.
EIMPack – Economic Impact of the Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive
Framework and Evolution of the Packaging Sector in Romania - Report 0
January 2012
Legal notice
This report consists of a study based on the information provided by the utilities. It was prepared as part of the
work programme of EIMPack - Economic Impact of the Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive, financed
by European Investment Bank. The European Investment Bank or any person or company acting on behalf of
the Bank is not responsible for the use that may be made of the information contained in this report.
Research team
Rui Cunha Marques (Principal Investigator)
Nuno Ferreira da Cruz (Researcher)
Pedro Simões (Research grant)
Sandra Faria Ferreira (Research grant)
Marta Cabral Pereira (Research grant)
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Table of Contents
Page
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... II
LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................III
1. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1
2. LEGAL FRAMEWORK .................................................................................................. 4
2.1 Waste Management ................................................................................................ 4
2.2 Waste Management Policies ................................................................................... 8
2.3 Urban Solid Waste Management Models................................................................12
2.4 Waste Authorities ...................................................................................................14
3. URBAN WASTE SERVICES OPERATORS .................................................................17
4. LICENSED ENTITIES FOR MANAGING THE LOGISTICS CHAIN OF PACKAGING
WASTE ............................................................................................................................22
4.1 Eco-Rom Ambalaje ................................................................................................22
5. ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ASPECTS ....................................................................25
6. CURRENT SITUATION ...............................................................................................27
7. CONCLUSIONS ..........................................................................................................32
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................34
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List of Figures
Figure 1 – Regions of Romania .......................................................................................13
Figure 2 – Evolution of the waste selective collection between 2008 and 2010 ................19
Figure 3 – Municipal waste produced (kg per capita) .......................................................27
Figure 4 – Municipal waste produced and collected (103 of tonnes) .................................28
Figure 5 – Packaging waste produced by material (thousands of tonnes) ........................29
Figure 6 – Recovery rate for packaging waste by material (%) ........................................30
Figure 7 – Recycling rate for packaging waste by material (%) ........................................30
Figure 8 – Romanian national objectives and recycling/recovery rates ............................31
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List of Tables
Table 1 – Objectives of recycling/recovery for packaging waste ....................................... 2
Table 2 – Minimum levels (per material) of recycling/recovery of packaging waste ........... 3
Table 3 – Transposition of the Acquis Communautaire into Romanian legislation ............. 5
Table 4 – Gradual increase of the national recycling and recovery obligations.................. 8
Table 5 – Objectives of the National Waste Management Plan ........................................10
Table 6 – Waste disposal facilities in Romania (2011) .....................................................20
Table 7 – Eco-Rom´s key figures (2010) ..........................................................................23
Table 8 – Eco-Rom’s recycling and recovery rates in 2010 ..............................................24
Table 9 – Recycled quantities by material (2010) .............................................................24
Table 10 – Eco-Rom license fees for 2011 ......................................................................25
Table 11 – Eco-Rom license fees for 2012 ......................................................................26
Table 12 – Municipal waste collection and treatment (thousands of tonnes) ....................28
Table 13 – Packaging waste produced by material (thousands of tonnes) .......................29
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1. Introduction
1
1. Introduction
Romania signed the Accession Treaty to the European Union (EU) on 25 April 2005,
entering effectively into the EU on 1 January 2007. In addition to the Treaty, other
protocols have been signed which set commitments to implement the Acquis
Communautaire (European law). The EU legislation on waste management has been
transposed into national law. The closure of 150 uncontrolled landfills and 1.500 illegal
dumpsites, among others, were some of the accession requirements concerning waste
management. For achieving full compliance, some transitional periods were set: 2009 for
the closure of illegal dumpsites and 2017 for closing all non-compliant/uncontrolled
municipal landfills (TWB, 2011).
The national legislation on packaging and packaging waste (PPW) began to be
implemented in 2005, following the EU requirements, through the Government Decision
(GD) no. 621/2005 (amended by the GD no. 1872/2006 and GD no. 247/2011) on PPW
management and through the Order no. 927/2005 on data reporting procedures regarding
PPW. Transition periods were defined for the targets concerning packaging waste
recovery and recycling. The targets of Directive 94/62/CE on PPW must be achieved by
Romania until the end of 2013. Relevant legislation on PPW also includes:
Ministry of Environment and Forests Order no. 1032/2011 that defines the
methodology for the determining Environmental Fund contribution (2RON/Kg) in
case of non-fulfilment of the recycling/recovery objectives by the required
companies; Order no. 1032/2011 amends the Order no. 578/2006, approving the
computation methodology of the corresponding contributions and taxes;
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1. Introduction
2
Emergency Government Order no. 196/2005 with later modifications and an
addendum, referring to the new recycling and recovery objectives for the required
companies (higher than the national objectives);
Ministry of Environment and Forests Order no. 2742/2011 concerning the approval
of Licensing Procedures for Recovery Organizations (acting as intermediaries in
the fulfilment of the producers and packers obligations in order to reach the targets
of packaging waste recycling and recovery).
Thus, the Required Companies Minimum (per material) and Global Recycling/Recovery
Packaging Waste Objectives (%) are indicated in Table 1.
Table 1 – Objectives of recycling/recovery for packaging waste
Year Paper
Plastic Metal
Glass (%)
Wood (%)
Global Objectives
for Recycling
(%)
Global Objectives
for Recovery or Incineration with Energy
Recovery (%)
TOTAL (%)
From which
PET (%)
TOTAL (%)
From which Al (%)
2010 60 14 - 50 - 44 12 42 48
2011 60 22,5 42 50 17 54 15 50 57
2012 60 22,5 55 50 21 60 15 55 60
2013 60 22,5 55 50 21 60 15 55 60
Al - Aluminium
The national minimum (per material) and global recycling/recovery packaging waste
objectives are presented in Table 2.
In order to achieve the waste management targets and the PPW Directive targets, several
instruments were created, namely the National Waste Management Plan (NWMP) and the
National Waste Management Strategy (NWMS).To implement the NWMP, eight Regional
Waste Management Plans were developed, including targets to comply with the National
and the EU objectives.
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1. Introduction
3
Table 2 – Minimum levels (per material) of recycling/recovery of packaging waste
Year Paper
(%) Plastic
(%) Metal (%)
Glass (%)
Wood (%)
Global objectives for recycling (%)
Global objectives for recovery or incineration with energy recovery (%)
2010 60 14 50 44 12 42 48
2011 60 16 50 48 15 46 53
2012 60 18 50 54 15 50 57
2013 60 22,5 50 60 15 55 60
The Romanian Ministry of Environment and Forests is the national authority responsible
for environmental policy and waste legislation, having similar competences to the other
European environment agencies.
