EIA & EMP for The Proposed 2 X 800 MW Udangudi Super Critical Thermal Power Project ( A CDM Project ) of TANGEDCO
Bhagavati Ana Lab Ltd, Hyderabad i
Contents
Chapter 1 : introduction ......................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Preamble ............................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Profile of the Project Proponent ............................................................................. 2
1.3 POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA & TAMIL NADU .................................................... 2
1.3.1 National ................................................................................................................ 2
1.3.2 State ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 LOCATION OF THE PROJECT SITE .................................................................... 4
1.5 SALIENT FEATURES OF STUDY AREA .............................................................. 4
1.6 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE LOCATION OF THE PROJECT ................................. 6
1.7 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SCHEDULE .................................................... 7
Chapter 2 Project Description ......................................................................................... 9
2.1 PLANT LAYOUT .................................................................................................... 9
2.2 TECHNICAL DETAILS OF THE PROJECT ......................................................... 10
2.3 TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE PATTERN OF SITE ....................................... 11
2.4 PROCESS DESCRIPTION .................................................................................. 11
2.4.1 Selection of Technology ................................................................................... 11
2.5 UTILITIES ............................................................................................................ 14
2.5.1 Cooling water System ....................................................................................... 14
2.5.2 Coal Handling System ....................................................................................... 14
2.5.3 Ash Handling System ........................................................................................ 15
2.5.4 Fuel Oil System .................................................................................................. 17
2.5.5 Compressed Air System ................................................................................... 17
2.5.6 Fire Fighting System ......................................................................................... 17
2.5.7 Other plant Auxiliaries ...................................................................................... 17
2.6 BASIC REQUIREMENT FOR THE PROPOSED PROJECT ................................ 18
2.6.1 Fuel ..................................................................................................................... 18
2.6.2 Water Requirement and System ....................................................................... 19
2.6.3 Land Requirement ............................................................................................. 20
Chapter 3 : Description of the Environment ......................................................................... 21
3.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................... 21
3.1.1 Meteorology ....................................................................................................... 21
3.1.2 Ambient Air Quality ........................................................................................... 23
3.2 NOISE ENVIRONMENT ...................................................................................... 25
3.3 WATER ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................... 28
3.3.1 Water Resources ............................................................................................... 28
3.3.2 Water Quality ..................................................................................................... 28
EIA & EMP for The Proposed 2 X 800 MW Udangudi Super Critical Thermal Power Project ( A CDM Project) of TANGEDCO
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3.4 LAND ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................ 32
3.4.1 Soil Quality ......................................................................................................... 32
3.4.2 Land Use Pattern ............................................................................................... 34
3.5 ECOLOGY ........................................................................................................... 35
3.5.1 Terrestrial Ecology ............................................................................................ 35
3.5.2 Marine Ecology .................................................................................................. 38
3.6 SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ................................................................. 42
3.6.1 Demographic Aspects ....................................................................................... 44
3.6.2 Employment Pattern .......................................................................................... 44
Chapter 4 : Anticipated Environmental Impacts & Mitigation Measures ............................... 46
4.1 Identification of Impacts ....................................................................................... 46
4.2 IMPACT DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE...................................................... 46
4.2.1 Impact on Air Quality ......................................................................................... 46
4.2.2 Noise Environnent ............................................................................................. 47
4.2.3 Impact on Water Quality .................................................................................... 47
4.2.4 Impact on Land Environment ........................................................................... 48
4.2.5 Impact on Terrestrial Ecology........................................................................... 49
4.2.6 Impact on Solid Waste Generation ................................................................... 50
4.2.7 Impact on Socio-economic Environment ......................................................... 50
4.2.8 Storage of Hazardous Material ......................................................................... 51
4.2.7 Facilities to be provided by the Labour Contractor ........................................ 51
4.3 IMPACTS DURING OPERATION PHASE ........................................................... 52
4.3.1 Impact on Air Quality ......................................................................................... 52
4.3.2 Impact on Noise Levels ..................................................................................... 56
4.3.3 Impact on Water Quality .................................................................................... 59
4.3.4 Impact of Solid Waste ....................................................................................... 62
4.3.5 Impact on Ecology ............................................................................................. 63
4.3.6 Impact on Socio-economic Environment ......................................................... 64
4.3.7 Impact on Health ................................................................................................ 64
4.4 Summary of the Impact ........................................................................................ 65
Chapter 5 : Environmental Monitoring AND FISCAL ESTIMATE ......................................... 67
5.1 Post Project Environmental Monitoring ................................................................ 67
5.3 Environmental Laboratory Equipment .................................................................. 69
5.4 Environmental Management Cell ......................................................................... 70
5.5 Budgetary Provision for Environmental Management Plan .................................. 71
Chapter 6 : Risk Assessment & Mitigation Measures .......................................................... 72
6.1 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................ 72
EIA & EMP for The Proposed 2 X 800 MW Udangudi Super Critical Thermal Power Project ( A CDM Project) of TANGEDCO
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6.2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ANALYSIS ............................................. 73
6.2.1 Fire and Explosion Index .................................................................................. 75
6.2.2 Consequence Analysis ..................................................................................... 77
6.2.3 Conclusions and Principal Recommendations ............................................... 78
6.2.4 Risk Mitigation Measures .................................................................................. 79
6.2.5 Emergency Planning ......................................................................................... 80
6.2.6 Manpower Details and Responsibilities of the Members of DMP ................... 83
6.2.2 Responsibilities Of Coordinators/Controllers ................................................. 89
6.2.8 Internal Resources ............................................................................................ 91
6.2.9 Audio Communication Channels [(ACC)(Alarms): .......................................... 91
6.2.10 Emergency Control Centre (ECC) ..................................................................... 92
6.2.11 Action Plan ......................................................................................................... 93
Chapter 7 : Project Benefits ................................................................................................ 95
Chapter 8 : Environmental Management Plan ..................................................................... 97
8.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE ................................................................................... 97
8.2 OPERATIONAL PHASE ...................................................................................... 99
8.2.1 Air Quality Management .................................................................................... 99
8.2.2 Noise Environment .......................................................................................... 100
8.2.3 Water Environment .......................................................................................... 102
8.2.4 Ash Utilization Plan ......................................................................................... 105
8.2.5 Greenbelt Development .................................................................................. 105
8.2.6 Socio Economic Measure ............................................................................... 109
8.2.7 Fire Fighting & Protection System ................................................................. 109
CHAPTER 9 : Clean Development Mechanism ................................................................. 110
9.1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 110
9.2 KYOTO PROTOCOL ......................................................................................... 110
9.3 OUTLINE OF THE PROJECT PROCESS ......................................................... 111
9.4 CALCULATION OF CO2 EMISSION ................................................................. 112
9.4 CALCULATION OF CO2 EMISSION ................................................................. 113
9.4.1 Types of Emission Factors ............................................................................. 113
9.4.2 Regional Grids ................................................................................................. 113
9.4.3 Baseline Data ................................................................................................... 114
9.4.4 Calculation Approach – Station Level ............................................................ 115
9.4.5 Emission Reduction Calculation (2x800 MW) ................................................ 115
Chapter 10 Summary and Conclusions ........................................................................ 117
CHAPTER 11 : Disclosure of Consultants Engaged .................................................... 123
EIA & EMP for The Proposed 2 X 800 MW Udangudi Super Critical Thermal Power Project ( A CDM Project) of TANGEDCO
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List Of Table
Table 1 : Salient Features of Project Site .............................................................................. 5
Table 2 : Environmental Attributes and Frequency of Monitoring (Summer 2008) ................. 7
Table 3 : Technical Details of the Proposed Power Plant .................................................... 10
Table 4 : Expected Range of the Coal Quality ..................................................................... 18
Table 5 : Breakup of the Land Requirement ........................................................................ 20
Table 6 : Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations ............................................................... 24
Table 7 : Ambient Air quality in the study area- µg/m3 ............ Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 8 : Noise Quality Monitoring Locations ...................................................................... 25
Table 9 : Noise Quality of the Study Area (dB(A) ................................................................ 27
Table 10 : Details of Water Sampling Locations .................................................................. 29
Table 11 : Ground Water Quality ......................................................................................... 29
Table 12 : Soil Sampling Locations ..................................................................................... 32
Table 13 : Physico-chemical Characteristics of the Soil ...................................................... 33
Table 14 : Fertility status of the Soil .................................................................................... 33
Table 15 : Land Use Pattern of the Study Area (as per Census 2001) ................................ 34
Table 16 : List of flora in the study area .............................................................................. 36
Table 17 : List of Avi Fauna observed during field study ..................................................... 37
Table 18 : Summary of Socio-economic Details .................................................................. 44
Table 19 : Employment Pattern of the Study Area ............................................................... 45
Table 20 : Details of Stack Emissions ................................................................................. 55
Table 21 : Post Project Scenario of GLC of SPM, SO2 and NOx ......................................... 56
Table 22 ; Sources of Wastewater and effluent treatment methods proposed ..................... 59
Table 23 : Consolidated Wastewater Generation and Mode of Disposal ............................. 60
Table 24 : Wastewater characteristics of different units of power plant ............................... 60
Table 25 : Characteristics Final Effluent Discharged ........................................................... 61
Table 26 : Details of Solid Waste Generation ...................................................................... 63
Table 27 : Monitoring Schedule for Environmental Parameters ........................................... 68
Table 28 : Cost provision for Environmental Mitigation Measures ....................................... 71
Table 29 : Quality of Effluent at Inlet and Outlet ................................................................ 102
Table 30 : Plant Species Suggested for Green Belt Development ..................................... 106
Table 31 : Year wise plantation program ........................................................................... 108
Table 32 : Geographical Scope Of The Five Regional Electricity Grids ............................. 114
Table 33 : Weighted Average of All Indian Regional Grids for FY 2007-08 in TCO2/Mwh .. 114
EIA & EMP for The Proposed 2 X 800 MW Udangudi Super Critical Thermal Power Project ( A CDM Project) of TANGEDCO
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LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1 : Location Map ..................................................... 4AError! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 2 : Study Area ......................................................... 4BError! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 3 : Lay Out Map ....................................................................................................... 9A
Figure 4 : Water Balance .................................................................................................. 19A
Figure 5 : Sampling Locations for Air, Noise, Water and Soil23A-DError! Bookmark not
defined.
Figure 6 : Wind rose diagram .............................................................................................. 23
Figure 7 : Landuse Pattern of the Study Area ................................................................... 34A
Figure 8 : CRZ Map demarcating, LTL, HTL and CRZ area .............................................. 34B
Figure 9 : Location of marine sampling station .................................................................... 40
Figure 10 : Predicted 24- Hourly Average GLCs of SPM (ug/m3) ...................................... 56A
Figure 11 : Predicted 24- Hourly Average GLCs of SO2 (ug/m3) ....................................... 56B
Figure 12 : Predicted 24- Hourly Average GLCs of NOx (ug/m3) 56C
Figure 13: Organizational Setup of Environmental Management ......................................... 71
Figure 14 :Schematic Diagram of Effluent Treatment Plant for Proposed Plant ................. 103
Figure 15 : Location of Intake of Sea Water and Hot Water Discharge Points ( Fig 8) ....... 34B
Figure 16 : Greenbelt Layout .......................................................................................... 108A
Figure 17 : Project Process ............................................................................................... 112
LIST OF ANNEXURE
Annexure ( A ) : Ambient Air Quality test results
Annexure ( B ) : Noise Level Monitored Data
Annexure ( C ) : Village wise demographic details of the study area as per Census 2001
Annexure ( D ) : Budget allocation on socio-economic development to the villagers
Annexure ( E ) : Ash Pond Details
Annexure ( F ) : Details of CRZ demarcation and its proceedings
Annexure ( G ) : Authenticated list of Flora & Fauna
Annexure ( H ) : Desalination Plant
Annexure ( I ) : Meteorological Data
Annexure ( J ) : Fly ash utilization plan
EIA & EMP for The Proposed 2 X 800 MW Udangudi Super Critical Thermal Power Project ( A CDM Project ) of TANGEDCO
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 PREAMBLE
Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation (A subsidiary of TNEB Ltd) is a state
Government utility undertaking power Generation, Distribution and operation and
maintenance of power plants. TANGEDCO has improved the economy of the state of
Tamil Nadu by extensive electrification of villages; large scale energization of agriculture
pump sets and extension of electricity services to the poor/backward and downtrodden
sections of the society, in addition to extension of supply to large number of industries has
been well recognized. Tamil Nadu state is the most preferred State for IT and
industrialization. Henceforth, the demand for power in the state is increasing fast due to
industrial growth, agriculture need as well as domestic consumption coupled with the
improved standard of living.
To meet the increasing demand for power supply in the sectors of agriculture, domestic,
industrial and commercial purposes in Tamil Nadu, TANGEDCO has proposed to install coal
based power plant of capacity 2 x 800 MW coal based Thermal Power station with
supercritical technology at Udangudi village, Thiruchendur taluk, Thoothukudi district of
Tamil Nadu.
For executing the project. EIA studies were conducted and EMP reports were prepared
.MoEF was approached for Environmental Clearance with the domestic coal (Mandakini B
coal block) and imported coal (Indonesia) in the ratio 30:70.
The Experts Appraisal Committee of EIA of Thermal and Coal Mine Projects discussed the
proposal in the meeting held on 01.05.2010 and recommended the project for Environmental
Clearance .However the MoEF, kept the proposal in abeyance and de-listed till the coal
linkage or environmental clearance for Mandakini B Block is obtained, vide MoEF
Reference: J-13012/19/2008-IA.II dt. 28.05.2010.
Subsequently various options for the fuels to be used and the feasibility of getting linkages
were explored and it has been decided to execute the project with 100% imported coal from
Indonesia. In this regard an MoU has been executed with MMTC for the supply of required
quantity of 4.5 MTPA of imported coal from Indonesia.
MoEF accorded Environmental clearance and CRZ clearance for establishing captive coal
jetty, including out fall and intake points for the cooling water system, coal conveyor system,
for the project vide MoEF Reference: F.No.11-48/2009--IA.III dt. 06.06.2011.
EIA & EMP for The Proposed 2 X 800 MW Udangudi Super Critical Thermal Power Project ( A CDM Project) of TANGEDCO
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1.2 PROFILE OF THE PROJECT PROPONENT
Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation ( TANGEDCO) a subsidiary of TNEB
Ltd. , is a state Government utility undertaking power Generation, Distribution and operation
and maintenance of power plants. The demand for power in Tamil Nadu is increasing due to
industrial growth, agricultural need as well as domestic consumption. Tamil Nadu Electricity
board (TNEB) is engaged in power Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Operation
and Maintenance of power plants. TNEB is formed under the Electricity Supply Act as a
successor to the erstwhile Electricity Department of the Government of Madras. Starting with
the modest installed capacity of 156 MW with annual gross generation plus purchase of
additional 630 Million units on the dawn of independence and now the capacity has reach to
10,122 MW as on March 2008.
