Hydrogen Production from Waste Heat

Reaction Sciences, Inc.

OCT 2005

Sponsored by CTC, Inc.

J. Dunn 508-870-0042

New H2 Generation Process Overview

V- Process + Thermochemical Hydrogen process converts medium-grade heat (450-500C)

and water to hydrogen.

+ Recover waste heat from power generation to increase overall efficiency of power plant.

+ Hydrogen for refineries from the waste heat from refineries

+ Solar energy, waste heat from power plants, and waste gases can all be used as the heat energy source.

+ Makes hydrogen at very high efficiency and extremely Low Cost, using NO FUEL, with NO EMISSIONS.

+ Integrated cycle with fuel cell can produce hydrogen from sunlight at unprecedented high efficiency (40% vs. 15% PV).

VCl3REGEN./H2 GEN.

VCl3DECOMP.

VCl3

HYDROGENOUT

VCl2

REVERSEDEACON

OXYGENOUT

HCl –O2

SEP.

H20IN

HCl + O2

Cl2

HCl

HEAT

The V-Process comprises 4 steps:

1. Heating to ~420oC decomposes vanadium trichloride into vanadium dichloride and chlorine gas:

VCl3 + Heat VCl2 + Cl2

2. Chlorine gas is reacted with steam to produce hydrochloric acid + oxygen (Reverse Deacon Reaction):

Cl2 + 2H2O (steam) 4HCl + O2

3. Hydrochloric acid and oxygen are separated.

4. HCl is reacted with vanadium dichloride from Step 1 to produce vanadium trichloride (which returns to Step 1),

and Generates Hydrogen:

VCl2 + HCl VCl3 + H2

V-ProcessThermochemical Hydrogen Production – Convert any source of heat

(approx. 400 C or better) to hydrogen and oxygen

Power Plants: Use the waste heat from power plants (an extremely abundant resource)

to make cheap hydrogen.

+THERMAL ENERGY

HYDROGEN

OXYGEN

POWER PLANTWASTE HEAT

Cost & Environmental Comparisons1 Gigawatt Plant

V- Process

• Plant Cost $120M• Ops expense $0.25/kg

• Fuel Cost = 0

• Gas Consumption = 0

• CO2 Emissions = 0

Steam Reform Nat’l Gas• Plant Cost $120 million• Ops Expense $0.20/kg

• Fuel Cost $7.50/Mcf H2 30 year Fuel cost $ 22B

• 30 year Gas consumption 720 Billion Cu Ft• 30 year CO2 emissions

> 40 million tons

THERMAL ENERGY

HYDROGEN

OXYGEN

POWER PLANTWASTE HEAT

48% Efficient Power Plant Use Hydrogen and oxygen as fuel on-site

Electricity out at 48% conversion efficiency

THERMAL ENERGY

HYDROGENTo Refinery

OXYGEN

COMBUSTIBLE PROCESS WASTE GASES & other heat

RefineriesAll refineries are net consumers of Hydrogen. It has to be made from fossil feedstocks or purchased from a merchant gas vendor. With the v-Process the refinery could make the needed hydrogen from its own waste heat. The oxygen has value too.

THERMAL ENERGY

HYDROGEN

OXYGEN

CONCENTRATING SOLARTHERMAL TECHNOLOGY

Solar Thermal to Hydrogen and Oxygen for Sunny regionsCan use Concentrating Solar Thermal technology – even already-commercial trough technology (shown) to convert sunlight directly into hydrogen. Hydrogen can be produced at low cost, and at very high efficiency.

THERMAL ENERGY

HYDROGEN

OXYGEN

RECYCLED THERMAL ENERGY / STEAM

SOLID OXIDEFUEL CELL

ELECTRICITY

70%EFFICIENCY

If Solid Oxide Fuel Cells become economical, thenCan be integrated with high-temperature fuel cells, including thermal integration, to convert fuel into electricity at ~70% efficiencies instead of 45-50% for SOFC

Fuel Source in

THERMAL ENERGY

HYDROGEN

OXYGEN

CONCENTRATING SOLARTHERMAL TECHNOLOGY RECYCLED THERMAL

ENERGY / STEAM

SOLID OXIDEFUEL CELL

ELECTRICITY

50%EFFICIENCY

Solar + SOFC = 50% conversion to electricity from SunlightCan be integrated with high-temperature fuel cells, including thermal integration, to convert sunlight to electricity at unprecedented efficiencies. ONLY INPUT IS SUNLIGHT - Water is recycled

Markets and Competition

• 1st Process to use waste heat to make H2 and O2 from water at $0.35/kg H2

• Lowers cost of hydrogen for all uses• Produces hydrogen far cheaper =$0.35/kg (Currently $2-7)• About $700 billion / year in hydrogen values from gas

turbines alone, worldwide• Additional value for Oxygen sales • Low CapEx (About the same as a MSR Plant)• Can use solar photon energy (PV) as well as Heat• Can be used on site, for energy recovery• No infrastructure requirements

Summary• Only Thermochemical Process to work

economically on waste heat (450-500C)• Annual markets > $ 1 trillion• Improves Efficiency of Power plants,

refineries and any other large source of heat• Produces hydrogen cheaper than any other

method – NO FUEL, NO EMISSIONS• Predictable future product (H2)cost

Project Schedule

Phase I--Demonstrate ThreeReactions Separately

Phase II --Integrate Reactions

Phase III -- GenerateHydrogen (equivalent of 1kw)

Phase IV --Design/EngineerPlot Application (250KW)

Phase V --Construction

Phase VI -- Operation

Months From Funding

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24

Phase I

Phase II

Phase III

Phase IV

Phase V

Phase VI

Development Needs

• Seeking $3.0 million Total• Funding By Phase

– Phase I 350k– Phase II 250k– Phase III 500k– Phase IV & V 1750k– Phase VI 150k– TOTAL $3M