007 0.001 5.67
Primary school 0.064 0.933 0.164 0.944 0.446 0.048 0.895 0.030 0.094 0.920 0.224 0.168 0.037 0.023 0.003 4.99
Secondary school 0.160 1.523 0.230 1.893 0.819 0.109 2.013 0.063 0.243 2.282 0.438 0.415 0.086 0.075 0.012 10.36
Hospital 0.040 0.479 0.096 0.468 0.273 0.039 0.615 0.022 0.106 0.812 0.218 0.221 0.024 0.034 0.001 3.45
Outpatient health care 0.037 0.567 0.134 0.581 0.275 0.061 0.818 0.023 0.181 1.058 0.218 0.342 0.033 0.039 0.002 4.37
Full-service restaurant 0.009 0.106 0.025 0.111 0.047 0.006 0.127 0.006 0.010 0.143 0.031 0.031 0.004 0.004 0.000 0.66
Quick-service restaurant 0.008 0.092 0.020 0.102 0.063 0.007 0.089 0.005 0.014 0.128 0.026 0.025 0.003 0.004 0.000 0.59
Large hotel 0.109 0.621 0.125 0.635 0.793 0.106 0.958 0.037 0.123 0.919 0.200 0.227 0.058 0.038 0.004 4.95
Small hotel 0.010 0.288 0.030 0.268 0.114 0.022 0.315 0.020 0.039 0.365 0.089 0.107 0.031 0.020 0.004 1.72
Warehouse 0.349 2.590 0.580 2.966 2.298 0.154 2.446 0.068 0.435 3.580 0.688 0.466 0.049 0.043 0.002 16.72
High-rise apartment 1.521 1.512 0.076 0.652 0.741 0.173 2.506 0.000 0.358 1.163 0.115 0.125 0.016 0.008 0.000 8.97
Mid-rise apartment 0.257 1.094 0.093 0.825 0.862 0.260 1.694 0.022 0.371 1.122 0.318 0.313 0.056 0.032 0.000 7.32
weights by zone 3.24 15.22 2.98 15.03 10.08 1.61 19.29 0.52 2.98 19.37 4.34 4.21 0.57 0.51 0.06 100.00
Progress Indicator – Addenda Update
90.1-2004 = baseline
90.1-2007 = 90.1-2004 + 44 addenda
June 2010 Progress IndicatorTotal 108 addenda considered
44 addenda to 90.1-200460 addenda to 90.1-2007 (through May 2010)4 addenda pending for approval (BB, BY, CB, CY)
90 addenda in Section 5 through 1053 addenda have energy saving impacts
41 addenda captured in PI 12 addenda can’t be captured in PI
14
Progress Indicator Structure
15
• 90.1-2004 refers to 62-1999• 90.1-2007 refers to 62.1-2004• 90.1-2010 refers to 62.1-2007
Multiple ventilation standards
• Each set of PI requires 1632 model runs• 1632 runs = 16 prototypes x 17 locations x 3 Standards x 2 Ventilation Standards
Massive simulation runs
• Design day to size HVAC equipment• Annual run to calculate the energy use• Automatic process to generate inputs and extract results from EnergyPlus models
PNNL’s simulation framework
June 2010 PI Summary (Same Ventilation Std)
16
Smal
l Offic
e
Med
ium
Offic
e
Larg
e Offic
e
Stand
-alo
ne R
etai
l
Stripm
all R
etai
l
Primar
y Sch
ool
Secon
dary
Sch
ool
Outpa
tient
Hea
th C
are
Hospi
tal
Smal
l Hot
el
Larg
e Hot
el
War
ehou
se
Fast-
food
Res
taur
ant
Sit-do
wn Res
taur
ant
Mid
-rise
Apa
rtmen
t
High-
rise
Apartm
ent
Natio
nal W
eigh
ted
Avera
ge0
100
200
300
400
500
600
3289.2%3916.8%3536.3%4820.4%5764.4%5295.0%4924.6%
11054.4%13680.3%
6206.1%
17575.5%
2094.3%
52230.5%
35177.4%
3865.6%4040.2%
21.7%
Prototype EUI vs. National Weighted Average EUIsame OA standards
Base- Site Energy [kBtu/sf]
Target- Site Energy [kBtu/sf]
Prototype Name
En
erg
y U
se I
nte
nsi
ty [
kBtu
/sf]
Prototypes EUI National Weighted
Average EUI
June 2010 PI Summary (Same Ventilation Std)
Building PrototypeSite Energy [kBtu/sf] Energy Cost [$/sf]
Site Energy Savings
Energy Cost Savings90.1-2004 June2010 PI 90.1-2004 June2010 PI