1.3 POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA & TAMIL NADU
1.3.1 National
Electricity is one of the most vital infrastructure inputs for the economic development of a
country. After Independence, the Indian Electricity Sector has been consistently growing
both in terms of power generation and consumption. Soon after Independence, India‟s
installed power generation capacity was only 1300 MW, which has grown to 1,73,626 MW as
on March 2011 as follows:
Sector Hydro Thermal (MW) Nuclear Wind Total
(MW) Coal Gas Diesel Total (MW) (MW) (MW)
Total 37567 93918 17706 1200 112824 4780 18455 173626
Ref: CEA Executive Summary).
1.3.2 State
All the three sectors namely central, state and private contribute to the availability of power
in the southern region. The southern region consists of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala,
Tamil Nadu and Puducherry. The potential of hydro power has already been exploited to the
maximum extent but is affected due to the variation in weather condition. The expected
future demand of power for southern region is as follows:
EIA & EMP for The Proposed 2 X 800 MW Udangudi Super Critical Thermal Power Project ( A CDM Project) of TANGEDCO
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Description Years Southern Region
Peak Demand (MW)
2011-12 40,367
2016-17 60,433
2021-22 80,485
Energy Requirement (Million
Units)
2011-12 2,53,443
2016-17 3,80,068
2021-22 5,11,659
The Peak Load Demand in Tamil Nadu State from 2002 to 2012 is indicated below.
Peak Load Energy(MU)
Years Demand Achieved Deficit % Required Available Deficit %
2002-2003 7364 7123 3.3 46262 43476 -6.0
2003-2004 7455 7228 3. 45665 45042 -1.4
2004-2005 7647 7555 1.2 47872 47570 -0.6
2005-2006 9375 8297 11.5 54194 53853 -0.6
2006-2007 8860 8624 2.7 61499 60445 -1.7
2007-2008 10334 8690 15.9 65724 63898 -2.8
2008-09 9799 9211 6.0 69668 64208 -7.8
2009-10 11125 9813 11.8 76293 71568 -6.2
2010-11 11728 10436 11.0 80314 75101 -6.5
2011-12 12813 10566 17.5 85685 76705 -10.5
Source - Central Electricity Authority)
The expected future demand of power in Tamil Nadu state is as follows
Energy Power Year Tamil Nadu
Peak Demand (MW)
2011-12 14,224
2016-17 21,976
2021-22 29,815
Energy Requirement
(Million Units)
2011-12 87,222
2016-17 1,34,755
2021-22 1,82,825
In order to narrow down the gap between demand and supply, installation of
2 X 800 supercritical thermal power plant at Thoothukudi District by TANGEDCO is well
justified.
EIA & EMP for The Proposed 2 X 800 MW Udangudi Super Critical Thermal Power Project ( A CDM Project) of TANGEDCO
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1.4 LOCATION OF THE PROJECT SITE
The proposed project will be located at Udangudi village of Thoothukudi District, Southern
Tamil Nadu in 939 acres of land. The site is on the Western side of Bay of Bengal. Distance
between seafronts to site is 1.2 km and site is near to the existing State Highway -176. The
nearest railway station is at Thiruchendur which is about 12 km from the site. The nearest
airport is at Vaagaikulam, which is about 60 km from Udangudi site. The nearest sea port is
Thoothukudi port, which is about 45 km from the site.
“Topography of the proposed site is generally flat and the Natural Ground level (NGL) is
around +2.00 m AMSL. Certain land filling will be required for raising the ground level above
the high flood level. The finished ground level is fixed at +2.45 m AMSL. The site is naturally
sloped towards sea on the Eastern side of the proposed power plant. The location map is
shown in Figure 1.
1.5 SALIENT FEATURES OF STUDY AREA
The study area is 10 km radial distance surrounding the project site. The salient features in
and around the project are described in Table 1. The study area map is shown in Figure 2.
EIA & EMP for The Proposed 2 X 800 MW Udangudi Super Critical Thermal Power Project ( A CDM Project) of TANGEDCO
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Table 1 : Salient Features of Project Site
Nature of the Project 2X800 MW Udangudi Super Critical Thermal
Power Project (Coal Fired Power Plant)
Location of Project
Top sheet 58 L/3
Village Udangudi (Approx. 2.5 km west)
District & State Thoothukudi, Tamil Nadu
Latitude 08° 25‟17.557” to 08° 26‟45.87” N
Longitude 78° 03' 18.27” to 78° 04' 15.29” E
Elevation Above Mean Sea Level +2.00 m AMSL
General Climatic Conditions (Source : Climatological Table of IMD Thoothukudi, Based
on observation from 1955 to 1980)
Monthly Mean Temperature Maximum : 35.6°C, Minimum : 28.1°C
Monthly Mean Relative Humidity Maximum : 80%, Minimum : 52%
Total Annual Average Rainfall 625.8 mm
Predominant Wind Direction From West
Height of the IMD observatory station 4.0m AMSL
Accessibility
Road Connectivity State Highway (176), 0.5 km away
Rail Connectivity Thiruchendur Railway Station (12km NE from site)
Airport Vaagaikulam 60 Km from site
Sea Port Thoothukudi, 45km from site
Nearest river Karamaniyar (approx. 6 km south)
CRZ >700 m
Seismicity Seismic zone-II as per IS: 1893-2002 BIS, GOI.
Nearest Historical / Important Places
Archaeological/ Historically Important Site Nil
Nearest sea Bay of Bengal (1.2km, East)
Sanctuaries / National Parks Gulf of Mannar (Approx. 45kms NE)
Industries / Mines Nil
Nearest Forest Area Kudiraimoliteri R.F.
(About 8 km West from the project site)
EIA & EMP for The Proposed 2 X 800 MW Udangudi Super Critical Thermal Power Project ( A CDM Project) of TANGEDCO
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1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY
As per the New Notification 14th September, 2006 issued by Ministry of Environment and
Forests (MoEF), Government of India (GOI) in the vide notification number S.O. 1533(E),
issued under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Supercritical Thermal Power Plant
Project comes under item 1d, category „A‟ as per schedule given in notification.
The Terms of Reference (TOR) under above mentioned notification of MoEF, prescribed the
„Expert Appraisal Committee (Thermal Power and Coal Mine Projects) has considered the
project vide letter no. J-13012/19/2008-IA.II (T) dated 20.03.2008 based on the
consideration of documents submitted and presentation made by the project proponent, the
committee prescribed the ToR for the preparation of EIA report.
The EIA studies were conducted and EIA/EMP reports were prepared through M/s.
„Bhagavathi Ana Labs Ltd.‟, Hyderabad and approached MoEF for Environmental Clearance
with the domestic ( from Mandakini Coal Block ) and imported coal ( from Indonesia ) in the
ratio 30:70 .The Experts Appraisal Committee of EIA of Thermal and Coal Mine Projects
discussed the proposal in the meeting held on 01.05.2010 and recommended the project for
Environmental Clearance .However the MoEF, kept the proposal in abeyance and de-listed
till the coal linkage or environmental clearance for Mandakini Block is obtained, vide MoEF
Reference : J-13012/19/2008-IA.II dt. 28.05.2010.
Now TANGEDCO has decided to go for 100 % imported coal sourced from Indonesia and
has entrusted „Bhagavathi Ana Labs Ltd.‟, Hyderabad to carry out the revised EIA studies
due to the change of fuel from blended coal (70:30) to 100% imported coal and to provide
applicable and feasible EMP. For carrying out the Environmental Impact assessment studies
Bhagavathi Ana Labs Limited have undertaken one season field studies for April, May and
June 2012 for important environmental components viz., Air, Noise, Water, Land and Socio-
Economics in a 10 km radial zone surrounding the proposed Supercritical Thermal Power
Plant.
1.6 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE LOCATION OF THE PROJECT
Udangudi site is selected for the proposed 2x800MW supercritical thermal power project
based on the following criteria.
Availability of suitable and adequate land with no Resettlement & Rehabilitation
issue
EIA & EMP for The Proposed 2 X 800 MW Udangudi Super Critical Thermal Power Project ( A CDM Project) of TANGEDCO
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Topography and geological aspects.
Availability of Water and Proximity to proposed plant site
Availability of adequate draft for coal unloading
Feasibility of transportation of fuel from the jetty
Road and railway access
Proximity to the grid for evacuation of power
Acceptability from the environmental consideration
Availability of infrastructural facilities
Availability of the land with the Govt. of Tamil Nadu to the maximum extent so as to
reduce land acquisition issues.
Proposed project site distance is away from sea coast in compliance with coastal
zone regulations.
Probable location of the water front to reduce the distance of coal conveyor system
for transportation of coal from jetty to the site.
Minimal issues for Right of way for seawater pipeline and coal conveyor system.
The well developed infrastructural facilities proximity to the project site
1.7 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SCHEDULE
Field studies were conducted for a period of three months in summer (April to June) 2012 to
determine the baseline environmental attributes of the study area for the proposed thermal
power plant. The environmental attributes and frequency of monitoring for summer 2012 are
presented in Table 2.
Table 2 : Environmental Attributes and Frequency of Monitoring (summer 2012)
Sr. No. Attributes Parameters Frequency
1 Ambient Air
Quality
SPM, RPM, SO2, and NOx 24 hourly samples twice a week
for three months at 7 locations.
2 Meteorology Surface Wind speed and
direction, Temperature,
Relative humidity and
Rainfall
Surface Near Project site
continuous for 13-weeks with
hourly recording and data also
collected from secondary sources
like IMD station at Thoothukudi
Upper air data trends were
compiled from “Spatial Distribution
EIA & EMP for The Proposed 2 X 800 MW Udangudi Super Critical Thermal Power Project ( A CDM Project) of TANGEDCO
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Sr. No. Attributes Parameters Frequency
of Mixing Depths over Indian
Region” (CPCB Publication).
3 Water quality Physical, Chemical at 9
ground water & 3 surface
water locations.
Grab samples were collected once
during study period.
4 Ecology Existing terrestrial and
aquatic flora and fauna in
10-km radius circle.
Through field studies once during
EIA study.
5 Noise levels Noise levels in dB (A) at 7
locations.
At every location data monitored
once during EIA study.
6 Land use Trend of land use change
for different categories
Based on data collected from
secondary sources like primary
census abstracts of census of
India 2001
7 Socio-Economic
aspects
Socio-economic
characteristics: i.e.
demographic structures,
population dynamics,
infrastructures resources,
health status, economic
resources.
Based on data collected from
secondary sources like primary
census abstracts of census of
India 2001
8 Risk assessment
and Disaster
Management
Plan
Identify areas where
disaster can occur by fires
and explosions and release
of toxic substances
Risk assessment
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CHAPTER 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
2.1 PLANT LAYOUT
The power plant will make optimum use of land to minimize total life cycle cost. Site data like
Topography, Geotechnical Conditions, Predominant Wind Direction, Bathymetry Details,
Location of Coal Jetty, Seismicity of the area, etc. shall be considered to establish the
preferred plant layout. The following points shall be considered while preparing the layout of
the plant.
Location of sea water intake & discharge channel suggested by the EAC to minimize
recirculation allowance.
One number of bi-flue chimney (two nos. of flues) of 275m height.
Sufficient space in the turbine hall allowing the lay down of all turbine components
during overhauls.
Space for coal storage for twenty one days
Area for Ash disposal
Facility for dry ash disposal through PDFACS/ trucks
Space for fuel oil receiving, storage, handling, etc.
To facilitate movement of men and materials between the various facilities both
during initial construction and also during operation and maintenance phase.
Space for FGD system if required later.
Steel storage yard and pre-assembly yard required for storing and assembling of
plant equipments during construction phase and later this space will be converted
into green belt during the operation phase.
Power evacuation corridor for connection to grid
Approach road to power plant from the state Highway
Unit system concept will be adopted.
Sufficient green belt
A lay out map depicting different features of the proposed power plant is shown in Figure 3.
EIA & EMP for The Proposed 2 X 800 MW Udangudi Super Critical Thermal Power Project ( A CDM Project) of TANGEDCO
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2.2 TECHNICAL DETAILS OF THE PROJECT
The technical detail of the proposed power plant is presented in Table 3.
Table 3 : Technical Details of the Proposed Power Plant
Parameter Description
Capacity of the Project 2X800 MW, Total 1600 MW
As per previous EIA/EMP report (30:70 Blended coal)
As per Revised EIA/EMP report (100% imported coal )
Fuel Requirement Primary Fuel : Blended Coal Coal: 5.157 million TPA (694 TPH) Imported Coal 70% : 3.61 million TPA Indigenous Coal 30% : 1.547 million TPA
Imported Coal: 4.39 million TPA (590TPH)
Secondary Fuel (Start-up fuel) : LDO (Light Distillated Oil) : 500 m3/year HFO (Heavy Fuel Oil) : 24,000 m3/year
Source of Coal Imported Coal from Indonesia through MMTC Linkage for Indigenous coal from Mandakini „B‟ Coal Block is already allotted to TNEB
Imported Coal from Indonesia through MMTC (agreement signed with MMTC)
Transportation of Coal Through captive Jetty and from Jetty to plant by pipe conveyors
Calorific value of Coal 5340 Kcal/kg (Average value of blended coal)
6000 K cal/kg
Average ash content 17.2% in blended coal 8% in imported coal
Total Sulphur in coal (Air Dried Basis)
Imported Coal : 0.6% Indigenous Coal : 0.2% Blended Coal : 0.48%
0.6%
Water Requirement The estimated water consumption is 13,790 m3/hr (Including losses
& recovery)
Source Sea (Bay of Bengal)
Water transportation Through gravity pipeline using an intake well
Raw water treatment Water shall be treated in Clarifiers, filters and in Desalination plant.
Cooling water system Natural Draft Cooling Tower System
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2.3 TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE PATTERN OF SITE
The proposed site area is a barren land. Site elevation of the proposed project is about
+2.00 m AMSL. Some portion of the land will be filled, graded and compacted for getting the
required plant level of +2.45 m AMSL. For filling the ground it is proposed to utilize fly ash
and good soil from excavated earth.
2.4 PROCESS DESCRIPTION
The technologies available for large coal fired power plants are sub-critical and super-critical.