Regarding the PPW recycling, Eco-Rom Ambalaje is the entity which manages the Green
Dot Scheme in Romania. Nevertheless, currently there are a total of seven companies
licensed for packaging waste management, acting as intermediaries in the fulfilment of the
producers and packers obligations in order to reach the targets of packaging waste
recovery and recycling.
Following this introduction, the report is organized as follows. Section 2 provides an
overview of the legal framework applied to the waste sector in Romania. Section 3
describes the urban waste services operators. The licensed entities responsible for the
packaging waste management, with an emphasis on the company which manages the
Green Dot System are presented in section 4. Section 5 introduces the economic and
financial issues related to packaging waste management while section 6 overviews the
current situation. Finally, the main conclusions are presented in section 7.
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2. Legal Framework
4
2. Legal Framework
2.1 Waste Management
The Framework Directive 75/442/EEC on waste (as amended by Directive 91/156/EEC),
was transposed into Romanian legislation through the Law no. 426/2001 which approved
the Emergency Ordinance no. 78/2000 and through the Government Decision (GD) no.
123/2003 which approved the National Waste Management Plan. The Directive
1999/31/EC on waste landfilling (transposed into the national law through GD no.
349/2005, modified and completed by GD no. 210/2007), requires a reduction of the
quantities of biodegradable waste landfilled, imposing targets to be achieved (comparing
to the year 1995):
by 2010, the quantity of biodegradable household waste landfilled should be
reduced to 75 % in weight;
by 2013, the quantity of biodegradable household waste landfilled should be
reduced to 50 % in weight.
Since 2010, over 0,8 million tonnes of biodegradable waste have been diverted from
landfills and from 2013, over 2 million tonnes of biodegradable waste should be recovered
annually (REPAB, 2010).
The Directive no. 2000/76/EC on waste incineration was transposed by the GD no.
128/2002 and by the Order of the Ministry of Waters and Environment Protection no.
1215/2003 which approved the technical norms of waste incineration. The Directive no.
94/62/EC on PPW was transposed by the GD no. 349/2002, later on amended by GD no.
621/2005, 1872/2006 and 247/2011, and by the Order of the Ministry of Waters and
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2. Legal Framework
5
Environment Protection no. 1190/2002 (on the procedure for reporting information on
PPW).
The Acquis Communautaire in the field of waste management includes 16 acts, most of
which have already been transposed into Romanian legislation, as indicated in Table 3.
Table 3 – Transposition of the Acquis Communautaire into Romanian legislation
European Legislation Romanian Legislation
Framework Council Directive 75/442/EEC on waste, amended by Council Directives 91/156/EEC
Law no. 426/2001 for approval and completion of the Emergency Ordinance no. 78/2000 on waste management.
GD no. 123/2003 for the approval of stage National Waste Management Plan.
Directive no. 91/689/EEC on hazardous waste
Law no. 426/2001 on approving Emergency Ordinance no. 78/2000 on waste management.
Directive no. 75/439/EEC on the disposal of waste oils, as amended by Directive no. 87/101/EEC and Directive no. 91/692/EEC
GD no. 662/2001 on the disposal of waste oils, as completed and amended by Government Decision no. 441/2002. GD no. 1159/2003 on amending Government Decision no. 662/2001 on the disposal.
Directive no. 91/157/EEC on batteries and accumulators containing certain dangerous substances and Directive no. 93/86/EC on the marking of batteries
Government Decision no.1057/2001 on batteries and accumulators containing dangerous substances.
Council Directive 99/31/EC on the landfill of waste
GD no. 162/2002 on waste landfilling.
Ministerial Order no. 867/2002 regarding the definition of criteria to be met by waste in order to be included on the specific list of a storehouse and on the national list of waste accepted in each waste storage class 2002.
Ministerial Order no. 1147/2002 regarding the approval of Technical Requirements for waste landfilling – construction, operation, monitoring and closure of landfills.
Council Directive 2000/76/EC on the incineration of waste
GD no. 128/2002 concerning waste incineration.
Ministerial Order no. 1215 of January 10, 2003 regarding the approval of technical requirements for waste incineration.
Council Directive 94/62/EC on packaging and packaging waste
GD no. 349/2002 concerning packaging and packaging waste management.
Ministerial Order no. 1190/2002 regarding the reporting procedures of the data referring to packaging and packaging waste.
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Table 3 - Transposition of the Acquis Communautaire into Romanian legislation (cont.)
European Legislation Romanian Legislation
Council Directive 94/62/EC on packaging and packaging waste
GD no. 349/2002 concerning packaging and packaging waste management.
Ministerial Order no. 1190/2002 regarding the reporting procedures of the data referring to packaging and packaging waste.
Directive no. 96/59/EC on the disposal of biphenyls and polychlorinated terphenyls (PCB and PCT)
GD no. 173/2000 on the special management and control of polychlorinated biphenyls and other similar compounds.
Order of the Ministry of Waters and Environment Protection no. 279/2002 on establishing the Technical Secretariat for the Management and Control of PCBs and PCTs within the Directorate for the Management of Waste and Dangerous Chemical Substances.
Decision no. 2000/532/EC, as amended by Decision no. 2001/119 establishing a list of waste (replacing Decision no. 94/3/EC establishing a list of waste Decision no. 94/904/EC establishing a list of hazardous waste).
GD no. 856/2002 on keeping waste management records and approving a list of waste, including hazardous waste.
Regulation no. 259/93 on the supervision and control of shipments of waste within, into and out of the European Community
GD no. 1357/2002 on establishing the public authorities responsible for the supervision and control of shipments of waste within, into and out of the country. GD no. 228/2004 on the supervision and control of shipments of non-hazardous waste for import, inward processing and transit. Law no. 6/1991 on Romania’s accession to the Basel Convention on the control of transboundary movements.
Directive no. 86/278/EEC on the protection of the environment, and in particular use of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture
Order of the Minister of Agriculture, Forests, Waters and Environment no. 49/2004 on approving the technical norms for the protection of the environment, and in particular of the soil, when sewage sludge is used in agriculture.