Small office 40.0 32.9 $1.04 $0.86 17.7% 17.4%Medium office 47.3 39.2 $1.23 $0.98 17.1% 19.9%
Large office 45.9 35.4 $1.18 $0.92 22.9% 22.1%Standalone retail 71.2 48.2 $1.69 $1.18 32.3% 29.9%Strip mall 75.4 57.6 $1.77 $1.34 23.5% 24.5%Primary school 69.8 52.9 $1.59 $1.25 24.2% 21.5%Secondary school 70.4 49.2 $1.68 $1.24 30.0% 26.2%
Outpatient healthcare 151.2 110.5 $3.56 $2.59 26.9% 27.1%
Hospital 186.5 136.8 $4.31 $3.19 26.6% 26.1%Small hotel 69.2 62.1 $1.53 $1.36 10.3% 11.4%
Large hotel 208.5 175.8 $4.44 $3.67 15.7% 17.4%
Warehouse27.4 20.9 $0.56 $0.43 23.6% 22.1%
Fast food restaurant 557.9 522.3 $10.18 $9.35 6.4% 8.2%Sit-down restaurant 388.7 351.8 $7.50 $6.46 9.5% 13.9%Mid-rise apartment 43.5 38.7 $1.04 $0.94 11.2% 9.7%High-rise apartment 44.0 40.4 $1.11 $1.03 8.2% 7.3%National-weighted average 74.6 58.4 $1.71 $1.35 21.7% 21.4%
17
Example: Standalone Retail
18
1B R
iyadh
2B P
hoen
ix
3B E
l_pas
o
4A B
altim
ore
4C S
alem
5B B
oise
6A B
urlin
gton
7 Dulu
th 15
15
16
27%24%
34%30% 31%
24% 21%
35%
24%21%
35%
21% 20%
38%34%
40%35%
Progress Indicator (Jun '10): Stand-alone Retail Energy End Use
Series13
Series12
Refrigeration
Humidification
SWH
Heating
Cooling
Heat Recovery Aux.
Pumps
Fans
Plug Loads
Climate Location
Sit
e E
UI
(kB
tu/s
f/year)
National Weighted-Average Energy Saving: 32.3%
National Weighted-Average Energy Cost Saving: 29.9%
Example: Fast Food Restaurant
19
1B R
iyadh
2B P
hoen
ix
3B E
l_pas
o
4A B
altim
ore
4C S
alem
5B B
oise
6A B
urlin
gton
7 Dulu
th 15
15
15
7% 6% 6% 6%
4% 4%3%
8%7% 7%
8% 7% 7%8% 8% 8% 8%
Progress Indicator (Jun '10): Fast-food Restaurant Energy End Use
Series13
Series12
Refrigeration
Humidification
SWH
Heating
Cooling
Heat Recovery Aux.
Pumps
Fans
Plug Loads
Climate Location
Sit
e E
UI
(kB
tu/s
f/year)
National Weighted-Average Energy Saving: 6.4%
National Weighted-Average Energy Cost Saving: 8.2%
June 2010 PI Summary (Different Ventilation Std)
Building PrototypeSite Energy [kBtu/sf] Energy Cost [$/sf]
Site Energy Savings
Energy Cost Savings90.1-2004 June2010 PI 90.1-2004 June2010 PI
Small office 40.3 32.9 $1.05 $0.86 18.4% 17.9%Medium office 48.0 39.2 $1.24 $0.98 18.4% 20.5%
Large office 46.3 35.4 $1.18 $0.92 23.6% 22.3%Standalone retail 76.0 48.2 $1.75 $1.18 36.5% 32.4%Strip mall 80.1 57.6 $1.84 $1.34 28.1% 27.2%Primary school 73.6 52.9 $1.65 $1.25 28.0% 24.2%Secondary school 78.3 49.2 $1.82 $1.24 37.1% 31.8%
Outpatient healthcare 153.2 110.5 $3.59 $2.59 27.8% 27.8%
Hospital 184.8 136.8 $4.28 $3.19 26.0% 25.5%Small hotel 72.7 62.1 $1.58 $1.36 14.6% 14.3%
Large hotel 221.9 175.8 $4.65 $3.67 20.8% 21.1%
Warehouse27.4 20.9 $0.56 $0.43 23.6% 22.1%
Fast food restaurant 567.4 522.3 $10.23 $9.35 8.0% 8.6%Sit-down restaurant 403.5 351.8 $7.69 $6.46 12.8% 16.1%Mid-rise apartment 43.6 38.7 $1.04 $0.94 11.2% 9.8%High-rise apartment 44.0 40.4 $1.11 $1.03 8.3% 7.3%National-weighted average 77.6 58.4 $1.76 $1.35 24.8% 23.4%
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2010 Progress Indicator Summary
BuildingType Building Prototype
Same Ventilation Standard Different Ventilation Standard
January PI April PI June PI January PI April PI June PI
Office