Super-critical condition occurs when the boiler pressure increases above the critical
pressure of 221.2 bar. Above this point, two phase mixtures of water and steam cease to
exist because latent heat is zero, and are replaced by single supercritical fluid. This
eliminates the need for water / steam separation in drums during operation, and allows a
simpler separator to be employed during start-up conditions. The entire Water passing
through the furnace water walls is converted into steam in single pass and hence called
„Once-through System‟.
Usually the Thermal Power Plant uses a dual (Vapour + Liquid) phase cycle. It is a closed
cycle to enable the working fluid (water) to be used again and again. As the selected unit
size is 800MW with supercritical technology, the most common steam turbine prevalent is a
single reheat, regenerative cycle configuration with eight uncontrolled extractions for
regenerative feed heating. The thermodynamic cycle consists of following system:
Main Steam, Cold Reheat and Hot Reheat Steam System
HP – LP By Pass System
Extraction Steam System
Auxiliary Steam System
Condensate System
Feed Water System
Heater Drain & Vents
2.4.1 Selection of Technology
The Supercritical Plant has increased cost associated with the boiler, steam turbine and
piping with comparison to Sub-Critical Plant. However these cost escalation will offset by
cost savings in balance of plant equipment such as coal handling, emissions control and
heat rejection, which results from the increased cycle efficiency.
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Supercritical once through boilers do not have a boiler blow down. This has a positive effect
on the water balance of the plant with less condensate needing to be fed in to water steam
cycle and less waste water to be disposed off.
Unit Size
The basic configuration of the plant comprises two units of Steam Generator and Steam
Turbine with a gross power output at the generator terminals of 800 MW each at 100%
Turbine Maximum Continuous Rating (TMCR). The steam turbine units shall be of
condensing type with single reheat and supercritical steam inlet parameters.
The Steam Generator shall be of Single pass (Tower type) or two pass type using either
spiral wall (inclined) or vertical plain / rifled type water wall tubing. The steam generator shall
be direct Pulverized coal fired, top supported, single reheat, radiant, dry bottom with
balanced draft and suitable for outdoor installations. The water wall of Steam Generator shall
be suitable for variable pressure operation from Sub critical to Super critical pressure range.
The Steam pressure of about 250 bar (a) may be adopted at turbine inlet. The higher main
steam / reheat temperature of 566°C/593°C will be adopted. The optimum final feed water
temperature will be about 290°C at BMRC condition.
The Steam Generators would be capable of maintaining main steam and hot reheat steam
temperatures of designed value between 60-100% MCR load or better. The Steam
Generator would be capable of operation with "the HP heaters out of service" condition and
deliver steam to meet Turbo-generator requirement at 100% MCR.
The capacity of Steam Generating units would ensure 4 to 5% margin over the steam
requirement of the Turbine at Valve Wide Open condition (VWO is 5% above TMCR) to
cater to the auxiliary steam requirement for soot blowing operation, fuel oil heating system
and normal derating of the Steam Generating unit after prolonged use.
The Steam Generators are coal fired with 100% imported coal will be used as the main fuel
for the proposed power plant. Imported coal from Indonesia will be used for the plant. Also
Heavy Fuel Oil firing (HFO) provision up to 30% Boiler Maximum Continuous Rating (BMCR)
for low load operation & flame stabilization and Light Distillate Oil (LDO) firing provision to a
minimum of 10% BMCR as secondary fuel and start-up fuel respectively.
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Either the tube (ball) mills or bowl mill may be considered. The mill size and numbers would
be such that with design coal, one mill remains standby while another mill is under
maintenance at BMCR. For double ended tube mills, however, one mill is to be kept as
standby under full load operation with design coal. Minimum 2 numbers of PA Fans each
with 60% of BMCR capacity will be provided.
Draft system of each unit comprises of two sets of ID fans and two sets of FD fans with each
set rated for 60% of BMCR capacity. Each unit comprises of two numbers of regenerative air
pre heaters each with electric motor drive, Air drive and manual cranking facility for
emergency. Each Air preheater will be designed for 60% of BMCR load. Each steam
generator unit will be provided with high efficiency Electro Static Precipitators (ESP). The
each coal fired unit consists of a supercritical boiler, a steam turbine with one HP, one IP
and two/three LP stages, horizontally split casing and a feed water heating train with eight
feed water pre-heaters with drain coolers.
The Steam Turbine would be standard multi-stage, 3000 rpm, tandem compound, single
reheat, regenerative, condensing, multi-cylinder unit with eight (8) uncontrolled extractions
for regenerative feed water heating. At Turbine valve wide open (VWO) condition the Turbo
generator set will be able to operate continuously at throttle steam flow of about 105% of
turbine MCR condition.
The feed water heating plant includes four low pressure heaters, de-aerator and three high
pressure heaters. With this configuration a final feed water temperature of about 290oC is
maintained. One or two low pressure feed water heaters will be located in the condenser
neck.
The condenser will be of multi-shell (i.e. two/three numbers of condenser will be there, one
number below each LP turbine), Single pass surface condenser capable of maintaining the
required vacuum while condensing maximum steam flow through LP turbine will be provided.
The divided water box arrangement will be such that it is possible to isolate one half of the
condenser from cooling water inlet and outlet sides.
2 x 50 % boiler feed pumps and booster pumps driven by drive turbine and 1 x 50% motor
driven boiler feed pump and booster pump are proposed. Condensate extraction pumps will
be of 3 x 50 % capacity motor driven units.
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When coal is fired in the boiler, ash will be liberated and about 80% of the ash is carried
along with the flue gas. To control this ash from atmospheric dispersion, pollution control
devises like „Electro Static Precipitator‟ (ESP) of 50 mg/Nm3 designed capacity as
recommended by EAC and a RCC structured chimney of 275m height will be installed.
2.5 UTILITIES
Following utilities shall be provided.
2.5.1 Cooling water System
Cooling Water Inlet Temperature : 33°C
Condenser Pressure : 0.1 atm pr.
Cooling Water Outfall Temperature (at receiving body) : 38°C
Condenser Cooling water requirement per unit : 1, 15,000 m3/hr
Natural draft cooling towers are proposed for the cooling water system and to meet out for
the makeup and losses nearly 13790 m3/hr.
Detailed Oceanographic studies have been carried out to decide the location of intake/outfall
for seawater system by NIO, Goa. Based on the report, open channel intake or underground
pipe with velocity cap shall be provided. Outlet brine from the plant shall be diluted with the
coolant water and will be disposed through a submarine conduit at a distance of 360 m form
shore line. .
2.5.2 Coal Handling System
In-plant coal handling system consists of conveying, screening I stacking I reclaiming
systems, and other auxiliary systems like weighing, coal sampling unit, fire protection
systems, dust extraction I suppression systems, ventilation system (tunnels I switchgear
rooms), magnetic separators, metal detectors etc. and upto feeding the coal bunkers of the
power plant. The Coal Handling System of the proposed plant would be designed
considering the following design criteria:
GCV of Imported Coal : 6000 kcal/kg
Maximum lump size of coal received : (-) 100mm
Size of crushed Coal : (-) 25mm
Mode of receipt of coal in plant : From ship by Belt / Pipe Conveyors
Coal transport to boiler bunker : By belt conveyors
Coal requirement of each 800MW : 295 tph
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Annual coal requirement : 4.39 million TPY (@ 85% PLF)
Coal Stock Yard Capacity : 21 days reqmt. (0.350 million Tonnes)
Stacker cum Reclaimers : 2 Nos.
Crushers & Screens : 100% stand by
Coal yard would have a water spray system for dust suppression
Screening and Crushing
Coal received by conveyors from the jetty at the port would be conveyed to coal crusher
house in the plant through belt/pipe conveyor. The capacity of these incoming conveyors is
proposed as 2000 Tph. Two streams of conveyors are proposed from the Jetty to Plant. Coal
will be screened and fed into the crusher. Coal would then be crushed in the crusher and
crushed coal would be sent to the stockpile / SG bunkers.
Stacking
When boiler bunkers are full, the crushed coal will be diverted to stockpile through yard
conveyor. Reversible stacker cum reclaimer will be utilized for stacking and reclaiming.
Storage capacity of stockpile will be about 21 days.
Reclaiming
The coal from stock pile will be reclaimed by reversible stacker cum reclaimer, to feed in to
belt conveyors which will be feeding in to bunkers.
Bunker Feeding System
The screened coal of (-) 25 mm size shall either be stored in the coal stockyard or fed into
coal bunkers through a series of conveyors and traveling trippers. Necessary in-line belt
weigh scale, metal detector, and coal sampling system will be provided in the conveyor
system before feeding into the bunkers.
2.5.3 Ash Handling System
The design of ash handling system is based on 100% imported coal. . The following data
has been considered for design of ash handling system:
Hourly coal firing rate at MCR condition per unit : 295 T (Maximum)
Ash content in coal considered (Designed) : 8%
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Maximum Ash collection at various hoppers for
- Bottom Ash hopper
- Economizer Ash hopper : 20% (Maximum)
- APH hopper
- Fly ash in ESP hopper : 80% (Maximum)
The water used for ash handling system will be drawn from Cooling Tower Blow down. The
ash handling system will consists of following major equipments:
Water impounded bottom ash hopper
Clinker grinder
Jet Pumps
Mechanical Exhausters / Vacuum Pump
Buffer Hopper with Bag Filter
Conveying Air Compressor
Fly Ash Transmitters
ESP / Buffer hopper fluidizing blowers
Silo Aeration Blowers
High Pressure Water Pumps
Low Pressure Water Pumps
Seal Water Pumps
Ash Slurry Pumps
High Concentration Slurry Disposal Pumps
Instrument Air
Fly Ash & Bottom Ash Piping and Valves
Disposal Piping‟s
Ash dyke
Recycling system and storage pond
Bottom Ash Removal System
Bottom Ash Removal System will consist of refractory lined W-shaped, water impounded,
bottom ash hopper located directly below the boiler. BA hopper will be provided with scraper
chain conveyor and clinker grinders to limit the size of clinkers. The crushed bottom ash from
each boiler will be conveyed to the bottom ash silo of MS construction. From there it is
unloaded into the trucks for utilization purpose. Economizer ash is also collected in the
bottom ash hopper.
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Fly Ash Handling System
The fly ash handling system shall be of vacuum-cum-pressure type. The fly ash collected in
the ESP hoppers, air pre-heater hoppers, and stack hopper shall be evacuated
pneumatically to ash silos having a total capacity of one day ash generation.
Fly ash shall be disposed off in either dry mode or wet mode. Fly ash in dry condition shall
be discharged in closed trucks for utilization purposes in brick/cement industries. During
emergencies fly ash in wet form will be transferred to slurry sump through wetting unit/jet
pumps by High concentration slurry disposal (HCSD) from the plant to ash dyke.
2.5.4 Fuel Oil System
The Fuel oil system provides the facility for unloading, storage, supply and forwarding of
Heavy Fuel Oil and Light Diesel Oil common for all units. HFO and LDO will be transported
through Road. Fuel oil consumption for the proposed project shall be about 24000 kl/annum.
2.5.5 Compressed Air System
Compressed air would be required for instrumentation applications and service utilities.
Quality air would be required for instrumentation and control of the power plant equipments
including operation of various pneumatically operated valves, actuators etc. Service air
would be required for boiler utilities like HEA purging, APH auxiliary air motor, atomizing air
for LDO firing, etc as well as general service air for cleaning purposes.
2.5.6 Fire Fighting System
Fire fighting system will be designed in conformity with the recommendations of the Tariff
Advisory Committee of Insurance Association of India. Codes and Standards of National Fire
Protection Association (NFPA), USA shall be followed, as applicable.
2.5.7 Other plant Auxiliaries
The other plant auxiliaries such as Ventilation & Air condition system, Mill reject system,
Effluent treatment systems, Cranes & Hoists, Elevators, Workshop equipments, Chemical
laboratory etc., shall be designed to meet the plant requirement.
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2.6 BASIC REQUIREMENT FOR THE PROPOSED PROJECT
2.6.1 Fuel
Imported coal is considered as the primary fuel and Light Distillate Oil (LDO) / Heavy Fuel
Oil (HFO) will be used as secondary (start up) fuel for the proposed plant. The annual
consumption of imported coal with GCV of 6000 kCal/kg for the proposed power plant is
estimated as 4.39 million tonnes from Indonesia through MMTC Ltd.
The steam generator will be designed primarily for coal firing. Fuel oil would be used for
start-up and flame stabilization at low loads is 24000 KL/A. The annual requirement of
secondary fuel Light Distilled Oil (LDO) and Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) used for cold start up with
initial warm up is estimated to be around 500 m3 and 24,000 m3 per annum
Source of coal and mode of transport
Due to availability of sea front close to the project site, construction of a new captive coal
jetty for receiving coal for the proposed Power Plant at Udangudi is considered.
Coal from International market will be procured from Indonesia through MMTC. .An MOU
has been signed with MMTC. . With the dedicated jetty proposed at port to unload coal,
100% imported coal has been considered for operation of the power project.
The imported coal will be transported through sea route upto Udangudi captive coal jetty and
from coal jetty the coal will be transported to the site by pipe conveyor.
The characteristics of the imported coal is presented in Table 4.
Table 4 : Expected Range of the Coal Quality
Sr. No Proximate Analysis Imported Coal (%)
1 Total Moisture (ARB) 7 – 23
2 Inherent Moisture (ADB) 4 – 14
3 Volatile Matter (ADB) 25 - 42
4 Ash (ADB) % 8
5 Sulphur (ADB) % 0.6
6 GCV (ADB) Kcal/Kg 6000
7 Size of Coal 0 – 50
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2.6.2 Water Requirement and System
The total water requirement for the proposed Plant would be around 13790 m3/hr
(Desalination plant feed water 1560 m3/hr and Cooling Tower Make-up 12230 m3/hr) or
330960 m3/ day (Desalination plant feed water 37440 m3/day and Cooling Tower Make-up
293520 m3/ day). The water source would be seawater to meet the plant water requirement
due to non-availability of sweet water. The quantity of water necessary for meeting
requirement of DM plant, auxiliary cooling circuit make-up, chilling plant make-up, ventilation
system, service water, drinking water requirements of plant etc., are proposed to be met by
the Desalination plant. It is proposed to draw water from the sea, through seawater intake
system. Sea water intake pump house is proposed to be located inside the plant area. Water
will be drawn in to the intake sump by gravity through pipeline using an intake well. From the
intake sump, water will be pumped to meet the plant water requirements such as
desalination plant and the CW pump sump for make-up.