Source: ´ RMEWM, 2004a and RMEWM, 2004b
According to the Article 16 of the GD no. 621/2005 “economic agents that place
commercial packaging on the market are responsible for these packaging”. The recycling
and recovery objectives can be achieved by the economic agents individually, through the
collection of packaging waste produced or, otherwise, by delegating their responsibilities
to an economic agent authorized (licensed) by the Ministry of Environment and Forests
which is responsible for achieving the national recycling and recovery objectives. These
economic agents are thus obliged to provide annual information on PPW management.
One should note that an economic operator must fulfil the obligations anyway; however, it
Task 3 – Financial Flows
2. Legal Framework
7
can do it on its own or otherwise they can be transferred to an authorized (licensed)
agent/company (such as Eco-Rom Ambalaje). According to GD no. 247/2011, if the
economic operator does not fulfil these objectives individually, within a period of one year,
it must transfer its responsibilities to an authorized economic agent.
The GD no. 247/2011 imposes that the economic operators with sales areas over 1.000
square meters, as well as the purchasers of packaged products to direct importers or local
manufacturers, have to assure that these suppliers are registered on Fund for
Environment Administration. This list has a record of the companies that fulfil recycling
and recovery targets set by law (Eco-Rom, 2011b).
This decree also states that economic operators who take the responsibility for the
packaging waste produced by third parties are required to establish contracts/partnerships
or other forms of collaboration (defined by law) upon request of the authorities of
territorial-administrative units, in order to ensure the recovery of packaging waste
collected based on the quantities agreed by the contract.
Economic operators (who meet their responsibilities individually or through a third party
duly authorized), local authorities and public institutions managing packaging waste are
required to provide information on PPW management, annually, to the Ministry of
Environment and Forests. The procedure for reporting such data and information is
determined by the Ministry and the reported information is stored in a database managed
by the National Environmental Protection Agency.
According to the current legal framework, the national recycling and recovery targets for
packaging waste are set by material and per year (see Table 4).
The Law no. 132/2010 on selective collection of waste states that public institutions are
required to set a selective collection system for the following types of waste: paper,
cardboard, plastic, metal and glass. The selective collection system can be performed
directly by the local services or by delegating the responsibility to authorized companies.
The transposition of the Waste Framework Directive 2008/98/CE into Romania law is
being performed (BiPRO, 2011).
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2. Legal Framework
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Table 4 – Gradual increase of the national recycling and recovery obligations
Year
Minimum objective of recovery through material recycling (%) Recycling
objective (%)
Recovery objective (%) Paper/
Cardboard Plastic Glass Metals Wood
2005 15 18 22
2006 15
15 15
26 32
2007 60 10 22 15 5 26 34
2008 601)
11 32 501)
7 33 40
2009 60 12 38 50 9 38 45
2010 60 14 44 50 12 42 48
2011 60 16 48 50 15 46 53
2012 60 18 54 50 15 50 57
2013 60 22,51)
601)
50 151)
551)
601)
1)
Directive 94/62/CE targets.
2.2 Waste Management Policies
Romania’s Accession Treaty to the EU was signed on April 2005 and it comprises the
implementation of the European legislation into national law. This procedure comprises
transition periods (e.g. packaging waste recovery and the landfill of biodegradable waste).
The government set some tools regarding waste management to achieve the objectives
determined by the EU accession which are presented below.
The NWMS was developed by the Ministry of Environment and Water Management for
the period 2003-2013. It has the objective of creating the necessary framework to develop
and implement an integrated waste management system that is at the same time
environmentally and economically favourable. The NWMS is being revised and published.
Concerning the target years, the general objectives of this document can be summarized
as follows, (REPAB, 2010):
2013: to incorporate the principles and practices of sustainable development in all
the programs and public policies of Romania as an EU Member State;
2020: to attain the current average level of the EU countries for the main indicators
of sustainable development;
2030: to achieve the average performance of the EU Member States for the
sustainable development indicators.
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2. Legal Framework
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According to ANPM (2012b), the revised NWMS should take into account the status of the
implementation, the progress made, the weaknesses which hindered the achievement of
the objectives and new trends in European waste policy. In order to carry out this strategy,
the central government created the framework for every part of society to take
responsibility and manage their own waste. The main objectives of the reviewed NWMS
are (ANPM, 2012b):
Preventing and recovering waste (reuse, recycling, energy recovery), in line with
the waste hierarchy and the requirements of the Waste Framework Directive. This
will lead to decoupling waste generation from economic growth;
Meeting the targets, focusing on targets for biodegradable waste disposal and
giving special attention to further targets for packaging waste and electrical and
electronic waste;
Increasing recycling and energy recovery from waste (decreasing resource
consumption);
Providing incentives to reduce waste production and to increase recycling. It
should stimulate the investments in waste collection, recycling and recovery and
the development of a recycled materials market;
Developing indicators for monitoring the strategy implementation;
Raising awareness and stimulating people for selective collection and for the
reduction of waste produced;
Implementing measures proposed by the regional and local plans for waste
management;
Guaranteeing the principles of proximity and self-sufficiency.
In order to accomplish these goals, the reviewed NWMS has planned the following
measures (BiPRO, 2011):
Closure of all illegal dumpsites;
Investments in waste management infrastructures and in citizen’s awareness
campaigns;
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2. Legal Framework
10
Introduction of a landfill tax;
Diversion of biological waste from landfills through the selective collection;
Total population coverage on waste collection.
The landfill tax, which has the purpose of encouraging waste recycling, will be
implemented in January 2012 and it is expected to be around 7 to 12€/ton (BiPRO, 2001).
The first NWMP was adopted by GD no. 123/2003, and currently is under revision. Before,
it was already in force the County Management Plans (2001) and the NWMS. The NWMP
lays down a set of objectives, targets and measures for the same period of the NWMS.
Nevertheless it also includes longer term objectives, e.g. to be accomplished by the year
2022. A summary of the waste management objectives is presented in Table 5.
Table 5 – Objectives of the National Waste Management Plan
Main objectives Targets/deadline
Harmonize the national waste management policy and legislation in the field of waste management, with the European policies and provisions, as with the provisions of the international agreements and conventions of which Romania is a subscriber.
Deadline: 2007
(Accomplished)
Increase the effective enforcement of the waste management legislation and encourage the private initiative on waste management.
Privatization of 70% of the waste management services
Deadline: 2007
Improve the economic and financial mechanisms of municipal waste management (taxes calculation, special national programs financed from the state budget).
Deadline: 2007
(Accomplished)
Develop activities for the material and energy recovery of waste.
Recovery of 7% of the household waste.
