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Parts of a GP Computer(Microcomputer)
Contains separate
Microprocesor(s)
Memory Peripheral
(I/O) devicHW
serialport paralle
port USB
port
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IntroducingMicrocontrollers
A microprocessor is a central processing unit(CPU) on a single chip.
When a microprocessor and associatedsupport circuitry, peripheral I/O componentsand memory (program as well as data) wereput together to form a small computer
specifically for data acquisition and controlapplications, it was called a microcomputer.
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IntroducingMicrocontrollers
When the components that make amicrocomputer were put together on a singlechip of silicon, it was called the microcontroller.
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Microcontrollers
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A microcontroller
interfaces to externaldevices with a
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How does a Microcomputer
differ from a Microcontroller?
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Protus motherboard
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How does a Microcomputerdiffer from a Microcontroller?
Microcontroller
1-chip solution (monolithic)
Built-in components (depending on variant) Microprocessor
Memory: RAM/SRAM, EEPROM/EPROM/PROM/ROM
Peripheral devices
serial/parallel ports
digital I/O ports
Analog/Digital converter
Timer/Counter
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Inside an IC package
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Inside an IC package
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What does AVR RISC mean?
The acronym AVR has been reported to stand for:
Advanced Virtual RISC and also for the chip's designers:
Alf-Egil Bogen and Vegard Wollan who designed the basic
architecture at the Norwegian Institute of Technology.
RISC stands forreduced instruction set computer.
CPU design with a reduced instruction set as well as a
simpler set ofinstructions (like for example PIC and AVR)
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A little history
The PIC (Programmable Interrupt Controller) appeared around 1980.
8 bit bus
executes 1 instruction in 4 clk cycles
Harvard architecture
AVR (1994)
8 bit bus
one instruction per cycle
Harvard architecture
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AVR 8-Bit RISC High Performance
True single cycle execution
single-clock-cycle-per-instruction execution
PIC microcontrollers take 4 clock cycles per instruction
One MIPS (mega instructions per second) per MHz
up to 20 MHz clock
32 general purpose registers
provide flexibility and performance when using high level languages
prevents access to RAM
Harvard architecture
separate bus for program and data memory
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AVR 8-Bit RISC Low PowerConsumption
1.8 to 5.5V operation
will use all the energy stored in your batteries
A variety of sleep modes
AVR Flash microcontrollers have up to sixdifferent sleep modes
fast wake-up from sleep modes
Software controlled frequency
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AVR 8-Bit RISC Compatibility
AVR Flash microcontrollers share a single corearchitecture
use the same code for all families
1 Kbytes to 256 Kbytes of code
8 to 100 pins
all devices haveInternal oscillators
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AVR
Modern RISC architecture: Compact and FAST.
Tuned for high level languages.
Consistent architecture across entire line.
Small AVR are subsets of larger chips: Same hardware and code
works across all chips.
I/O structure reduces need for external components.
Flash based, ultra trivial downloading of code.
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AVR RISC Architecture
Single Cycle Instructions: 8mhz = 8mips.
Large register file (32).
Every register an accumulator.
3 index register pairs
Register & IO are mapped in SRAM space.
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Typical Hardware Support
Internal or External Oscillator/Clock
Brown Out Detector
One or more timers
Two or more PWM
One or more USART
I2C
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Tools
Atmel Studio: IDE & Simulator/debugger.
BASCOM: Basic compiler & IDE with programmer.
GNU C compiler (free, very high quality).
Third party C compilers vary from cheap to very expensive.
FLASH programmers are trivial to make.
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Typical Hardware Support
t Real time clock
t 10bit ADC
t Analog Comparator
t External interrupts
t Pulse timing capture
t EEPROM
t USB/CAN/RF
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AVR Architecture
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Atmel Atmega32l Central Processing Unit
l Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)performs the actual arithmetic,logical, and bit-functions
l Memory SRAM, EEPROM,Flash, etc.
l Clock circuit internal/external
l I/O Input/Output; video, serial,parallel, USB, SCSI, etc.
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Atmel Atmega32 highlights
An 8-bit microcontroller
Native data size is 1 byte
16-bit data addressing
Up to 64 kB data memory can be accessed
3 separate on-chip memories (Harvard architecture)
2KB SRAM (for data)
1KB EEPROM (for persistent data storage)
32KB Flash organized in 16-bit words (16KWords) for program code
I/O ports A-DDigital input, output
Analog input
Serial/Parallel
Pulse accumulator
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