The desalination plant will be sized to meet the internal requirement of fresh water for power
plant. The desalination plant capacity is 12 MLD (500 m3/hr), The desalination plant will
consist of pre-treatment, Chemical dosing system, Pre and Post Chlorination system, RO
system (3 x 4 MLD Streams), Post Treatment System. The details of desalination plant is
given in Annexure ( H ) of this EIA/EMP report. The water required for construction
purposes to the quantity of about 15 Lakhs Liters per day is arranged from the TWAD Board
/ GoTN sources.
The following arrangement shall be adopted for the cooling water system and sea water
intake:
Closed cooling water system, using sea water as the make-up
Pump house drawing water from sea using intake well and gravity pipe method
The water balance for the proposed project is shown in Figure 4.
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2.6.3 Land Requirement
939 acres of land has been identified for implementation of the proposed 2x800 MW
Supercritical Thermal Power Plant. The break-up of the land requirement is presented in
Table 5.
Table 5 : Breakup of the Land Requirement
S. No. Purpose Area in Acres
1 Main Plant 70
2 Coal Yard 65
3 Cooling Water System 40
4 400 kV Switch Yard 67
5 Building, Lay down area, Construction
area, Road and Miscellaneous 98
6 Ash Dyke 120
7 Corridor – Coal, Seawater intake & Outfall 90
8 Green Belt 389
Total 939
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Chapter 3: Description of the Environment
Baseline environmental status in and around proposed project depicts the existing
environmental conditions of air, noise, water, soil, biological and socio-economic
environment. A radial distance of 10 Km from the center of the proposed site is considered
as „study area‟ for baseline data collection and environmental monitoring. Baseline data was
collected during April, May, and June 2012 for various environmental attributes so as to
compute the impacts that are likely to arise due to proposed developmental activity.
Due care was taken in establishing the monitoring station to ensure free flow of winds
without any obstructions. The study area is a part of Eastern Coast of southern part of India.
Half (Eastern Part) of the study area is covered with Bay of Bengal. Karamaniyar river is the
only inland surface water body found in the southern part of study area. The sampling
locations for air, noise, water and soil have been show in Figure 5.
3.1 AIR ENVIRONMENT
3.1.1 Meteorology
The meteorological data recorded during the monitoring period is very useful for proper
interpretation of the baseline information as well as for air quality model prediction models.
Historical data on meteorological parameters will also play an important role in identifying the
general meteorological regime of the region. As per IMD Thoothukudi the year is broadly
divided into four seasons:
Winter January, February, March
Pre-monsoon April, May, June
Monsoon July, August, September
Post monsoon October, November, December
Climatic Conditions
The study area is a part of hot tropical climate. The south-west monsoon season which
follow last till September. The period from October to December is the northeast monsoon
season with associated rain confined to the first half of the season, the second half being
one of generally good weather.
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Temperature
May is the hottest month in the study area. The weather is hot in May and June and
maximum temperature sometime goes above 41ºC. The afternoon sea breezes also bring
some relief in the coastal area. November to January is the coolest part of the year. Based
on hourly micro-meteorological site specific monitoring data observed during study period,
temperature ranges between 20ºC and 37ºC.
Rainfall
In the study area rainy season extend from October to December, about 70% of annual
rainfall received during this period. As per IMD, Thoothukudi observatory data of 30 years
between 1955 and 1988, total annual mean rainfall is 625.8mm. Based on micro-
meteorological site specific monitoring data observed during study period, total rainfall is
22mm.
Relative Humidity
The most humid month is November and December. Based on hourly micro-meteorological
site specific monitoring data observed during study period, the relative humidity ranged
between 20% and 97%.
Cloud Cover
During pre-monsoon and the post-monsoon evenings the skies are either clear or lightly
clouded. But in post-monsoon season heavy clouds are commonly observed in morning,
whereas in the evening time the sky is light to moderately cloudy throughout the year. During
summer the sky becomes overcast in the afternoons followed by thunderstorm.
Wind Pattern
Based on hourly micro-meteorological site specific monitoring data observed during study
period, a wind rose diagram on sixteen-sector basis (N, NNE, NE, ENE, E, ESE, SE, SSE,
SSW, WSW, W, WNW, NW, and NNW) have been drawn for 24 hours and are presented in
Figure 6. The wind rose diagram indicates predominant wind directions are from ESE.
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Figure 6 : Wind rose diagram (April, May and June 2012)
3.1.2 Ambient Air Quality
The baseline ambient air quality has been assessed through a scientifically designed
ambient air quality network. The design of monitoring network in the air quality surveillance
program is based on the following considerations:
Meteorological conditions
Topography of the study area.
Representative regional background levels.
Plant site.
Influence of the existing air pollution sources (if any)
The monitoring has been performed during the April, May, and June 2012. The sampling
locations are presented in Table 6 and the same is shown in Figure 5A,5B,5C,and 5D.
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Table 6 : Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations
Location
Code Location Name
Distance (kms)
from Plant
Direction
w.r.t. Plant
A1 Plant stie 0.0 --
A2 Somanadapuram 2.8 N
A3 Vadakkur 0.8 S
A4 Udangudi 2.3 N
A5 Kulasekarapattinam 2.0 S
A6 Kollamozhi 1.8 NE
A7 Manpad 4.6 S
A8 Paramankurichi 5.7 NNW
The levels of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Respirable Particulate Matter (PM10 &
PM2.5), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX) representing the criteria
pollutants were monitored for assessing the baseline quality status. Suspended particulate
matter (SPM) was collected as 24 hourly average by drawing air at the rate of 1.0 -1.5
m3/min through glass fibres filter paper and analyzed by gravimetric method. The respirable
particulate matter (RPM) was separated through cyclone and measured by gravimetric
method similar to SPM. SO2 and NOX were analyzed by colorimetric method. The ambient
air quality of the study area is presented in Table 7.
Table 7 : Ambient Air Quality in the Study Area
Air Quality Station Code Particulars SPM
g/m3
PM10
g/m3
PM2.5
g/m3
SO2
g/m3
NOx
g/m3
CO
mg/m3
Hg
ng/m3
O3
g/m3
Plant site A1 Minimum 121 55.7 14.5 12.8 13.9 1.4 NT 23.0
Maximum 142 67.6 17.6 15.2 18.3 1.9 NT 29.0
Somanadapuram A2 Minimum 123 56.6 14.7 13.0 14.1 1.2 NT 21.0
Maximum 158 69.2 18.0 15.5 18.5 2.0 NT 27.0
Vadakkur A3 Minimum 124 57.0 14.8 13.1 14.2 1.4 NT 22.0
Maximum 157 69.5 18.1 15.6 18.6 1.7 NT 27.1
Udangudi A4 Minimum 101 45.4 12.2 10.6 11.9 1.2 NT 20.0
Maximum 110 52.4 15.7 12.0 14.4 1.4 NT 23.6
Kulasekarapattinam A5 Minimum 103 46.3 12.4 10.8 11.9 1.3 NT 21.0
Maximum 113 52.8 15.9 12.1 14.5 1.5 NT 24.7
Kollamozhi A6 Minimum 103 46.3 12.6 11.0 12.0 1.3 NT 22.0
Maximum 112 53.3 16.0 12.2 14.6 1.4 NT 26.1
Manpad A7 Minimum 125 57.5 15.4 13.0 14.2 2.1 NT 25.0
Maximum 141 65.7 19.7 14.6 17.6 2.2 NT 29.1
Paramankurichi A8 Minimum 100 46.0 12.2 10.7 11.6 1.3 NT 22.0
Maximum 111 52.4 15.7 12.0 14.4 1.6 NT 26.1
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*NT: Not Traceable
Observations
The minimum level of SPM recorded in the study area was 101µg/m3 at Udangudi and the
maximum level recorded was 158 µg/m3 at Somanadapuram. The minimum level of PM10
recorded in the study area was 45.2 µg/m3 at Udangudi and the maximum level recorded
was 69.2 µg/m3 at Somanadapuram. The minimum levels of PM2.5 recorded in the study
area was 12.27 µg/m3 at Udangudi & Paramankurichi and the maximum levels were recored
19.77µg/m3 at Manapad. The minimum level of SO2 recorded in the study area was 10.7
µg/m3 at Paramankurichi and the maximum level recorded was 15.6 µg/m3 at Vadakkur. The
minimum level of NOx recorded in the study area was 11.6 µg/m3 at Paramankurichi and the
maximum level recorded was 18.6 µg/m3 at Vadakkur. CO values in the study area were
found in the range of 1.2 – 2.2 mg/m3 at all locations. HC values were found less than 1.0
ppm. The all the results were found to be below the stipulated standards. The details of
Ambient Air Quality test results are given in Annexure ( A )
3.2 Noise Environment
The Environment / health impacts of noise can vary from noise induced hearing loss (NIHL)
to annoyance depending on loudness of noise levels and tolerance levels of individual. The
baseline data was collected by selecting 7 noise monitoring locations in the study area. The
noise quality monitoring locations are presented in Table 8.
Table 8 : Noise Quality Monitoring Locations
Location
Code Location Name
Distance (kms)
w.r.t. Proposed Plant
Direction w.r.t.
Proposed Plant
N1 Plant stie 0.0 --
N2 Somanadapuram 2.8 N
N3 Vadakkur 0.8 S
N4 Udangudi 2.3 N
N5 Kulasekarapattinam 2.0 S
N6 Kollamozhi 1.8 NE
N7 Manpad 4.6 S
N8 Paramankurichi 5.7 NNW
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Noise Levels
The day noise levels have been monitored during 6 AM to 9 PM and the night levels during 9
PM to 6 AM. The high values of noise observed in many of the rural and semi urban areas
are primarily owing to vehicular traffic and other anthropogenic activities. The Noise levels
are presented in Table 9.
Observation
The minimum noise level 40.0 dB(A) was recorded at Kayamozi while the maximum noise
level 56.4 dB(A) was recorded at Manapadu. The day equivalent values were found to be
ranging between 49.7 dB (A) to 54.2 dB (A). The night equivalent noise levels were found to
be ranging between 40.1 dB(A) to 42.8 dB(A). The values observed were below the
standards for noise level .
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Table 9 : Noise Quality of the Study Area (dB(A) ( 2012 )
Time N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8
6:00 41.30 41.20 40.90 40.10 40.50 40.40 40.70 44.10
7:00 40.60 40.90 41.10 41.40 41.70 41.90 42.40 45.80
8:00 41.90 42.50 40.90 42.70 43.30 42.90 43.10 46.50
9:00 45.50 45.60 44.30 44.40 44.50 44.60 44.80 48.20
10:00 47.90 47.50 46.70 47.50 47.10 46.30 46.70 50.10
11:00 50.50 50.70 49.30 49.50 49.70 49.90 50.30 50.70
12:00 50.90 50.50 49.70 50.10 49.70 49.70 49.30 52.30
13:00 51.10 50.50 49.90 50.50 49.90 49.30 49.30 51.60
14:00 50.50 50.90 49.30 50.90 51.30 49.70 51.70 49.80
15:00 49.30 49.70 48.10 48.50 48.90 49.30 50.10 48.60
16:00 50.20 54.80 52.20 52.20 52.40 52.40 51.80 51.60
17:00 51.10 56.40 52.20 52.70 49.50 49.80 50.30 50.50
18:00 51.70 52.40 50.50 51.90 51.20 51.20 51.90 48.60
19:00 47.50 47.10 46.30 46.70 46.30 46.30 45.90 49.30
20:00 43.30 43.60 42.10 42.40 42.70 43.00 43.60 47.00
21:00 43.10 43.20 41.90 42.00 42.10 42.20 42.40 45.80
22:00 42.80 43.40 41.60 42.20 42.80 43.40 44.60 44.00
23:00 42.60 42.40 41.40 42.40 42.20 41.20 42.00 42.50
0:00 42.30 42.80 41.10 43.30 43.80 43.80 44.30 40.50
1:00 42.10 41.80 40.90 41.80 41.50 40.60 41.20 42.60
2:00 42.00 41.50 40.80 41.00 40.50 40.50 40.00 42.60
3:00 42.20 41.60 41.00 42.00 41.40 40.80 41.20 42.70
4:00 42.00 42.60 40.80 43.20 43.80 43.80 44.40 44.50
5:00 42.10 42.50 40.90 42.90 43.30 43.30 43.70 44.20
Min 40.6 40.9 40.8 40.1 40.5 40.4 40.0 40.5
Max 51.7 56.4 52.2 52.7 52.4 52.4 51.9 52.3
Ld 49.7 54.2 50.3 50.6 50.2 50.2 50.1 50.2
Ln 41.2 41.4 40.1 41.8 42.3 42.3 42.8 43.0
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3.3 WATER ENVIRONMENT
3.3.1 WATER RESOURCES
Surface Water
Study area is part of Eastern coastal region, about 50% of the area is under Bay of Bengal
towards east of the study area. Karamaniyar River is the only source of surface water
(sweet) located towards southern sector of the study area. An elongated lagoon is present in
Kulasekarapattinam, which separate marine water by barriers of sand.
The proposed power plant area is a low laying and appears to be uneven area. Keeping in
view regarding land profile of the project area a flood protection & area drainage studies for
Udangudi Thermal Power Plant has been carried out by Anna University . As per this study
entire water shed of the study area is divided into 8 sub watersheds for runoff estimation and
routing. The peak discharge of the project site works out to 12.36m3/sec and the safe grade
elevation is fixed at 2.45m AMSL throughout the project site.
Ground Water
The important aquifers in the study area are constituted by (i) Fissured, fractured and
weathered crystalline rocks and (ii) porous formations comprising recent alluvial deposits
and Tertiary sediments. Ground water occurs under phreatic to semi-confined conditions in
these aquifers. The ground water in hard rock patches of the study area, in general, is
potable and suitable for irrigation and industrial applications. However, ground water in the
shallow zone is brackish to brine, which is not suitable for irrigation and drinking purposes.
However, it is used in salt production and magnesium industries.
3.3.2 Water Quality
Hand pumps and small diameter open wells form the majority means of tapping the ground
water in the study area. Based on the water sources in the project area nine ground water
samples and four surface water samples were collected and subjected to detailed analysis.
The ground water samples were drawn from the hand pumps and open wells being used by
the villagers for their domestic needs. Surface water sampling was carried out from River
and Sea present in the study area. The details of the locations and distances from the study
area are presented in Table 10 and characteristics of these water samples are given in
Table 11.