Deadline: 2010
Extend the waste collection systems in urban and rural areas.
Collect 84% of the municipal waste.
Deadline: 2013
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Table 5 – Objectives of the National Waste Management Plan (cont.)
Main objectives Targets/deadline
Implement and extend the selective waste collection at the source.
Period between 2004 and 2017
Ensure the necessary capacity for waste disposal through the promotion of the disposal equipment at area level.
50 municipal waste landfills, category b), average capacity of
around 100.000 t/yr. and a maximum of 15 landfills category b), with an average capacity of
50.000 t/yr. Deadline: 2017
Reduce the quantity of packaging waste generated per product unit.
55% of packaging waste weight.
Deadline: 2013
Increase the quantity of the packaging waste collected from an efficient selective collection
2003 – 2006: experimental (pilot projects), awareness of the
population;
2007 – 2017: extension of the selective collection at the national
level.
Create and optimize the waste material recovery schemas. Organize zonal systems and material recovery of about 50% of packaging waste. Deadline: 2013
Create and optimize the energetic recovery schemas for packaging waste (“inadequate” for material recovery).
Organize zonal systems and energetic recovery of about 10% of packaging waste. Deadline:
2022.
Promote the energy recovery using high efficiency equipments.
Energy recovery of about 10% of the municipal waste.
Deadline: 2020
Source: RMEWM, 2004a
According to the NWMP, 7% of household waste should be recovered by 2010 and 85%
of municipal waste should be collected by 2013. The NWMP also states that 65 (legal)
landfills should be operational until 2017 (see Table 5).
The National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) is an instrument aimed at implementing
environmental policies in waste management by promoting, supporting and monitoring the
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2. Legal Framework
12
projects with significant environmental impact. The coordination and updating of the NEAP
is a responsibility of the National Environmental Protection Agency (NEPA) according to
GD no. 459/2005. NEAP will cover a portfolio of projects previously evaluated, selected
and prioritized to be approved by a Committee composed by several ministers (REPAB,
2010).
The European Commission approved the Sector Operational Programme for the
Environment (SOPE), for the period 2007-2013, in June 2007, which outlined
development strategies in order to meet relevant EU directives while respecting the
specific national interests. The transitional periods, in accordance with EU Directives
regarding waste disposal, were: 2017 for municipal landfilling, 2009 for the temporary
storage of hazardous waste and 2013 for the disposal of non-hazardous industrial waste
(REPAB, 2010).
Through the SOPE, Romania has had access to almost one billion euros to implement an
integrated waste management system in all its counties by 2015 and meet the objectives
in terms of selective collection, recycling, recovery and landfilling of municipal waste
(Târńiu, 2011).
Although, no national waste prevention programme was published, the government
intends to develop the programme until December 2013. Romanian authorities are
planning to develop specific initiatives and contents of the programme in accordance with
programmes and projects of other Member States already in force (BiPRO, 2011).
2.3 Urban Solid Waste Management Models
Romania is organized in 8 regions, 41 counties and 314 municipalities and cities. The 41
counties are grouped in 7 regions, plus Bucharest and the county of Ilfov, representing the
8th region (see Figure 1).
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2. Legal Framework
13
Figure 1 – Regions of Romania
According to Law no. 101/2006, local authorities have exclusive competences for setting
up organization and management of the sanitation services. These services (hereafter
waste services) include the following operations:
Municipal solid waste collection and transport;
Municipal solid waste sorting and storage;
Management of waste treatment and of the market of products from recycling and
energy recovery.
Government Ordinance no. 87/2001 (replaced by Law no. 101/2006 currently in force)
established the principle that local authorities can delegate the management of waste
services to licensed operators (the National Regulatory Authority for Municipal Services,
ANRSC, issues these license) through public tenders based on management contracts or
concession contracts of waste services. However, local authorities can contract directly
subsidiary companies (REPAB, 2010). The duration of the delegation contract should not
be higher than 49 years (the period necessary to depreciate the investment).
Law no. 101/2006 on local waste services establish that local councils have the power to
elaborate and approve local strategies regarding the development of waste services
management in the medium and long terms. The regional associations (composed by
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2. Legal Framework
14
municipalities) and the county councils manage the final disposal facilities and the transfer
stations (TWB, 2011).
Government Emergency Ordinance no. 92/2007 (approved by Law no. 224/2008 and
amending Law no. 101/2006) established that the procedures and the legal regime of the
delegation contracts corresponds to the ones provided by the Government Emergency
Ordinance no. 34/2006 regarding the award of public procurement contracts, public works
concession contracts and services concession contracts (approved by Law 337/2006,
amended and supplemented by Law 128/2007 and Government Emergency Ordinance
94/2007).
According to the NWMS, the responsibility for waste management activities shall be
assigned to waste producers adopting the “polluter pays” or the “producer responsibility”
principles. Regarding to municipal waste, in urban areas, the waste management is
performed by specialised services belonging to the municipalities or waste operators.
These services are based on contracts with individual producers, covering about 95% of
all municipal waste producers. In rural areas, in general, the transport to disposal sites is
performed by waste producers individually.
Waste service operators, whose capital is owned by local governments, may also be
private. This decision is made by the local council or by the General Council of Bucharest.
2.4 Waste Authorities
According to Law no. 426/2001 on approving Emergency Ordinance no. 78/2000 on waste
management, the Ministry of Environment and Water Management has been designated
as the major competent authority for waste management, and is in charge of the National
Action Plan (UN, 2011).
The waste management authorities in Romania are the Ministry of Environment and
Forests, the Ministry of Administration and Interior, the county councils and the
municipalities. The Ministry of Environment and Forests is the authority responsible for the
implementation of waste legislation. The design of the Regional Environmental Protection
Plans is responsibility of the eight regional Environmental Protection Agencies. The
Ministry of Administration and Interior makes sure that most of the population is covered
by a waste management collection service (TWB, 2011).
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15
The Ministry of Environment and Forests is responsible for the environmental policy
regarding waste management. The Ministry also monitors municipal waste management
operations and performs annual inspections of the sanitary services.
The Ministry of Interior also has responsibilities on waste management, for instance, by
participating in the development of the national waste management programme,
supporting local authorities in creating a system for waste recycling and recovery,
developing strategies and specific regulations for municipal solid waste management.
Through Law no. 51/2006, the regulatory authority, the ANRSC, exercises its power over
local authorities and waste service operators (operators must have a license issued by the
ANRSC).
