Emerald Ash Borer Detection
Efforts: From Girdled
Trees to Purple Traps
Therese M. Poland, Deborah G. McCullough,
Deepa Pureswaran, Cesar Rodriguez, Andrea Anulewicz, and David Cappaert
The Problem
• Early detection & delimitation are virtually impossible
• Signs and symptoms do not appear for 1+ years after attack
• By then adults may have spread
• New tools for detection are desperately needed!
Trap Tree Studies
Year # Field Sites
# Reps Treatments
2003 3 18 Healthy, Girdled, Herbicide, Trap logs
2004 3 24 Healthy, Girdled, Herbicide, Wounded,
2005 4 20 Healthy, Girdled, Herbicide, Methyl jasmonate (MJ)
2006 4 40 Healthy, Girdled, MJ, Manuka oil,
2007 4 20 Healthy, Girdled, Wounded, 2-year Girdled
3 Sites (6 reps/trt/site)Healthy ashGirdled ash Hypo-hatchet + herbicide ash6 ft trap logs: green, white, black ash
2003 Trap Tree Study
Mean Number of EAB Captured at 3 Sites (N = 18)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Girdled Tree HerbicideTree
Control Tree Green AshLog
White AshLog
Black AshLog
a
b
b b
b
b
2003 Results
Is it the wound itself or stress causedby girdling that increases attraction?
Treatment Wound Stress
Control X X
Herbicide X
Vertical wound X
Horizontal girdle
2004 Trap Tree Study
2004 Results
EAB Larval Density Per m2 (N=24)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Control Herbicide Girdle Wound
b bb
a
Mean Number of EAB Captured at 3 Sites (N = 24)
02468
1012
Control Herbicide Girdle W ound
b
ab
aab
2005 Trap Tree StudyStress Agents and Trap Height
1.Girdled
2.Healthy
3.Herbicide
4.Methyl Jasmonate (stress hormone)
4 sites, 18 replicates totalHalf in open sitesHalf in closed canopy
Girdled – open Girdled - closed
2005 Trap Tree Study
Herbicide – open Herbicide - closed
2005 Trap Tree Study
MeJA dispenser
Low band
Girdle
High bandPurple panel
2005 Trap Tree Study
Methyl-Jasmonatebubble capsstrungin canopy
10 per tree
2005 Trap Tree Study
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Control Girdle Herbicide MeJa
Mea
n #
EAB
per
tree
c
a
abbc
Larval Density (N=20)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Control MJ Herbicide Girdle
b b b
a
Mean number of EAB, 4 sites (N=20)
2005 Results
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Control Girdle Herbicide MeJa
me
an
# E
AB
pe
r tr
ee
Low
High
Trap
2005 ResultsMean Number of EAB per Tree
by Trap Type
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
open dominant partlyopen
partlyclosed
closed
Me
an
EA
B p
er
tre
e
ab
a
ab ab
b
2005
Open-grown trees are more attractive to EAB
2005 Results
40 Replicates of 4 treatments at 4 sites:
• Control untreated ash trees• Girdled ash trees• Ash trees with 6 Manuka oil clusters on
trunk• Ash trees exposed to 20 MeJA bubble
caps in canopy
2006 Trap Tree Study
Larval Density (N=20)
0
40
80
120
160
200
Control Girdle Manuka Meth Jas
b
a
b b
0
10
20
30
40
C Girdle Manuka Meth Jas
b
a
bb
Mean Number of EAB, 4 Sites (N=40)
2006 Results
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
open dominant partly open partly closed closed
a
ab
ab
b
b
2006
2006 Results
Open-grown trees are more attractive to EAB
Trap Tree Studies Conclusions• 5 years , 122 replicates• 14 field sites (variable EAB populations & tree
shading)• Girdled trees consistently the best treatment• Girdled trees captured significantly more EAB
than healthy trees (approx. 10x) at low density sites
• Larval densities were significantly higher in girdled than healthy trees
• Low sticky bands caught as many or more EAB as high bands or traps in the canopy
• Open-grown trees catch more EAB
Analysis of Ash Volatiles to Identify Attractants for EAB
Volatile Collection
• Insect feeding damage 10 EAB in screen cages for 5 days
• Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA) stress hormone spray 50ml of 0.03% solution
• Mechanical damage 20% of leaf area removed with scissors
• Healthy control
Insect Damage
Methyl Jasmonate
Control
Retention Time (min)
Z-3hexenylacetate
E-B-ocimenelinalool nonatriene
indolizine
E,E-a-farnesene
Qu
anti
ty o
f vo
lati
le (
ng
/g/h
+ S
E)
Control
Insect Damage
MeJA
0
200
400
Compound Number1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Z3-hexenyl acetate
Eb-ocimene
linaloolnonatriene
E2-hexenal
Z3-hexenol