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Table 10 : Details of Water Sampling Locations
Location
Code Location Name
Distance (kms)
w.r.t. Proposed
Plant
Direction
w.r.t. Proposed
Plant
Ground Water
GWQ1 Maravanvilly Drinking Water (D.W) 3.3 NNE
GWQ2 Maravanvily (B.W) 3.3 NNE
GWQ3 Udangudi (B.W) 2.1 SW
GWQ4 Kayamozhi (B.W) 1.6 NE
GWQ5 Vellalanvilai 4.3 NNW
GWQ6 Manapadu (Drinking water) 4.6 SSE
GWQ7 Kandaswamipuram 5.4 ENE
GWQ8 Kulshekharapattinam 2.1 South
Surface Water
SWQ9 Manapadu (Surface Water) 4.6 SSE
SWQ10 Kandaswamipuram 5.4 ENE
SWQ11 Sea Water 1.2 E
Table 11 : Ground Water Quality
S.No. Parameters Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4
I. Essential Characteristics
1. Colour (Hazen Units) <5 <5 10 <5
2. Odour Un-
objectionable
Un-
objectionable
Un-
objectionable
Un-
objectionable
3. Taste Agreeable Un-agreeable Un-agreeable Un-agreeable
4. Turbidity, NTU 3 2 3 2
5. pH 8.26 7.55 7.48 7.63
6. Total Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l 146 582 1783 1664
7. Iron as Fe, mg/l 0.08 0.16 0.13 0.26
8. Chlorides as Cl, mg/l 52 1395 2168 2665
9. Residual free, Chlorine, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil
II. Desirable Characteristics
1. Dissolved Solids, mg/l 253 3383 4485 5163
2. Calcium as Ca, mg/l 39 118 293 273
3. Magnesium as Mg, mg/l 13 73 256 239
4. Copper as Cu, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
5. Manganese as Mn, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
6. Sulphate as SO4, mg/l 16 165 272 243
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7. Nitrate as NO3, mg/l 1 7 95 16
8. Fluoride as F, mg/l 0.40 0.90 1.10 1.10
9. Phenolic Compounds as C6H5OH,
mg/l
BDL BDL BDL <0.001
10. Mercury as Hg, mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.01
11. Cadmium as Cd, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
12. Selenium as Se, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
13. Arsenic as As, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
14. Cyanide as CN, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil
15. Lead as Pb , mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
16. Zinc as Zn, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
17. Chromium as Cr6+, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
18. Mineral Oil, mg/l Absent Absent Absent Nil
19. Alkalinity , mg/l 101 523 344 313
20. Aluminium as Al, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
21. Boron as B, mg/l 0.05 0.16 0.15 0.20
22. Coliform/ 100ml Nil Nil Nil Nil
23. E-Coli/100ml Nil Nil Nil Nil
Table 11 contd….
S.No. Parameters Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4
I. Essential Characteristics
1. Colour (Hazen Units) <5 <5 <5 <5
2. Odour Un-
objectionable
Un-
objectionable
Un-
objectionable
Un-
objectionable
3. Taste Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Un-agreeable
4. Turbidity, NTU 2 3 2 3
5. pH 8.21 8.12 8.29 6.78
6. Total Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l 131 113 213 1106
7. Iron as Fe, mg/l 0.06 0.07 0.10 0.13
8. Chlorides as Cl, mg/l 23 58 58 2286
9. Residual free, Chlorine, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil
II. Desirable Characteristics
1. Dissolved Solids, mg/l 203 253 496 4835
2. Calcium as Ca, mg/l 39 28 52 203
3. Magnesium as Mg, mg/l 8.6 13 24 261
4. Copper as Cu, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
5. Manganese as Mn, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
6. Sulphate as SO4, mg/l 09 21 97 424
7. Nitrate as NO3, mg/l 03 06 04 89
8. Fluoride as F, mg/l 0.60 0.40 0.80 1.10
9. Phenolic Compounds as C6H5OH, mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
10. Mercury as Hg, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
11. Cadmium as Cd, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
12. Selenium as Se, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
13. Arsenic as As, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
14. Cyanide as CN, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil
15. Lead as Pb , mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
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16. Zinc as Zn, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
17. Chromium as Cr6+, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
18. Mineral Oil, mg/l Nil Nil Nil Nil
19. Alkalinity , mg/l 114 88 282 273
20. Aluminium as Al, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
21. Boron as B, mg/l 0.04 0.02 0.05 0.18
22. Coli form, MPN/100ml Nil Nil Nil Nil
Table 11 contd….
S.No. Parameters Sample 9 Sample 10 Sample 11
I. Essential Characteristics
1. Colour (Hazen Units) 12 11 10
2. Odour Un-objectionable Un-objectionable Un-objectionable
3. Taste Un-agreeable Agreeable Un-agreeable
4. Turbidity, NTU 55 3 6
5. pH 8.64 7.74 7.92
6. Total Hardness as CaCO3, mg/l 646 128 6416
7. Iron as Fe, mg/l 0.46 0.26 0.26
8. Chlorides as Cl, mg/l 1503 48 17414
9. Residual free, Chlorine, mg/l Nil Nil Nil
II. Desirable Characteristics
1. Dissolved Solids, mg/l 3354 263 33134
2. Calcium as Ca, mg/l 119 36 582
3. Magnesium as Mg, mg/l 148 9.9 1232
4. Copper as Cu, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
5. Manganese as Mn, mg/l 0.02 <0.01 0.02
6. Sulphate as SO4, mg/l 393 18 3232
7. Nitrate as NO3, mg/l 11 8 6
8. Fluoride as F, mg/l 1.30 0.60 1.60
9. Phenolic Compounds as C6H5OH, mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
10. Mercury as Hg, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.001
11. Cadmium as Cd, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
12. Selenium as Se, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
13. Arsenic as As, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
14. Cyanide as CN, mg/l Nil Nil Nil
15. Lead as Pb , mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
16. Zinc as Zn, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
17. Chromium as Cr6+, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
18. Mineral Oil, mg/l Nil Nil Absent
19. Alkalinity , mg/l 265 115 108
20. Aluminium as Al, mg/l <0.01 <0.01 0.02
21. Boron as B, mg/l 0.17 0.04 3.15
22. Coli form/ 100ml 280 276 352
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Observation on Water Quality
Total 11 water samples were collected, out of this 8 samples are from ground water sources
and three samples from surface water. The water samples were analyzed as per Standard
Methods for analysis of water and wastewater, American Public Health Association (APHA)
Publication. The results were compared with the guidelines given by Bureau of Indian
Standards, (BIS), and IS.10500 - 1991 as amended in 1993.
During the study period, the pH was observed between 6.78 to 8.29 in ground water
and pH ranged between 7.74 and 8.64 in surface water.
The Chloride levels in the ground water samples collected in the study area ranged
between 23 mg/l to a maximum of 2665 mg/l, whereas in surface waters it ranged
between 48 to 17414 mg/l. The higher chloride concentrations are due to the ingress
of water from sea.
The ground water samples showed the hardness from 113 mg/l to 1783 mg/l. In
surface waters the hardness levels are between 128 to 6416 mg/l.
In the ground water samples of study area the fluoride value were in the range of
0.34 mg/l to 1.1 mg/l. whereas in the surface waters the fluoride levels are between
0.6 to 1.6 mg/l.
3.4 Land Environment
3.4.1 Soil Quality
The details of the soil sampling locations are presented in Table 12. The physico-chemical
characteristics of the soil are presented in Table 13. The fertility status of the soil is
presented in Table 14.
Table 12 : Soil Sampling Locations
Sr. No. Location
Code Location Name
Distance (kms)
w.r.t. Plant
Direction
w.r.t. Plant
1 S1 Udangudi 2.5 SW
2 S2 Manapadu 6.5 SSE
3 S3 Maravanvilay 5 NE
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Table 13 : Physico-chemical Characteristics of the Soil
Sr.
No. PARAMETERS
Results
Sample-1 Sample-2 Sample-3
1. pH (1.2 Soil water extract) 7.30 7.56 7.48
2. E.C (S/cm) (1:2 Soil water extract) 116 144 99
3. Sodium as Na, ppm 94 106 88
4. Calcium as Ca, ppm 566 766 685
5. Magnesium as Mg, ppm 174 248 194
6. Chloride as Cl, ppm 25 32 16
7. Organic Carbon, % 0.20 0.23 0.16
8. Texture Loamy
Sand
Loamy
Sand
Loamy
Sand
A) Sand, % 87 85 88
B) Silt, % 5 6 5
C) Clay, % 8 9 7
Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, guidelines for pH and conductivity
pH
Acidic Normal to saline Tending to become alkaline Alkaline
Below 6.0 6.0-8.5 8.6-9.0 Above 9.0
Total Soluble salts (Conductivity in Millimhos/cm)
Normal Critical for
germination
Critical for growth of the sensitive
crops
Injurious to
most crops
Below 1.0 1.0-2.0 2.0-4.0 Above 4.0
Table 14 : Fertility status of the Soil
Sl.
No. Parameters
Results
Sample-1 Sample-2 Sample-3
1. Available Nitrogen, Kg/Hec 42 52 22
2. Available Phosphorous as P2O5, Kg/Hec 15 18 13
3. Available Potassium as K2O, Kg/Hec 162 192 133
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Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, guidelines for soil fertility
Nutrient Units Low Medium High
Organic Carbon (as measure of
available Nitrogen)
% Below 0.5 0.5 – 0.75 Above
0.75
Available Nitrogen (N) Kg/ha Below 280 280-560 Above 560
Available Phosphorus (P) Kg/ha Below 10 10-25 Above 25
Available Potassium (K) Kg/ha Below 110 110-280 Above 280
Observations on Soil Quality
The normal range of the soils in 6.0 to 8.5 is called as normal to saline soils. The pH values
in the study area are varying from 7.30 to 7.52 indicating that the soils are favorable for the
growth of the plant. The electrical conductivity in the study area is varying from 99 to
144 S/cm indicating that soils falling under Normal category. The fertility status of the soil in
respect of nitrogen ranged between 22 to 52 kg/ha indicating that it requires addition of
nitrates for proper growth. Phosphorus varies between from 13 to 18 kg/ha, whereas the
available potassium in the study area is 133 to 192 kg/ha. The organic carbon in the study
area is varying from 0.15 to 0.21 %,
3.4.2 Land Use Pattern
The study area can broadly classified under four types of land features i.e. Head land (Cliff),
Sea, Inter-tidal zone and land side. Land use pattern of the study area around the project
site is as per census 2001 and is presented in Table 15 and land use pattern of the study
area as per satellite imagery interpretation is shown in Figure 7.
Table 15 : Land Use Pattern of the Study Area (as per Census 2001)
Land use Area (Ha) %
Village Forest Area 491.00 1.49
Irrigated Area 4271.70 12.96
Unirrigated Area 3783.94 11.48
Culturable Waste 9941.23 30.16
Area Not Available for Cultivation 2561.13 7.77
Bay of Bengal (Water Bodies) 11917.00 36.14
Total 32966.58 100.00
An authenticated CRZ map demarcating LTL, HTL, CRZ area, location of the project and
associated facilities w.r.t. CRZ, coastal features, route of pipeline, conveyor system etc. is
shown in Figure 8. The map has been prepared by the Institution of Remote Senses, Anna
University, Chennai an authorize agency. The detailed CRZ demarcation and its proceeding
are given in Annexure ( F )
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3.5 ECOLOGY
3.5.1 Terrestrial Ecology
Methodologies for target species (particularly threatened) are also required to provide
specific information on distribution, abundance and habitat requirements in relation to the
entire study area. Study for flora and fauna has been carried out in the study area.
FLORA
The dominant plant in the study area is Prosopis juliflora, which is found commonly near the
nallas and village wastelands. Azardirachta indica is a common tree near the villages and on
the hedge of agricultural field. Vegetation of the study area can be broadly categorized under
inland and marine nature. The terrestrial vegetation of the study area can be broadly studied
under two major groups:
Scrub & Halophytic vegetation
Mangrove vegetation
It is observed that the vegetation of study area is influenced by marine habitat type. The
existing species are well adapted to high salt tolerance and have some mechanism to
conserve their body water. Due to intense interactions between land, sea and air,
productivity of natural system along the coastal area is very high. There is no national park
and wild life sanctuary within study area. There is Kudiraimoliteri reserve forest present
within the study area at about 8 km NW from the proposed project area.
Scrub & Halophytic Vegetation
This type of vegetation mainly confined towards western part of the study area. The species
are sparsely distributed. The observed common vegetations are Borassus flabelifer,
Prosopis spicigera, Coccos nucifera, salicornea brachiata, suaeda maritime, Artiplex repens,
Aeluropus lagopoides, etc. Common grass species of the study area are Cynodon
dactylon,Chrysopogon fulvus, Heteropogon contortus, etc.
Mangrove Vegetation
Mangrove scrubs are the salt water vegetation of tropical and subtropical intertidal regions of
the world. Mangroves of this area are of fringing type confined to intertidal zones between
mean tidal and high tide level. These mangrove vegetation are located near mouth of river
and sea water. The most dominating species of this mangrove vegetation Avicennia marina,
Karod (Rhizophora mukronata), etc. Their height varies from 0.3 to 3.0 m. Besides
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Excoecaria agallocha and Thespesia populnea are also observed in some of the patches.