The NEPA is subordinated to the Ministry of Environment and Forests and was
established by the GD no. 1625/2003. In line with the Romania accession to the EU, it
suffered a reorganization based on the GD no. 459/2005. Currently, the NEPA’s
responsibilities are to (ANPM, 2011):
Provide technical support for the creation of regulatory instruments, strategies and
environmental sector policies harmonized with the Acquis Communautaire and
based on the concept of sustainable development;
Implement of environmental legislation;
Coordinate the implementation of environmental strategies and policies at national,
regional and local levels;
Be the representative in internal and external environmental relationships, as
mandated by the Ministry of Environment and Forests;
Authorise activities with potential environmental impact and ensure compliance
with the law;
Provide national reference laboratory officials for air, waste, noise and vibration,
and radioactivity;
Coordinate sector action plans and national action plan for environmental
protection.
Task 3 – Financial Flows
2. Legal Framework
16
The National Guard for Environment (NGE) has responsibilities regarding law
enforcement and control, for example by performing inspections in waste management
facilities (BiPRO, 2011). NEPA and NGE are represented at regional and local level.
The Environment Fund Administration is a public institution coordinated by the Ministry of
Environment and Forests. It provides financial support for projects and programs for
environmental protection, established according to the European principles of the "polluter
pays" and the "producer responsibility". The Law no. 73/2000 stipulated that the income
sources for the Environment Fund are the taxes coming from exploiting natural resources,
polluting the atmosphere and surface and subterranean waters and other polluting
activities. The Order no. 1032/2011, amending the Order no. 578/2006, approves the
computation methodology of the corresponding contributions and taxes.
The Romanian Association of Solid Waste Management (RASWM), founded in 1999,
focuses its activity on waste management, recycling and reuse. The clients are waste
management operators of which 78% are private companies. The objectives of the
RASWM are to (RASWM, 2012):
Represent, preserve, promote and support the economic, technical and legal
interests of its members;
Encourage private initiative as the main promoter of higher standards in waste
management services, with the purpose of attracting Romanian and foreign
investors as business partners;
Support technological and scientific progress by initiating and supervising
professional training and specialization, and also by promoting the exchange of
scientific information;
Cooperate with Romanian and foreign organizations connected to the waste
management activities, organizing the participation of its members to international
important knowledge - sharing activities;
Promote the strategies, policies and regulations adopted in the waste
management and environmental domains at a national, European, and world level.
Regarding waste management, the National Statistics Institute processes data provided
by the operators which is afterwards analysed by the RASWM. These entities produce
reports from these data (TWB, 2011).
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3. Urban Waste Services Operators
17
3. Urban Waste Services Operators
Collection, transport and disposal of municipal waste are competencies of local public
bodies. As it was mentioned before, these waste management services can be
outsourced; in fact, nowadays waste collection services are mostly privatised (or
delegated through contract). Among the 400 authorized operators for waste services, 10
represent more than 80% of the market of the waste management services (e.g.
collection, transport, and disposal). Regarding packaging waste collection, more than
1.000 companies are licensed and, in the case of paper and metal waste, collection and
recycling have been assured by a large network of companies (Agentschap, 2011).
Irrespective of the management model adopted (direct or delegated management), the
waste service activities are organized and performed in accordance with regulations and
technical specifications, approved by local councils in compliance with the regulatory
framework. The operators of the waste services have to prove their technical and
organizational skills, that their staff is qualified and that they have the appropriate
technical equipment in order to provide the services, meeting the qualitative and
quantitative standards stipulated in the waste service regulation (REPAB, 2010).
In 2009, the amount of municipal waste collected by municipalities (their own specialised
services) or through contracted waste services was 6,93 million tonnes. Around 63% of
the national population is served by waste services, where the share is 84% for the urban
areas and only 38% for the rural ones (ANPM, 2012b).
In some small villages, usually there is only one company providing the waste services,
but in major cities there are more companies providing these services. In rural areas, the
waste collection from household and business is not as organized as the systems that are
situated in the vicinity of towns (REPAB, 2010).
Task 3 – Financial Flows
3. Urban Waste Services Operators
18
The collection systems often use out-dated and inadequate equipment that, in general,
needs some important improvements. In particular, the selective collection of municipal
waste at source should start to be considered. Adding to these problems there is also a
lack of experience and a low capacity of the Romanian local authorities for managing
large-scale investment projects (RMESD, 2007).
As waste collection is mostly for undifferentiated waste, the recent waste management
systems include sorting facilities and are required to meet the recovery and recycling
targets. According to Agentschap (2011), the targets for metal recycling (50% by 2011-
2012) are far from being attained due to the deficient collection and low capacity of the
recycling centres. Among the metals, the aluminium targets (a recycling target of 17% by
2011 and 20% by 2012) are far from being accomplished, requiring an important
investment in sorting equipment.
The implementation of selective collection was intended to be addressed in three stages,
as follows (ANPM, 2012b):
2003-2006: experimental (pilot projects), public awareness;
2007-2017: expansion of national selective collection;
2017-2022: implementation of selective collection in difficult areas (e.g. collective
housing, dispersed rural population and on mountains).
During the period 2004-2006, in Romania, the selective collection of municipal waste for
packaging waste recovery from households (paper, cardboard, glass, metals and plastics)
was performed locally through pilot projects initiated by Eco-Rom Ambalaje in cooperation
with waste companies and municipalities. Since 2007, selective collection began to
expand. In fact, in 2007, selective collection was implemented in 183 villages, while in
2010 it was carried out in 698 villages. The amount of waste selectively collected has also
increased significantly, as shown in Figure 2.
Task 3 – Financial Flows
3. Urban Waste Services Operators
19
Source: ANPM, 2012b
Figure 2 – Evolution of the waste selective collection between 2008 and 2010
During 2010, several containers for selective waste collection were placed nationwide in
698 places (including the six areas of Bucharest). There are also on-going pilot projects in
27 municipalities (ANPM, 2012b).
Eco-Rom (2011) states that 4 million inhabitants (approx. 20% of the total population)
have access to the selective collection system. Household selective waste collection is
proving to be particularly challenging mainly due to the underdevelopment of the collection
system, the relatively poor road infrastructure (especially in rural areas) and the lack of
education/awareness.