Small office 11.3% 11.3% 17.7% 12.0% 12.1% 18.4%Medium office 13.0% 12.8% 17.1% 14.0% 13.8% 18.4%
Large office 11.7% 11.8% 22.9% 12.8% 12.9% 23.6%
RetailStandalone retail 18.2% 27.8% 32.3% 23.6% 32.6% 36.5%Strip mall 17.2% 17.1% 23.5% 22.3% 22.2% 28.1%
EducationPrimary school 13.0% 19.9% 24.2% 17.9% 24.7% 28.0%Secondary school 14.0% 26.4% 30.0% 23.6% 34.7% 37.1%
Health Care
Outpatient healthcare 11.8% 11.4% 26.9% 13.0% 12.9% 27.8%
Hospital 5.8% 5.8% 26.6% 6.1% 6.0% 26.0%
LodgingSmall hotel 6.1% 6.4% 10.3% 10.6% 10.9% 14.6%
Large hotel 6.7% 6.7% 15.7% 13.4% 13.4% 20.8%
Warehouse Warehouse14.0% 17.9% 23.6% 13.9% 17.9% 23.6%
Food Service
Fast food restaurant 4.3% 4.3% 6.4% 5.5% 5.8% 8.0%Sit-down restaurant 4.9% 5.3% 9.5% 8.9% 8.4% 12.8%
ApartmentMid-rise apartment 8.7% 8.7% 11.2% 8.8% 8.8% 11.2%High-rise apartment 4.6% 6.2% 8.2% 4.6% 6.3% 8.3%
National-weighted Average 11.4% 14.7% 21.7% 15.1% 18.3% 24.8%21
Alternative June 2010 PI (exclude receptacle loads in the saving calculations)
22
Building PrototypeSame Ventilation Standard EUI [kBtu/sf] Different Ventilation Standard EUI [kBtu/sf]
90.1-2004 June2010 PI Savings 90.1-2004 June2010 PI SavingsSmall office 30.9 23.8 22.9% 31.2 23.8 23.7%Medium office 32.4 24.5 24.2% 33.1 24.5 25.9%Large office 31.5 21.2 32.6% 31.9 21.2 33.4%Standalone retail 63.7 40.7 36.1% 68.5 40.7 40.5%Strip mall 70.0 52.2 25.4% 74.7 52.2 30.1%Primary school 48.5 31.9 34.2% 52.3 31.9 39.0%Secondary school 56.3 35.4 37.2% 64.2 35.4 44.9%Outpatient healthcare 118.8 78.2 34.2% 120.8 78.2 35.3%Hospital 136.6 87.4 36.0% 134.8 87.4 35.2%Small hotel 52.1 45.0 13.6% 55.6 45.0 19.1%Large hotel 173.1 140.7 18.7% 186.5 140.7 24.6%
Warehouse 24.9 18.4 26.0% 24.9 18.4 26.0%Fast food restaurant 288.5 252.9 12.3% 298.0 252.9 15.1%Sit-down restaurant 235.9 198.9 15.7% 250.6 198.9 20.6%Mid-rise apartment 32.6 27.8 14.9% 32.6 27.8 15.0%High-rise apartment 32.7 29.2 10.6% 32.7 29.2 10.7%National-weighted average 58.8 42.7 27.4% 61.8 42.6 30.9%
)(
)()(%
receptaclebase
receptacleBasereceptaclebase
EUIEUI
EUIEUIEUIEUIngEnergySavi
Summary of June 2010 PI Results
23
National-weighted Energy Saving
Same Ventilation Rate
62.1-2004
Different Ventilation Rate
90.1-2004|62-1999 90.1-2010|62.1-2007
WithReceptacle
Loads
Without Receptacle
Loads
With Receptacle
Loads
WithoutReceptacle
Loads
Site Energy 21.7% 27.4% 24.8% 30.9%
Energy Cost 21.4% 26.5% 23.4% 28.9%
This is not the final yet…
Apply the remaining BOD-approved addenda to Final PI (90.1-2010)
S (DX performance)CK (Ventilation reset)and more…
Document PNNL’s Energy Saving Analysis for 90.1-2010 and publish as a technical report
Complete all the load profiles for all 16 prototype buildings in 17 locations
Support DOE’s 90.1-2010 Determination analysis
24
Time for Questions…
25
PNNL’s Building Simulation TeamBing Liu, team [email protected]
Mike Rosenberg, Dr. Weimin Wang, Brian ThorntonDr. Yulong Xie, Dr. Heejin Cho, Dr. Jian ZhangYunzhi Huang, Rahul Athalye, Vrushali Mendon
With many thanks to 90.1 Simulation Working GroupRon Jarnagin, Drake Erbe, Dick Lord, Susanna Hanson,
Merle McBride, John Hogan, and Martha VanGeem
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