Following is the list of mangroves species in the intertidal zones:
Avicennia officinalis
Suaeda maretima
Suaeda monoica
Salichornia brachiata
Suadaea maritime of Chenopodiaceae family was found to be the most common species
found at all locations with grasses having a higher frequency of occurrence at all the
locations. Prosopis specigera of Mimosoideae family having a proliferic growth and is
relatively dominant near proposed site. The list of flora in different ecosystem is presented in
Table 16 and authenticated list is given in Annexure ( G-1 )
Table 16 : List of flora in the study area
Tree Family
Albizia lebbeck Mimosaceae
Prosopis juliflora Fabaceae
Azadirachta indica Meliaceae
Ficus amplissima Moraceae
Aeschynemone indica Fabaceae
Bergia sp. Elatinaceae
Calamus rotang Arecaeae
Cyperus iria Cyperaceae
Eichhornia crassipes Pontederiaceae
Impatiens sp. Balsaminaceae
Borassus flabellifer Arecaceae
Prosopis spicigera Fabaceae
Coccos nucifera Arecaceae (Palm family)
Suaeda maritime Chenopodiaceae
Artiplex repens Chenopodiaceae
Aeluropus lagopoides Poaceae
Ficus benghalensis Moraceae
Ficus religiosa Moraceae
Thespesia populnea Malvaceae
Netpunia oleracea Fabaceae
Nymphaea sp. Nymphacaceae
Panicum paludosum Poaceae
Schoenoplectus articolatus Cyperaceae
Sphearanthus Asteraceae
Scrub
Abrus prcatorus Fabaceae
Alloteropsis cimicina Poaceae
Asparagus racemosus Asparagaceae
Atriplex repens Chenopodiaceae
Cressa cretica Convolvulaceae
Dactyloctenium aegyptium Liliopsida
Digitaria bicormis Poaceae
Enicostema axillare Gentianaceae
Fluggea leucopyrus Apoidea
Hemidesmus indicus Apocynaceae
Jasminum sessiliforum Oleaceae
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Melanocenchris monoica Poaceae
Mukia maderaspatana Cucurbitaceae
Ochan obtusata Ochnaceae
Opuntia dilenii Cactaceae
Opuntia variegate Cactaceae
Phoenix sylvestris Arecaceae
Plumbago zeylanica Plumbaginaceae
Prosopis juliflora Fabaceae
Rauvolfia tetraphylla Apocynaceae
Salvadora persica Salvadoraceae
Salvadora variegate Salvadoraceae
Sporobolus coromandelianus Poaceae
Wightania somnifera Solanaceae
Grass
Cynodon dactylon Poaceae
Chrysopogon fulvus Poaceae
Heteropogon contortus Poaceae
Mangroves
Avicennia officinalis Acanthaceae
Suaeda maretime Chenopodiaceae
Suaeda monoica Chenopodiaceae
Salichornia brachiata Amaranthaceae
Avicennia marina Acanthaceae
Rhizophor mukronata Rhizophoraceae
The agricultural crops grown in the study area are as follows:
Cholam Paddy
Coconut Sugarcane
Cotton Ground nut
Citrus Pulses
Banana Sapota
Pomegranate Papaya
Mango Guava and vine yards
The revenue generating plants of the study area are as follows:
Borassus flabellifer Handicraft and brush making
Agave sp. Making ropes and bags
Acacia nilotica and Acacia sp. Timber
Bombax malabaricum Plywood and match box
Tamarindius indica Yield of ripe tamarind
Fauna
The commonly found fauna in the study area are heron, crabs, cobra, hare, rat, fruit bats,
etc. The study area has good avian diversity due to sufficient food availability in the form of
crustaceans and small fish. The list of the avifauna observed during the field studies are
presented in Table 17 and authenticated list is given in Annexure ( G-2)
Table 17 : List of Avi Fauna observed during field study
Scientific Names Common Names
Aves
Himantopus himantopus Black winged Stilts
Actitis hypopleucos Sandpiper
Larus brumnnicephalus Brown headed Gull
Haliaeetus leucogastar White-bellied Fishing Eagle
Corvus splendens House Crow
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Adreyola grayii Paddy Bird/Pond Heron
Phalacrocorax pygmeus Little Cormorant
Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant
Mycteria leucocephala Painted Storks
Hirundo smithii Wire-tailed Swallows
Recurvirostra avosetta Avocets
Charadrius hiaticula Common Ringed Plover
Anhinga melanogaster Darter
Passer domesticus House sparrow
Dicrurus macrocercus Black drongo
Neophron percnopterus Scavenger vulture
Haliastur Indus Brahminy kite
Alcedo atlhis Small blue kingfisher
Corcacias benghalensis Blue Jay/Indian Roller
Reptiles
Naja naja Cobra
Naja bungarus Cobra
Echis carinata Viper
Mammals
Macacus siricus Bonnet Monkey
Helogale parvula Mongoose
Felis chaus Jungle Cat
Vulpes Vulpes Fox
Sciurus Carolinensis Squirrel
Muss booduge Field Mouse
Cynopterus marginatus Bat
The list of species of arthopoda observed during the study period are as under:
Meloidogyne arenaria Root-knot Nematodes
Megascolex mauritia Earthworms
Scolopendra sp. Centipedes
Tulus sp. Millipedes
Gryllus sp. Cricket Nymphs
Holotrichia sp. Holotrichia grubs
Orcyctes rhinoceros Rhinoceros beetle
Phyllium sp. Leaf insect
3.5.2 Marine Ecology
The marine ecology was studied by “Institute for Ocean Management” of Anna University,
Chennai and CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University , Parangipettai.. Based on the
studies and reports MOEF has accorded environmental clearance and CRZ clearance for
establishing captive coal jetty , including out fall and intake structures for the cooling water
system , coal conveyor system , for the project vide MoEF Reference : F.No.11-48/2009--
IA.III dt. 06.06.2011..
Study of the existing biological status of a marine ecosystem is a pre-requisite for the
baseline data as well as for predicting the impacts of any developmental activities in the
coastal area. The biological productivity at primary level is utilized at the secondary and
tertiary level through energy transfer at different levels of the biological resource of a target
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area from which changes due to human interference could be ascertained by comparing with
baseline data of the same area. Intensive aquatic biota investigation was carried out by
“Institute for Ocean Management” of Anna University, Chennai within the sea sector of study
area. A total of 15 locations were selected for the marine study and the same is shown in
Figure 9. The details of marine ecology is summarized in following paragraph. The
assessment of biota covers four major components viz. the microbes, phytoplankton,
zooplankton and benthos.
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Figure 9 : Location of marine sampling station
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Microbial Load
In the present survey, the population of Total Coliform varied from 68 to 136 MPN/100ml and
Faecal Coliform from 10 to 67 MPN/100ml. The values obtained from all the stations were
within permissible limits stipulated by CPCB (500 MPN/100ml).
Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton recorded from the 15 locations of the project site, comprised of 56 species
from four major groups namely:
Diatoms (Bacillariophyceae)
Dinoflagellates (Dinophyceae)
Blue green algae (Cyanophyceae) and
Green algae (Chlorophyceae)
Total 56 species comprised the phytoplankton population in the sampling sites. Out of which
44 species belonged to Bacillariophyceae, 10 species of the Dinophyceae family and 1
species each represented the families Cyanophyceae and Chlorophyceae.
The overall percentage composition of phytoplankton for the 15 locations revealed that the
Bacillariophyceae was the dominant group (86%) followed by Dinophyceae (10%),
Cyanophyceae (3%) and Chlorophyceae (1%)
Zooplankton
Zooplankton recorded from the 15 locations of the project site, comprised of species from
groups / orders such as Foraminifera, Radiolaria, Tintinnida, Copepoda, Sagittoida,
Mysidopsida, Larvaceae, eggs and larval forms.
Total 41 species were recorded from the study area. The percentage composition of
zooplankton for the 15 locations revealed that the Copepodes (57.23%) were the most
dominant group followed by eggs and larval forms (17.94%), Tintinnida (11.47%),
Foraminiferans (6.48%), Siphonophores (1.82%), Radiolarians (1.3%), Sagittoida (1.34%),
Mysidopsida (1.56%), and Larvaceae (0.82%).
Plankton Biomass
All the sampling sites were moderately rich in its biodiversity. The phytoplankton biomass
registered highest count of 49,163 cells/l in station 7 and lowest in station 14 (29940 cells/l).
Maximum biomass of zooplankton was recorded as 34,000 organisms/l in station 15 and
minimum of 10,421 organisms/l in station 1.
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The diversity index calculated in the present study site for phytoplankton varies between
2.17 and 2.88 and zooplankton varies between 2.06 and 2.86.
Benthos:
The meiobenthic community from all the sites were dominated by copepod group
(Harpacticoids). Station 2 was observed to be rich in meiofauna and station 15 registered
low or poor faunal density.
Fish and Fisheries
The coastal water of the present site is rich in fishery resources. Status of the fish population
found in the sea area, covering 4 km coastline distance and from the shore to 2 km towards sea
side. The common fish species recorded in the study sites are Sardinella sp., Leiognathus sp.
Lutjnaus sp. Terapon sp., Sphyraena sp, Upenus sp., Scarus sp., Chaetodon sp., Acanthurus
sp., Lethrinus sp., Odonus sp., Siganus sp. Marine Environmental Survey report prepared by
CAS in Marine Biology, Annamalai University .
Fishery & fish landings in the nearby villages
The fishery villages in the study area are Alanthalai, Kulasekarappattinam, Amalinagar and
Manapadu. The details of registered crafts, Coastal villages as obtained from the Assistant
Director of Fisheries, Thoothukudi Dist is briefed below:
The No. of fishermen provided with identity cards are nearly 4000 and they are mainly
engaging FRP vallam (small boats).
Sl.
No.
Coastal Village (Distance in
km from project site)
Registered Crafts
Village wise, No. of
Identity Cards issued
No. of Mechanised
Fishing Boats
Operating
Wooden Vallam
FRP
Vallam
Wooden Cattamar
an
1. Amalinager(10) 187 42 850
2. Alanthalai(4) 122 54 1322
3. Kulasekara Pattinam(3)
31 16 181
4. Manapad (7) 8 259 23 1655
Total 4008
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Details of Fish Species available in Thoothukudi District is given below:
1.
Trigger Fish 10.
Pomfret 19.
Lacturus 28. Half beak
2.
Goat Fish 11.
Sweet lips 20.
Shrimp 29. Tuna
3.
Acetes 12.
Red Snapper 21.
Lobster 30. Acanthocybium
4.
Anchovy 13.
Nemipterus 22.
Squid 31. Shark
5.
Ribbon fish 14.
Horse Mackeral
23. Seerfish 32. Ray
6.
Selleroides leptolepis
15. Mackerel
24. Barracuda 33. Crab
7.
Sciaenid 16.
Oilsardine 25.
Pig face bream
34. Lesser Sardine
8.
Cat Fish 17.
Sticklefish 26.
Leather Skin 35. Marine Cat Fish
9.
Sand Whiting
18. Gerres
27. Grouper 36. Cuttle
Fish
37.37.
Chirocentrus
Fish Production in the Thoothukudi District in recent years are as follows:
Sl.No. Year Quantity in tonnes
1. 2003-04 32910
2. 2004-05 28246
3. 2005-06 50190
4. 2006-07 44326
5. 2007-08 46359
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3.6 SOCIO ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
The impacts due to the proposed activities will be positive or negative depending upon the
developmental activities. To assess the anticipated impacts of the project and industrial
growth on the socio-economic aspects of people, it is necessary to study the existing socio-
economic status of the local population, which will be helpful for making efforts to further
improve the quality of life in the area under study. The socio-economic aspects of this study
include human settlements, demography, and social strata such as Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes and literacy levels besides infrastructure facilities available in the study
area. The economic aspects include occupational structure of workers.
The Baseline Demographic and Socio economic characteristics with regards to demography,
literacy and occupational status have been described based on the Primary Census
Abstract, 2001. The relevant details of the infrastructure facilities have also been gathered
from the Primary Census Abstract, 2001.
3.6.1 Demographic Aspects
The study area falls under 2 Taluka (Thiruchendur and Sathankulam) of Thoothukudi district.
There are total 19 villages present in the study area. The village wise demography of the
study area is given in Annexure ( C ) and same is summarized in Table 18 as per census
2001.
Table 18 : Summary of Socio-economic Details
Particulars Number
Total Population 94124
Total Scheduled Castes 8956
Total Scheduled Tribes 6
Others 85162
Total Literates 73165
3.6.2 Employment Pattern
Based on census data it is observed that around 33% of the population is available as main
workers. Employment pattern of the study area is presented in Table 19.
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Table 19 : Employment Pattern of the Study Area
Particulars Number
Total Main Workers 30814
Total Marginal Workers 6372
Total Workers 37186
Total Non Workers 56938
Distribution of Main Workers
Cultivators 2328
House hold Labour 4613
Agricultural labour 4525
Non Agricultural labour 19348
INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIES
Education Facilities
The primary schools are available in almost all the villages. Total 121 primary schools and
33 middle schools are there in study area. One arts college is available at Meignanapuram
and a industrial training school is available at Kulasekarappattinam. Other higher studies
facility is available at Thiruchendur Town.
Drinking Water Supply
Except Pudukkapathu village all other villages of the study area having adequate facilities for
tapping drinking water. Total 15 villages having Tap water facilities and rest of the villages
are facilitated with either Dug well, Tube well or Hand Pump.
Transport Facilities
All the 19 villages in the study area have Public transport facility. There is no railway facility
within the study area.
Cropping Pattern
The major crops in the study area are Cotton, Combu and Pulses. The discussion with local
people reveals that the lands were not used for agricultural purpose for the past 40 years.
Only vegetation found in proposed project site is Prosopis Juliflora with stunted growth.
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CHAPTER 4 : ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS & MITIGATION
MEASURES
4.1 IDENTIFICATION OF IMPACTS
This chapter presents identification and appraisal of various impacts of the proposed power
plant. The environmental impacts can be categorized as either primary or secondary.
Primary impacts are those, which are attributed directly to the project and secondary impacts
are those, which are indirectly induced and typically include the associated investment and
changed pattern of social and economic activities by the proposed activities. Such
predictions are superimposed over the baseline status of environmental quality to derive the
ultimate (Operational Phase) scenario of environmental conditions. The impact due to
proposed power plant expansion on the environment can be classified in two phases.
During construction phase
During Operation phase
Various impacts during the construction phase and operation phase on the environmental
parameter have been studied to estimate the impact on environment.
4.2 IMPACT DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE
4.2.1 Impact on Air Quality
Sources of Air Emissions during Construction
The dust emissions associated with construction activities is likely to be generated from
loading and unloading, leveling, grading, earthwork, foundation works and other construction
related activities and wind erosion. Vehicular emissions are the major source of emissions
such as diesel-powered vehicles used in haulage of aggregates, earth and other
construction material. Air quality could also be affected by dust & particulate matter arising
due to site clearing, vehicular emissions, processing & handling of construction materials
Most of the construction dust will be generated from the movement of construction vehicles
on dirt roads. Loading and removal of spoil material will also be the potential source for dust
nuisance.
Mitigation Measures
The most direct and effective dust suppression measures are regular watering for the main
haul roads within site formation area. With the help of regular watering all over the exposed
area, at least once in two hours, a 50% reduction on the dust contribution from the exposed
surface can be reduced. Construction of drains, sewers and water mains will require
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excavation of trenches. Laying these new infrastructures are likely to be conducted section
by section, thus the quantity of the excavated material which will help in reducing dust
nuisance. It is anticipated that excavated material will only be stockpiled on each local works
area or in dumping yard. The impact of such activities would be temporary and restricted to
the construction phase. Since electrical power is available near to plant site, attempts shall
be made to utilize the electrically powered machinery to the extent possible to minimize the
emissions of SO2 and NOx from vehicles during construction. Construction workers will be
provided with safety masks.