Generally, in densely populated areas the service of waste collection is provided through
the bring-system, in collection points with several drop-off containers (for selective
Packaging waste collection - batteries of containers igloo and/or 1.100 l containers: blue
for paper and cardboard, yellow for metals and plastics and green for glass). For the
single-family houses located in the suburbs and rural areas, the waste collection is
provided through a kerbside collection system. For the case of the bring-system, the
collection frequency has to be done on a daily basis. For kerbside collection the vehicles
carry out two collections per week. In rural areas, the figures on waste collection service
widely diverges; for instance, the collection frequency can differ, e.g., once every two
weeks or twice a week. The household waste collection in the rural areas is generally
performed by horse cart (REPAB, 2010).
28.956 33.264
58.245
0
10.000
20.000
30.000
40.000
50.000
60.000
70.000
2008 2009 2010
Selective collection (tonnes)
Task 3 – Financial Flows
3. Urban Waste Services Operators
20
Concerning the landfilling of biodegradable waste, in early 2011 there were a total of 60
composting facilities (authorized or pending authorization, see Table 6) with a capacity of
166 thousand tonnes per year (ANPM, 2012b).
During 2010 there were 106 non-compliant municipal landfills in operation, 26 of which
have stopped operating on July 2010 (in accordance to the plan presented in Directive
1999/31/EC, and GD no. 349/2005 regarding waste disposal). For the remaining non-
compliant municipal landfills, improvements on operation and monitoring activities are
currently being carried out (ANPM, 2012b).
Table 6 – Waste disposal facilities in Romania (2011)
Disposal operations facilities Number
Composting facilities 60
Compliant landfills 30
Waste incinerator 0
Sanitary landfills are mostly owned by local authorities, being operated by private
companies (Agentschap, 2011). According to ANPM (2012a), there are 30 compliant
landfills (from which five are under an authorization process and two have exceeded the
waste disposal capacity). The current “dumping fee” is around 10 €/ton (Agentschap,
2011), which is not profitable for the companies that manage these facilities. With the
implementation of the new landfill tax it is expected that more multinational companies
operate in the market for other waste treatment solutions, and that waste recycling
becomes more appealing.
The municipal waste energy recovery has to reach 10% by 2020. There is still no
Municipal Solid Waste incineration facility in Romania performing under the EU standards.
One of the reasons for this circumstance is the fact that the waste has a high humidity
level decreasing its calorific value. Concerning municipal waste, investments are being
made on the first municipal incinerator in Bucharest and there is interest in building other
incinerators in other cities. Until 2017, Romania has to build the basis of a modern waste
management system (Agentschap, 2011).
Although there is no municipal waste incinerator to date in Romania, according to
Agentschap (2011) “it is estimated that the co-incineration capacity and potential demand
Task 3 – Financial Flows
3. Urban Waste Services Operators
21
for Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) at the cement kilns is ten times higher than the quantities
currently available, therefore there are incentives for the companies within the sector to
invest in the production of RDF and in selective collection”.
Task 3 – Financial Flows
4. Licensed Entities for Managing the Logistics Chain of Packaging Waste
22
4. Licensed Entities for Managing the
Logistics Chain of Packaging Waste
4.1 Eco-Rom Ambalaje
In Romania, there are seven companies with the responsibility for managing the
packaging waste generated by the industry. Among them, the most important are EcoRom
Ambalaje and Ecologic 3R (Agentschap, 2011). The companies are the following:
Eco-Rom Ambalaje;
Ecologic 3R;
Intersemat;
Sota Group;
Eco X;
Eco Pack Management;
Respo Waste.
Eco-Rom Ambalaje (Eco-Rom) is an organisation founded by a group of companies1 with
the objective of taking on the responsibility of the industry for packaging waste arising
from the respective products placed on the market. To fulfil the recovery and recycling
national objectives set on the national legal framework, Eco-Rom introduced the Green
Dot System in the country. Table 7 presents Eco-Rom’s key figures for the year of 2010.
1 Argus S.A., Ball Packaging Europe, Chipita Romania S.R.L., Coca-Cola HBC S.R.L., Heineken S.A., Mars
Romania S.R.L., Munplast S.A., Quadrant Amroq Beverages S.A., Romaqua Group S.A., Tetra Pack Romania
S.R.L., Titan S.A., Unilever South Central Europe S.R.L.
Task 3 – Financial Flows
4. Licensed Entities for Managing the Logistics Chain of Packaging Waste
23
Table 7 – Eco-Rom´s key figures (2010)
Starting activity (year) 2004
Members (no.) 1.809
Waste management operators (no.) 190
Packaging introduced on the market by Eco-Rom’s clients (tonnes)
617.103
Packaging waste collected through household selective collection (tonnes)
22.000
Packaging waste recycled through Eco-Rom Ambalaje system (tonnes)
331.781
Source: Eco-Rom, 2011c
Eco-Rom’s clients are the economic operators that are required by law to recover and
recycle the packaging waste arising from their products introduced on the market. Clients
have to pay a fee based on the weight and the material of the packaging placed on the
market. To achieve the national recycling and recovery targets for the packaging waste
under the responsibility of Eco-Rom, they have contracts with waste management
companies. Eco-Rom Ambalaje partially supports the costs of selective collection,
performed by the local authorities, signing a contract with waste operators. The help
include some equipment (containers, bags, communications forms), a fee paid per tonne
sorted, consultancy and technical services. Eco-Rom also organises and finances
awareness campaigns among the population (PRO-Europe, 2010).
Regarding the national (legal) recycling and recovery targets, Eco-Rom has exceeded
them for all type of materials (see Table 8).
In 2010 there were 93 selective collection systems (8.111 containers) in 72 towns and 78
municipalities in Romania supported by Eco-Rom (Eco-Rom, 2011). In this year, Eco-Rom
had 1.809 clients and have had signed contracts with 190 waste management operators
in the packaging waste management system. Of a total of 617.103 tonnes of packaging
placed on the market by its clients, 331.780 tonnes were recovered, representing 53,7%
of the total packaging (see Table 9). Eco-Rom is working on these values to provide
similar information for 2011 to be included in its annual report.