3-Methylbutyl-aldoxime
2-methylbutyl-aldoxime
indole
E,E-a-farnesene
Z-jasmone
FID
GC-EAD
hexenal
hexenol Z3-hexenolZ3methylbutylaldoxime
E2methylbutyl-aldoxime Z3-hexenyl-
acetate
Eb-ocimene
linalool
nonatrieneE,E-a-farnesene
EAB Antennal Responses
0
1
2
3
4
5
Control 20ug 200ug 2mg 20mg
0
1
2
3
4
5
Control 20ug 200ug 2mg 20mg
EA
G A
mplit
ude (
mV
± S
EM
)
(Z)-3-hexen-1-yl acetate
3-Methyl-butylaldoxime
0
1
2
3
4
5
Control 20ug 200ug 2mg 20mg
0
1
2
3
4
5
Control 20ug 200ug 2mg 20mg
0
1
2
3
4
5
Control 20ug 200ug 2mg 20mg
Hexenal (E)-2-hexenal
(Z)-3-hexen-1-ol
MalesFemales
**
*
**
**
**
**
***
*
0
1
2
3
4
5
Control 20ug 200ug 2mg 20mg
2-Methyl-butylaldoxime **
*
Cartridge Dosage
EAB Antennal Dose Response Profiles
0
1
2
3
4
5
Control 20ug 200ug 2mg 20mg
0
1
2
3
4
5
Control 20ug 200ug 2mg 20mg
0
1
2
3
4
5
Control 20ug 200ug 2mg 20mg
0
1
2
3
4
5
Control 20ug 200ug 2mg 20mg
0
1
2
3
4
5
Control 20ug 200ug 2mg 20mg
Cartridge Dosage
E,E--farnesene
(E)--ocimene
Linalool Indole
(Z)-jasmone
Hexyl acetate
**
***
0
1
2
3
4
5
Control 20ug 200ug 2mg 20mg
EA
G A
mplit
ude (
mV
± S
EM
)Males
Females
EAB Antennal Dose Response Profiles
(Z)-jasmone
100 75 50 25 0 25 50 75 100
Clean Air
Clean Air Treatment
Insect Damage
MeJA
Healthy
N % No Choice
52
38
32
41
57
30
77
55.7
23.6
21.8
29.3
44.0
26.7
36.4
*
*
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
n.s.
Percent Response
Attraction of EAB to Stressed or HealthyAsh Seedlings in Olfactometer Bioassay
Field Trapping Studies
EAB attraction to GLV alcohols
0
5
10
15
20
all t2hex +c3hex
hex + c3hex hex + t2hex blank
Males
Females
aab ab
b
b
EAB attraction to GLV aldehydes
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
all t2hex + non hex + non hex + t2hex blank
Males
Females
A Multi-Component Trap for EAB
Top panel baited with Leaf Blend
Bottom panel baited with Bark Blend
Overall Visual Silhouette
• 10’ tall pole simulates tree bole
• Panels simulate tree crown
• Purple color is attractive to EAB
• Traps in sunny open locations
• Highly apparent placement may reduce competition between trap & nearby ash trees
• Can install traps along roadsides, in open areas or just outside forested area
• Logistically simple & efficient to monitor
Experimental Design - 2006
6 Field Sites40 Replicates (5-10 per site)
4 Treatments:
• Leaf Blend + Bark Blend + Texture• Leaf Blend + Texture• Bark Blend + Texture• Leaf Blend + Bark Blend
Trapping Results - 2006• Captured 4,060 EAB
• Leaving off Leaf Blend reduced attraction
• Leaving off Bark Blend or Texture did not reduce attraction
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Leaf + Bark+ Texture
Leaf +Texture
Bark +Texture
Leaf + Bark
abab
b
a
Experimental Design - 2007
8 sites: moderate to very low EAB densities: forest edge, roadside, open field
2 - 7 blocks per site, 31 traps per treatment
5 Treatments:• DD: no lures• DD: Leaf + Manuka• DD: Leaf + Manuka + Extracts• Tower: Leaf + Bark + Extracts• Single: Leaf + Bark + Extracts
Kellogg Forest – EAB Detection Site
xx Girdled treesA
sh pla
nta
tion
Conifers
EAB not known to be present
4 EAB caught on DD-L+M trap 28 Jun, 11 July, 17 July
No EAB adults or larvae on 2 girdled trees ≈ 150 m away
Conclusions
• Girdled trees are consistently the most attractive trap trees
• Girdled trap trees and purple traps can catch EAB at low-density sites and can detect new infestations
• Purple traps are more attractive than green traps
• Baited traps are more attractive than unbaited traps
• Large silhouette traps at the ground are at least as attractive or more attractive than canopy traps
• Double decker traps are more attractive than single panel or tower traps
Using traps operationally - Issues to consider…• Pestick was re-applied after heavy rain(s).
• Traps need to be checked fairly often (e.g. 2 wk intervals?) or beetles may fall off.
• Accumulation of flies (esp. green traps) or other insects may require panel to be scraped & Pestick re-applied.
Acknowledgements
MSU: Kaeli Chambers, Tara Dell, Erin Burkett, Chenin Limbach, Bob McDonald, Ben Schmidt, James Wieferich
US Forest Service: Stephen Burr, Alison Wroblewski, Tina Kuhn, Toby Petrice
Funding: USDA Forest Service MSU’s Project GREEEN
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