4.2.2 Noise Environnent
Impact on Noise Level
The major sources of noise during the construction phase are vehicular traffic, construction
equipment like dozers, scrapers, concrete mixers, cranes, pumps, compressors, pneumatic
tools, saws, vibrators etc. The operation of these equipments will generate noise ranging
between 85-90 dB (A) near the source. These noises will be generated within the plant
boundary and will be temporary in nature.
Noise Levels Mitigation
The noise control measures during construction phase include provision of caps on the
construction equipment and regular maintenance of the equipment. Equipments will be
maintained appropriately to keep the noise level within 85 dB(A). Wherever possible,
equipment will be provided with silencers and mufflers. High noise producing construction
activities will be restricted to day time only. Greenbelt will be developed from construction
stage. Further, workers working in high noise areas will be provided with necessary
protective devices e.g. ear plug, ear-muffs etc. Overall, the impact of generated noise on the
environment is likely to be insignificant, reversible and localized in nature and mainly
confined to the day hours.
4.2.3 Impact on Water Quality
Runoffs from the construction yards and worker camps are some of the factors, which could
affect the water environment. These runoffs if not properly collected, will affect the ecology of
the water bodies. Further there might be a possibility of formation of water ponds in low lying
area which can create an environment conducive to disease carrying vectors and also affect
the ground water quality. Considering the typical topographic features and the drainage
pattern inside the plant boundaries, necessary control techniques to restrict the runoffs will
be provided.
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Impact on water quality during construction phase may be due to non-point discharges of the
sewage from the construction work force stationed at the proposed plant site. Septic tanks
followed by soak pits will be constructed to treat sewage water during construction phase.
The wastewater generated during the construction period will be from the sanitary units
provided for the workers. Hence, there will not be any impact on the water regime due to
discharge of treated wastewater.
During construction phase about 40 m3/ day of water is required. Estimating 40 liters per
head for 500 labourers is about 20 m3/day of water is required on temporary basis and about
20 m3/day of water will be required for dust suppression. The sewage generated will be
18 m3/day during construction phase, assuming 80% of total water quantity required for
domestic use. The overall impacts on water environment during construction phase due to
proposed activities likely to be short term and insignificant. The required water will be
sourced from Tamil Nadu Water Supply & Drainage Board.
Water Quality Mitigation Measures
The earth work (cutting and filling) will be avoided during rainy season and will be completed
during winter and summer seasons. Stone pitching on the slopes and construction of
concrete drains for storm water to minimize soil erosion in the area will be undertaken.
Settling pond is planned for storage and recycling of surface water for use in the plant area.
Also development of green belt in and around plant will be taken up during the monsoon
season. In-plant roads will be concreted. Soil binding and fast growing vegetation will be
grown within the plant premises to arrest the soil erosion. Toilets with septic tanks will be
constructed at site for workers.
4.2.4 Impact on Land Environment
Land use
Topography of the proposed site appears to be flat with level + 2.00 m AMSL and require
minimum filling. The filling material will be fly ash from Thoothukudi Thermal Power station of
TANGEDCO. The filling material will be transported by closed trucks through all weather
metalled road.
Preparatory activities like construction of access roads, temporary offices, quarters and
godowns, piling, storage of construction materials etc. will be confined within the project
area. These will not generally exercise any significant impact except altering the land use
pattern of the proposed site. There will be no impact on the adjoining land. No forestland is
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involved. Therefore, impact will be negligible. However some of the temporary changes likely
to occur in the land use would be in the following areas.
Construction of temporary hutments
Pressure on land would increase due to additional ancillary industries and other
service stations to cater the additional load
Overall, there will not be any adverse impact on the surrounding land use during the
construction period.
Soil
This activity would involve clearing the site and further development into Land use units of
power house building, Boiler and auxiliaries, Cooling Tower, Pump house, raw water storage
tank, Utilities viz. DM plant and cooling tower, Ash handling system, Fuel storage & handling
system, and raw materials. It also comprises of construction of roads, laying of utility
pipelines (Water supply, effluent conveyance, storm water, telephone, power supply, etc)
Effluent treatment plant and other warehouse and storage facilities for hazardous wastes.
As the existing ground level of the study area is more or less flat terrain without major level
differences, it may not require any major excavation. The excavated material will be limited
and will be used for proposed site leveling and back filling.
4.2.5 Impact on Terrestrial Ecology
Sparse distribution with stunted growth of Prosopis juliflora is the only vegetation present
within the proposed project area. Hence during construction removal of vegetation will be
minimum.
Mitigation Measures Proposed for Land Environment
The following measures shall be adopted:
After completion of the construction phase, the surplus earth shall be utilized to fill up
the low lying areas, the rubble shall be cleared and all un-built surfaces will be
reinstated;
The top soil from the excavated areas shall be preserved in separate stacks for re-
use during the plantation;
Green belt development and related activities shall be taken up during the
construction phase itself so that plantation will grow to adequate height by the time of
commissioning of plant. Thus, green belt will be effective in containing the fugitive
emissions during operation.
Species selected for plantation shall be fast growing, adaptable to local conditions,
ability to combat localized pollution are the prime factor for their selection.
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There shall be minimum concreting of the top surfaces so that there is a scope for
maximum ground water recharge due to rainfall
4.2.6 Impact on Solid Waste Generation
Construction waste will be generated during the construction activity such as site clearance,
site formation, building works, infrastructure provision and any other infrastructure activities
are predicted to generate solid waste. It consists mostly of inert and non-biodegradable
materials such as concrete, metal, wood, plastics etc.
In order to avoid any solid waste disposal problems effective solid waste management
systems for collection of waste in dust bins and reusing the construction waste shall be
proposed.
4.2.7 Impact on Socio-economic Environment
Impact on Socio-Economic Status
The impact on socio-economic environment during the construction phase will be due to
migrant workers, worker camps, induced development etc. There will be impact on the
existing infrastructure facilities in the surrounding villages. The impact of the proposed plant
on socio economic conditions of the study area is as follows.
Increase of floating population.
Increase in demand of services includes hotels, lodges, public transport (including
taxis), etc.
Economic upliftment of the area.
Raising of Home rents and land prices and increase in Labor rates.
Rapid growth of service sector will result in increase of incomes in the area.
Beneficiation of the civil construction and transportation companies
Expanding of services like retail shops, banks, automobile workshops, school, health
care, etc.
The local population will have employment opportunities in related service activities
like petty commercial establishments, small contracts/sub-contracts and supply of
construction materials for buildings and ancillary infrastructures etc. consequently,
this will contribute to economic upliftment of the area.
Normally, the construction activity will benefit the local populace in a number of ways,
which include the requirement of construction labours skilled, semi-skilled and un-
skilled, tertiary sector employment and provision of goods and services for daily
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needs including transport. In line with the above, some more recommendations are
given below:
Local people shall be given preference for employment;
All the applicable guidelines under the relevant Acts and Rules related to labour
welfare and safety shall be implemented during the construction work;
The contractor shall be advised to provide fire wood/kerosene/LPG to the workers to
prevent damage to trees; and
The construction site shall be secured with fencing and shall have guarded entry
points.
4.2.8 Storage of Hazardous Material
The hazardous materials used during construction may include petrol, diesel, welding gas
and paints. These materials shall be stored and handled carefully under applicable safety
guidelines. Some of the precautions of storage include the following:
Dyke enclosures shall be provided so as to contain complete contents of the largest
tank;
Diesel and other fuels shall be stored in separate dyke enclosures;
Tanks having a diameter of more than 30-m shall be separated by fire insulating
walls from other storage tanks; and
The distance between the storage tanks shall be at least half their height.
4.2.7 Facilities to be provided by the Labour Contractor
The contractor shall be asked to provide following facilities to construction work force:
First Aid
At work place, first aid facilities shall be maintained at a readily accessible place where
necessary appliances including sterilized cotton wool etc. shall be available. Ambulance
facilities shall be kept readily available at workplace to take injured person to the nearest
hospital.
Potable Water
Sufficient supply of cold water fit for drinking shall be provided at suitable places.
Sanitary Facility
Latrines and urinals shall be provided at accessible place within the work zone. These shall
be cleaned at least twice during working hours and kept in a good sanitary condition. The
contractor shall conform to requirement of local medical and health authorities at all times.
Canteen
A canteen on a moderate scale shall be provided for the benefit of workers.
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Security
TANGEDCO shall provide necessary security to work force in co-ordination with State
authorities.
4.3 IMPACTS DURING OPERATION PHASE
During the Operation Phase the establishment of the plant results in emissions and
generation of solid waste. The impacts during operational phase are listed as under:
Environmental Components Impact
Air emissions Impact on air quality due to increase in dust levels
Impact on flora and fauna,
Impact on to soil and groundwater
Water Pollution Impact to soil and groundwater
Noise emissions Affects community noise environment of the region
due to increase in day-night equivalent noise levels
Solid Waste Affects the ground water quality
Fugitive emissions due to stored fly ash
4.3.1 Impact on Air Quality
The proposed project is a coal-based supercritical Thermal Power Plant comprising of two
units capable of generating 2x800 MW. The major source of pollution from proposed power
plant is emissions from chimney. The basic fuel proposed to burn is imported coal with ash
content 8%. Coal requirement for the proposed project is 590 TPH. The important air
pollutants generated from thermal power plant are Particulate Matter (PM), Sulphur dioxide
(SO2) and Oxides of Nitrogen (NOX).
Emission Details
Air quality modeling has been carried out considering following parameters:
Use of 100% imported coal.
Usage of Furnace Oil per day
NOX generation at the rate of 300 nano grams per joule of heat input.
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The details of fuel used in proposed power plant.
Requirement of 100% Imported Coal @ 85% PLF 14160 TPD or 590 TPH
Sulphur content in Imported coal from Indonesia 0.6 %
Major sources of air pollution are boilers, crushers and stockpiles. Fugitive dust emissions
are also inevitable from Raw Material Handling System and the packaging and
transportation sections. The flue gases from power plant boilers pass through Electrostatic
precipitators. It will be ensured that the SPM levels do not exceed 50mg/Nm3 . As
recommended by EAC/MoEF..
Particulate Matter
From outlet of the ESP maximum of 0.11% of the dust will be emitted into atmosphere. The
total particulate matter in the emission from each flue is estimated as 35.06 gm/sec.
Sulphur dioxide
Sulphur dioxide emission from the boiler is due to burning of blended coal containing
average sulphur content of about 0.6%. TANGEDCO has proposed 275 m height stack for
dispersion of SO2. Based on the sulphur content the total emission rate of SO2 from each the
flue is estimated to be about 983.34 gm/sec.
Oxides of Nitrogen
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are formed during combustion process. Formation of NOx will be
controlled using low NOx burners. The total emission rate of Oxides of Nitrogen from the
power plant is estimated to be about 1236.09 gm/sec.
Stack Heights
Stack heights are recommended for different power generation capacities to control SO2
through dispersion as per MOEF, GOI Notification GSR No 742(E). As per this notification,
stack height of 275 m will be provided for this unit. The AAI has approved for the stack
height of 275m in letter dt.25.08.2008.( Attachment no 3 of Annexure II)
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The ESPs for this unit will be designed to 50 mg/Nm3 .
Simulation Model for Prediction using Industrial Source Complex AERMOD View
Model.
The pollutants released into the atmosphere will disperse in the down wind direction
and finally reach the ground at farther distance from the source. The ground level
concentrations mainly depends upon the strength of the emission source and
micrometeorological conditions of the study area.
In order to estimate the ground level concentrations due to the emission from the
proposed power plant, EPA approved Industrial Source Complex AERMOD View
dispersion Model. The model provides for option wide range of sources that are
present at a typical industrial source complex. The model considered the sources
and receptors in undulated terrain as well as plain terrain and combination of both.
The basis of the model is the straight line steady state Gaussian Plume Equation,
with modifications to model simple point source emissions from stacks, emissions
from stack that experience the effect of aerodynamic down wash due to nearby
buildings, isolated vents, multiple vents, storage piles etc.
Meteorological Data
The meteorological data recorded at the proposed plant site during the study period has
been processed to extract the data required for simulation.
Application
Industrial source complex short-term dispersion model with the following options has been
employed to predict the cumulative ground level concentrations due to the proposed
emissions.
Area will be industrial, hence industrial dispersion parameters are considered
Predictions have been carried out to estimate concentration values over radial
distance of 10 km around the sources
A combination of Cartesian and Polar receptor network has been considered
Emission rates from the sources were considered as constant during the entire
period
The ground level concentrations computed were as is basis without any
consideration of decay coefficient
Calm winds recorded during the study period were also taken into consideration
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Hourly micro meteorological data extracted from the meteorological data collected
during the study period as per guidelines of IMD and MOE&F has been employed to
compute the mean ground level concentrations to study the impact on study area
An option for creation of data file giving average ground level concentrations for the
mean meteorological data of April, May and June 2012 has been used for AERMET
processing.
Inputs Used for Model
The inputs used to run ISC AERMOD View model are stack details, Emission details, and
hourly micro meteorological data. The details of stack emissions are presented in Table 20.
Table 20 : Details of Stack Emissions
As per Environmental
Clearance recommended by EAC
Environmental Clearance now requested for the proposed fuel of 100%
imported coal
Blended Coal Imported Coal
No. Of units 2 2
Coal Consumption (t/hr/unit)
347 295
Sulphur content (%) 0.48 0.6
No of Flues in the stack
2 2
Height of stack, m 275 275
Diameter of each flue(m)
8.5 8.5
Temperature of flue gas (oC)
140 140
Velocity of flue gas (m/s)
22.0 22.0
Particulate matter at outlet of ESP (gm/sec/flue)
(based on 50 mg/Nm3 at outlet)
35.06 35.06
Sulphur dioxide emission (gm/sec/flue)
925.34 983.34
Oxides of Nitrogen (gm/sec/flue)
1294.04 1236.09
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Prediction of Ground Level Concentration
The Predicted maximum Ground level concentration of 24 Hour average PM10, SO2 and NOx
concentrations are 0.38 μg/m3, 10.66 μg/m3 and 13.48 μg/m3 respectively occurring at the
distance of 1.5 Km from the plant site towards west direction.
Post Project Scenario
Predicted maximum ground level concentrations considering 24 hour mean meteorological
data of summer season are superimposed on the maximum baseline concentrations
obtained during the study period to estimate the post project scenario, which would prevail at
the post operational phase. The overall post project scenario of predicted ground level
concentration in respect of PM10, SO2 and NOx are presented in the Table 21 isopleths are
shown in the Figure 10 to 12.