Task 3 – Financial Flows
4. Licensed Entities for Managing the Logistics Chain of Packaging Waste
24
Table 8 – Eco-Rom’s recycling and recovery rates in 2010
Type of material Legal recycling and
recovery objective (%)
Eco-Rom Ambalaje Achievement
(%)
Glass 44 70
Plastic 14 34
Paper and cardboard 60 79,5
Metal 50 87
Wood 12 21
Total recycled 42 52,7
Total recovered 48 53,7
Source: Eco-Rom, 2011a
Table 9 – Recycled quantities by material (2010)
Material
Packaging introduced on the internal market (tonnes)
Packaging waste managed (tonnes)
Total Primary
packaging Total Recycled
Glass 102.341,61 102.341,61 72.007,26 72.007,26
Plastic 200.357,95 150.667,55 68.292,18 68.292,18
Paper and cardboard 168.995,68 84.497,22 134.411,63 134.411,63
Metal
Aluminium 14.324,37 13.178,43 2.320,44 2.320,44
Steel 15.772,93 13.407,02 23.870,18 23.870,18
Total 30.097,30 26.585,45 26.190,62 26.190,62
Wood 115.310,84 0 30.879,25 24.360,45
Total 617.103,41 364.092,82 331.780,94 325.262,14
Source: Eco-Rom, 2011a
Task 3 – Financial Flows
5. Economic and Financial Aspects
25
5. Economic and Financial Aspects
Through the “Responsibility Takeover Contract”, Eco-Rom Ambalaje takes over the
economic operators’ responsibility regarding packaging waste recovery and recycling
obligations. The economic operators have to provide to Eco-Rom documents which
support the traceability of packaging waste. If the economic operators do not fulfil this
requirement, they will have to pay a contribution of 0,48 €/kg to the Environment Fund
Administration. Eco-Rom’s clients have the right to use the Green Dot logo in their
packaging, certifying the consumer that the packaged products include a financial
contribution for the recovery of packaging waste. The green dot fees are indicated in
Table 10 and 11. The economic operators pay for the type of packaging (material) and
quantity introduced on the market every year.
Table 10 – Eco-Rom license fees for 2011
Packaging Material €/ton
Glass 18,01
PET 31,19
Plastics 12,63
Cardboard paper 13,27
Steel 11,15
Aluminium 23,35
Wood 11,15
Source: PRO-Europe, 2011
Task 3 – Financial Flows
5. Economic and Financial Aspects
26
Table 11 – Eco-Rom license fees for 2012
Packaging Material RON/ton => €/t
Glass 85,09 => 19,60
PET 144,07 => 33,19
Plastics 63,19 => 14,55
Cardboard paper 63,03 => 14,52
Steel 53,88 => 12,41
Aluminium 133,9 => 30,85
Wood 46,81 => 10,78
(1 € = 4,34 RON)
The companies authorized to perform waste management operations (collection, sorting,
recovery and recycling) from households or from the industrial flow can be part of the Eco-
Rom´s waste management system and receive financial support from it. These companies
can benefit from a long-term contract which brings some stability (compensating the
instability of the secondary raw materials market) in exchange for documentation that
certifies the waste quantities managed and recycling/recovery operations.
Task 3 – Financial Flows
6. Current Situation
27
6. Current Situation
In 2009, around 396 kg of municipal waste were generated per inhabitant in Romania,
meaning that each inhabitant produces more than 1 kg per day.
Source: Eurostat, 2011a
Figure 3 – Municipal waste produced (kg per capita)
According to ANPM (2010), in 2009, 57% of household waste composition was
biodegradable (on average). Figure 4 shows that not all municipal waste produced is in
fact collected.
326
278
314
355 341
384 350 345
378 389
379 392 396
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
Municipal Waste (kg/inh)
Task 3 – Financial Flows
6. Current Situation
28
Source: Eurostat (2011a)
Figure 4 – Municipal waste produced and collected (103 of tonnes)
Regarding the population that is not served by waste services, the waste generated and
not collected (calculated according to generation indices established by the Regional
Waste Management Plans) was 0,9 kg / person / day in urban areas and 0,4 kg / person /
day in rural areas. In 2009, the estimated quantity of waste generated and not collected
was approximately 1,5 million tonnes (ANPM, 2012b).
Table 12 – Municipal waste collection and treatment (thousands of tonnes)
Year Waste
generated Landfill Incineration Recycling
2004 7.483 5.918 79% 0 83 1%
2005 8.173 6.413 78% 0 145 2%
2006 8.392 6.294 75% 0 41 0%
2007 8.161 6.122 75% 0 36 0%
2008 8.439 6.486 77% 0 75 1%
2009 8.507 6.538 77% 0 76 1%
Source: Eurostat, 2011a
From Table 12, we observe that 77% of the waste generated was landfilled and only 1%
of municipal waste collected was recycled in 2009.
0
2.000
4.000
6.000
8.000
10.000
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Municipal waste generated Municipal waste collected
Task 3 – Financial Flows
6. Current Situation
29
In 2009, the packaging waste production decreased, comparing with the previous years.
Packaging waste is composed mainly of paper/cardboard and plastic. The material with
the lowest percentage is the metal (see Table 13 and Figure 5).
Table 13 – Packaging waste produced by material (thousands of tonnes)
Year Paper/
Cardboard Plastic Wood Metal Glass Other Total
2005 270 (24%) 332 (29%) 137 (12%) 103 (9%) 249 (22%) 49 1.141
2006 412 (31%) 355 (27%) 181 (14%) 73 (6%) 285 (22%) 3 1.309
2007 387 (30%) 375 (29%) 213 (17%) 76 (6%) 233 (18%) 3 1.287
2008 352 (30%) 333 (28%) 216 (18%) 76 (6%) 193 (16%) 2 1.171
2009 272 (27%) 294 (29%) 188 (19%) 63 (6%) 180 (18%) 2 999
Source: Eurostat, 2011b
Figure 5 – Packaging waste produced by material (thousands of tonnes)
In 2009, there was an important decrease in packaging waste produced (15% when
compared to 2008). There was also an important increase in recovery and recycling rates
(see Figures 6 and 7). As 60% of the packaging waste is generated by households
(Agentschap, 2011), the selective collection plays an important role. The overall recovery
rate for packaging waste in 2009 was around 46,7% (Figure 6), lower than the target of
60% imposed by the PPW Directive to be attained by the end of the year 2013, although
higher than the national target for that year (2009).
0 500 1.000 1.500
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009 Paper
Plastic
Wood
Metals
Glass
Task 3 – Financial Flows
6. Current Situation
30
Source: Eurostat, 2011b
Figure 6 – Recovery rate for packaging waste by material (%)
Source: Eurostat, 2011b
Figure 7 – Recycling rate for packaging waste by material (%)
In 2009, the recycling targets imposed by the PPW Directive had already been reached
for paper, metals and plastic. The other materials (glass and wood) did not achieve them.
They did, however, exceed the national targets. The national recycling and recovery
global targets for packaging waste in 2008 and 2009 were attained, corresponding to
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Paper Plastic Wood Metals Glass Global
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
Directive2004/12/CE
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Paper Plastic Wood Metals Glass Global
2006
2007
2008
2009
Directive2004/12/CE
Task 3 – Financial Flows
6. Current Situation
31
33,5% and 40,7%, in 2008, and 40,5% and 46,7%, in 2009, for recycling and recovery,
respectively. Figure 8 presents the national objectives and the real rates for recycling /
recovery.
Source: Eurostat (2011b)
Figure 8 – Romanian national objectives and recycling/recovery rates
Although the national recycling and packaging waste recovery targets have been met,
according to TWB (2011), less than 5% of waste was recycled in 2010.
18%
26% 26%
33%
38% 42%
46%
50%
55%
22%
32% 34%
40%
45% 48%
53%
57% 60%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Recycling objective Recovery objective Recovery Recycling
Task 3 – Financial Flows
7. Conclusions
32
7. Conclusions
The European framework directive on waste 2008/98/EC is currently in the process of
being transposed into Romanian legislation. Also the National Strategy for Waste
Management, the National and Regional Plans for Waste Management are planned to be
revised in the same period (Agentschap, 2011).
Municipal waste is mainly collected in a non-selective system. In fact, not all the
population is served by waste collection services; According to the Eco-Rom (2011a) only
4 million inhabitants (approx. 20% of the total population) have access to the selective
collection system.
Landfilling is the most commonly used municipal waste treatment. In 2009, 77% of the
municipal waste was landfilled. To date there is no municipal waste incineration facility in
the country.
Regarding to packaging waste, the PPW Directive´s recycling targets for the year of 2008
have been met. Moreover, the recycling and recovery national targets have been also met
in the last years. In fact, currently, there are seven companies responsible for managing
the packaging waste contributing for the development of the selective collection systems
of packaging waste and the fulfilment of the objectives set by the PPW Directive.
In recent years, Romania has made a significant progress as far as waste management is
concerned; however, there is still a “long way to go”. Regarding waste disposal, there are
several landfills to be constructed (and there are non-compliant landfills to be closed) and
selective waste collection systems to be implemented. The packaging waste recycling
target of 55 % until the end of 2013 is ambitious, knowing that less than 5% of waste was
recycled in 2010 (TWB, 2011).
Task 3 – Financial Flows
7. Conclusions
33
Romanian waste laws, harmonised with the EU legislation, have had a positive impact in
recent years; however, to ensure full compliance with EU standards, several investments
on infrastructure and also awareness campaigns to ensure the commitment of the citizens
are required and have to be carried out.
Task 3 – Financial Flows
References
34
References
Agentschap (2011). Waste Management Research in Romania. NL Agency, Ministry of
Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation, The Hague, Netherlands.
ANPM (2011). National Agency for Environmental Protection. http://www.anpm.ro/.
(accessed on 24-11-2011).
ANPM (2012a). Situaţia Depozitelor Municipale Conforme- Mai 2010. Available at:
http://www.anpm.ro/upload/3746_Depozite%20municipale%20conforme%20-
%20la%2030.05.2010.pdf.
ANPM (2012b). Raport anual privind Starea Mediului în România pe anul 2010. Available
at: http://www.anpm.ro/upload/48601_6%20Cap%206%20Managementul%20
Deseurilor.2010.pdf.
BiPRO (2011). The new Waste Framework Directive.The organisation of awareness-
raising events on the application of Community legislation related to the new Waste
Framework Directive (2008/98/EC), within Assessment and guidance for the
implementation of EU waste legislation in Member States project, Reference:
ENV.G.4/SER/2010/0027, Retrieved August 2, 2011. Available at
http://www.bipro.de/wasteevents/doc/Events2011/RO/Minutes%20WFD%20RO%20
2011.pdf.
Eco-Rom (2011a). Annual Report 2010. Eco-Rom Ambalaje, Bucharest.
Eco-Rom (2011b). Newsletter Nº 3. New Legislation Challenges. June-August 2011. Eco-
Rom Ambalaje, Bucharest.
Eco-Rom (2011c). Eco-Rom Ambalaje. http://www.ecoromambalaje.ro/en/highlights.php
(accessed on 24-11-2011).
Task 3 – Financial Flows
References
35
Eurostat (2011a). Eurostat Environmental Data Centre on Waste.
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/waste/data/sectors/municipal_wa
ste (accessed on 24-11-2011).
Eurostat (2011b). Packaging waste. .http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?
dataset=env_waspac&lang=en (accessed on 24-11-2011).
PRO-Europe (2010). Producer Responsibility In Action. PRO Europe, Brussels, Belgium.
PRO-Europe (2011). Participation Costs Overview 2011.PRO Europe, Brussels, Belgium.
REPAB (2010). Establishment of Waste Network for Sustainable Solid Waste
Management Planning and Promotion of Integrated Decision Tools in the Balkan
Region (Balkwaste) – Action 2: Assessment of Waste Management Status in Balkan
Countries Romania. Prepared by the REPAB – Regional Environmental Protection
Agency of Bacau for Life Program, Bacau, Romania.
RASWM (2012). Romanian Association of Solid Waste Management.
http://www.salubritatea.ro/indexen.php (accessed on 18-01-2012).
RMEWM (2004a). National Waste Management Plan. Romanian Ministry of Environment
and Water Management, Bucharest.
RMEWM (2004b). National Waste Management Strategy. Romanian Ministry of
Environment and Water Management, Bucharest.
RMESD (2007). Terms of Reference Technical Assistance for the Pipeline of Projects
Preparation. Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, Bucharest.
Târńiu V. (2011). Selective collection of municipal waste in romania: characteristics and
challenges. Management Research and Practice vol. 3 issue 3 (2011) pp. 53-62.
TWB (2011). Solid Waste Management in Bulgaria, Croatia, Poland, and Romania A
cross-country analysis of sector challenges towards EU harmonization. The World
Bank, Washington, US.
UN (2011). National Information – Romania. United Nations, Department of Economic and
Social Affairs, Division for Sustainable Development. Available at
http://www.un.org/esa/agenda21/natlinfo/countr/romania/romaniaSanitation04f.pdf.
Task 3 – Financial Flows
References
36
Websites
Ministry of Environment and Forests http://www.mmediu.ro/
The National Environmental Protection Agency http://www.anpm.ro/
National Authority for Regulating the Community Services and Public Utilities
http://www.anrsc.ro
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