Table 21 : Post Project Scenario of GLC of PM10, SO2 and NOx
GLCs Computed as per
Meteorological data given in
Final EIA Report for blended
coal based on which EAC
recommended EC
Environmental Clearance
now requested for 100%
imported coal
( Based on 2012 data )
Blended Coal Imported Coal
SPM SO2 NOX PM10 SO2 NOX
Baseline Scenario
(max) 136 12.6 18.5 67.6 15.2 18.3
Predicted Ground level
Concentration (Max) 1.85 47.61 14.76 0.38 10.66 13.48
Overall Scenario (worst
case) 137.85 60.21 33.26 67.98 25.86 31.78
NAAQ standard for
rural and residential
areas (2009)
200
(1994) 80 80 100 80 80
4.3.2 Impact on Noise Levels
Any industrial complex in general consists of several sources of noise in clusters or single. In
order to predict ambient noise levels at various sensitive areas from the proposed power
plant, Sound wave propagative modeling has been done.
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The sound pressure level generated by noise sources decreases with increasing distance
from the source due to wave divergence. For hemispherical sound wave propagation
through homogenous loss free medium, noise levels can be estimated at various locations
due to different sources of proposed expansion plant as per the following equation:
Lp2 = Lp1 – 20Log(r2/r1) (1)
Where Lp2 and Lp1 are Sound Pressure Levels (SPLs) at points located at distances r2
and r1 from the source. The combined effect of all the sources then can be determined
at various locations by the following equation.
Lp(Total)=10Log(10(Lp1/10)+10(Lp2/10)+10(Lp3/10)+……..) (2)
Where, Lp1, Lp2, Lp3 are noise pressure levels at a point due to different sources.
Input for the Model
Noise levels are mainly generated from coal mills, turbine, boilers, generators, pumps and
cooling towers in the proposed power plant. Various equipments like Turbine, Generator,
Boilers feed pump, Condensate, Coal mill, Cooling Tower and ID & FD Fans would be
designed to 85 dB (A). The Input Noise Levels considered for modeling are in the event of
failure of protections systems are as follows.
Input Noise Levels for Modeling
Sr. No Name Of The Source Noise Levels, dB(A)
1 Crusher Unit 85
2 ID & FD Fans 85
3 Boilers feed pump 85
4 Turbine 85
5 Generator 85
6 Cooling Tower 80
The predicted noise levels along the plant boundary due to various sources from the
proposed expansion plant would be below 50 dB(A).
Observation
The operators, workers and other personnel working near noise generating sources within
the plant, however, will be provided with protective measures in the form of ear muffs/ear
plugs etc. Reduction in noise levels in the high noise machinery areas would be achieved by
adoption of suitable preventive measures (sound barriers, use of enclosures with suitable
absorption material, etc). In addition to this, the entire open area and plant boundary shall be
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provided with adequate green belt to diffuse the noise dispersion. Therefore impact due to
the proposed project will be marginal.
Mitigation Measures
The ambient noise levels in the region are within permissible limits and are proposed to be
within the permissible limits even after commissioning of the proposed facilities.
The noise levels stipulated by MoEF and/or Pollution Control Board at any point of time will
not exceed the stipulated standards. The equipments will have inbuilt noise control devices.
The measured noise level produced by any equipment will not exceed 85 dB(A) at a
distance of 1.0-m from its boundary in any direction under any load condition. The noise
produced in valves and piping associated with handling compressible and incompressible
fluids will be attenuated to 75 dB(A) at a distance of 1.0 m from the source by the use of low
noise trims, baffle plate silencers/line silencers, acoustic lagging (insulation), thick-walled
pipe work as and where necessary. The general mitigation for the attenuation of the noise
are given below:
Noise Attenuation Measures
Noise level can be reduced by stopping leakages from various steam lines, compressed air
lines and other high pressure equipment
By providing padding at various locations to avoid rattling due to vibration
By adopting new technologies for control of noise in various units
Encasement of noise generating equipment where otherwise noise cannot be
controlled
Providing noise proof cabins to operators where remote control for operating noise
generating equipment is feasible.
The air compressor, process air blower, pneumatic valves should be provided with
acoustic enclosure;
In all the design/installation precautions are taken as specified by the manufacturers
with respect to noise control shall be strictly adhered to;
High noise generating sources shall be insulated adequately by providing suitable
enclosures;
Design and layout of building to minimize transmission of noise, segregation of
particular items of plant and to avoid reverberant areas;
Use of lagging with attenuation properties on plant components / installation of sound
attenuation panels around the equipment
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The noise control system will be designed to form an integral part of the plant;
Other than the regular maintenance of the various equipment, ear plugs/muffs are
recommended for the personnel working close to the noise generating units;
All the openings like covers, partitions shall be designed properly; and
Inlet and outlet mufflers shall be provided which are easy to design and construct.
All rotating items will be well lubricated and provided with enclosures as far as
possible to reduce noise transmission. Extensive vibration monitoring system is being
provided to check and reduce vibrations. Vibration isolators are being provided to
reduce vibration and noise wherever possible;
The insulation provided for prevention of loss of heat and personnel safety will also
act as noise reducers.
4.3.3 Impact on Water Quality
Surface Water
The estimated water requirement for the proposed power plant is about 3,30,960m3/day
(13,790m3/h). Water drawn from the Bay of Bengal is subjected to Desalination and used for
various systems.
Out of 11220m3/day of desalinated water 480m3/day of wastewater will be generated from
RO. This 480 m3/day of treated effluent will be used for greenbelt development. The treated
water quantity will be used for dust suppression and the excess will be discharged to Sea
after attaining the statutory standards. Since final discharge is meeting the effluent discharge
standards adverse impact on water environment is not proposed. Treatment methods of
waste water to be generated from different systems are presented in Table 22.
Table 22 ; Sources of Wastewater and effluent treatment methods proposed
Source of Wastewater Treatment Method
Filtration plant back wash The sea water filtration plant filters is periodically backwashed with filtered sea water.
DM plant regeneration waste
The generation of the DM plant will be carried with 33% HCL and 48% NaOH solution and the effluents will be let in to the neutralizing pit
Sanitary waste from plant toilets
The sewage from the plant will be conveyed through closed drains to septic tanks then effluent will be treated in the ETP and used for gardening purpose.
Miscellaneous plant service water
This will be conveyed to closed drains to the gourd pond.
Fuel oil storage and handling area runoff
The effluents will be collected in a pit and oil will be removed in oil separation unit then it will let into the ETP
Dust suppression / extraction system runoff
The dust extraction system runoff water will be let into the guard pond and after settling down the water will be allowed in to the ash water tanks.
Coal pile area runoff The Coal pile area runoff water will be let off into a guard pond
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Source of Wastewater Treatment Method
and after settling down the clear water will be allowed to flow into the ash water tank.
Ash pond effluent The ash recovery water from the ash pond will be recycled in Ash Handling Plant
Wastewater Generation
The wastewater generated from different process units are Cooling Tower Blow Down,
Domestic waste, RO Plant and Ash Handling System. The generation of wastewater and
mode of disposal is presented in Table 23. The wastewater characteristics from different
units of power plant are presented in Table 24 and characteristics of final effluent discharge
are presented in Table 25.
Table 23 : Consolidated Wastewater Generation and Mode of Disposal
S.
No Description
Wastewater
Generation (m3/d) Disposal Treatment
1 CW Blow Down 213900 To Sea Dilution
2 RO Plant 480
(including sludge)
For Green belt
development and dust
suppression control
ETP
3 Domestic waste
water 8
Reused for Green belt
development STP
Total 2,14,388
Table 24 : Wastewater characteristics of different units of power plant
Parameter
Filtration
Plant Back
wash
DM plant
Regeneration
Waste
CT Blow
Down
Other
sources
Sanitary
waste
pH 8.0 - 8.3 6.0 – 10.5 8.0 – 8.3 8.0-8.5 6.5 – 7.0
Oil & Grease(mg/l) Nil - Nil <12 <12
TSS (mg/l) 500 – 550 20 – 30 <2 10-20 150 – 200
TDS (mg/l) 450 3000 – 3500 1500-1750 350 –375 400 – 450
COD(mg/l) - <25 <5 <5 300 – 400
BOD(mg/l) - <2 <1 <2 200 – 275
Temperature - - <5C above
raw water - -
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Free available
chlorine - - <0.5 - -
Phosphates - - <5.0 - -
Table 25 : Characteristics Final Effluent Discharged
S. No Parameter Value
1 pH 7.0 – 8.5
2 Oil & Grease (mg/l) <10
3 TSS (mg/l) <20
4 TDS (mg/l) <2100
5 COD (mg/l) <250
6 BOD (mg/l) <30
7 Temperature, DegoC Not exceeding 5C above the receiving water temperature
8 Free available chlorine <0.5
9 Phosphates <5.0
Mathematical Modeling Study For Intake And Outfall Of Water
Mathematical modeling study of the intake and outfall of cooling water system of Udangudi
Super Critical Thermal Power Plant at Udangudi, Thoothukudi dist., Tamilnadu has been
carried out by National Institute of Oceanography (Council of Scientific & Industrial
Research) Dona Paula - 403 004 Goa . Based on the report MoEF has accorded
Environmental Clearance and CRZ clearance for establishing captive coal jetty , including
out fall and intake points for the cooling water system , coal conveyor system , for the
project vide MoEF Reference : F.No.11-48/2009--IA.III dt. 06.06.2011..
The outfall/intake pipeline corridor considered for this study extends to the sea up to 2.05 km
offshore, normal to the coast line. The pipeline will travel offshore along the sea bed region,
and the impacts if any will be associated with laying of the pipelines onshore and offshore
areas only. Though the temperature of the discharge will be same as the ambient sea water
temperature, as an extreme case an outfall temperature of +50C above ambient temperature
is considered with a source salinity of 50 PSU and maximum flow rate of 9,000 m3/h.
The warm/saline water discharge reached ambient temperature within 200 m from the
chosen discharge location. Hence there will not be any changes in the water quality in the
coastal environment. Model results suggest that there is no re-circulation of warm water
discharged from the outfall area into the intake point during the entire simulation period
which represents spring tide, neap tide, calm periods as well as high salinity and high
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temperature events. The model results show that the average increases in temperature is
1.46oC at the outfall point situated at 1.06km from shore , and under the prevailing currents,
the plume advects northeastward and the temperature increase is confined to an area of 200
sq.m around the outfall location. Also salinity plume advects northeastwards under the
prevailing currents, and average increase in salinity is about of 4.82 PSU around the outfall
point. Therefore the outfall location situated at 1.06 km from the shore is recommended for
release of the warm water discharge. Also the intake point which is located at 2.05 km will be
suitable as there is no recirculation of the warm water from the outfall and this location has
sufficient depth (-5.40m).
Ground Water
The effluents after treatment will be routed to guard pond before it is reused for green belt
and dust suppression purposes. The Guard pond is made of plain cement concrete to make
impermeable bottom surface. No wastewater will be discharged outside the plant boundary.
4.3.4 Impact of Solid Waste
Solid wastes that will be generated during the Operation phase mainly are:
Fly ash
Bottom Ash
Burning of 14160 TPD of imported coal in the proposed power plant will result in ash
generation (8%) of about 1132.8 TPD. Fly Ash quantity would be around 906.24 TPD and
bottom ash would be around 226.56 TPD. Fly ash and bottom ash would be collected in dry
form and stored in the silos and used in cement plant and for manufacturing other
construction materials like paver blocks, hollow / solid blocks, mosaic tiles, bricks etc. An ash
dyke is provided for dumping ash in emergency conditions. The ash pond will be lined with
appropriate geo-textiles so as to prevent any leakage of ash water into the ground. The
details will be finalized during engineering and construction. The Septic tank sludge around
110 kg/d will be used as manure for development of greenbelt. The details of the solid waste
generated from proposed power plant are presented in Table 26.
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Table 26 : Details of Solid Waste Generation
Fly Ash
Fly ash collected in the ESPs will be stored in the silos in dry form through Vacuum &
Pressure system. This will be used in cement industries etc. Capacity of the silos will be one
day ash generation
Bottom Ash
Bottom ash will be collected in hydro bins and used for mine fill, brick units etc.
Entire fly ash and bottom ash will be used for cement manufacture, mine fill, bricks etc. No
ash pond is proposed for ash storage. Hence impact on environment will be negligible.
4.3.5 Impact on Ecology
High efficiency ESPs are proposed to control particulate emissions. ETP with recycling
arrangement is provided to control water pollution. Cooling Towers will be proposed to
prevent thermal pollution. Adequate greenbelt will be developed. Hence impact on ecology
will be limited. The impact of the thermal discharge on the marine ecology for the proposed
plants has been studied by National Institute of Oceanography (NIO), GOA and it is
recommended that there will not be any adverse impact on the marine biology.
Based on the NIO, GOA results report it is proposed to draw sea water for condenser
cooling purposes from deep sea directly (Bay of Bengal) by sinking an infiltration well for the
proposed plant under gravity up to the fore bay. The coolant water from the proposed plant
will be returned to sea through submarine Conduit 360m from the high tide line, where as the
intake point will be located at 1600m away from the HTL. The model studies were already
conducted by NIO, GOA considering the impact of the discharge into sea and recommended
Proposal for which EAC
recommended ( 01.05.2010)
Proposal now seeking approval
Blended Coal 2x800 MW
Imported Coal 2x800 MW
TONNES/DAY
MTPA
TONNES/DAY
MTPA
Coal consumption 16656 5.157 14160 4.39
Total Ash 2864.8 1.7951 (17.2%)
1132.80 0.3073 (8%)
Fly Ash (@80%) 2291.84 1.43608 906.24 0.28096
Bottom Ash (@20%) 572.96 0.35902 226.56 0.07024
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the above location in their report. As per NIO report the temperature increase is confined to
an area of 200m2 around the outfall location. In addition a study of impact on marine
ecology has been carried out by Institute of Ocean Management of Anna University and
Centre for Advance Study (CAS) of Annamalai University . As per CAS report the outfall
area is not seems to be neither spawning ground nor breeding ground of fishes. Based on
the reports MoEF has accorded Environmental Clearance and CRZ clearance for
establishing captive coal jetty , including out fall and intake points for the cooling water
system , coal conveyor system , for the project vide MoEF Reference : F.No.11-48/2009--
IA.III dt. 06.06.2011..
4.3.6 Impact on Socio-economic Environment
Around 50 trucks trips are anticipated for the disposal of fly ash, which will be an additional
traffic load on the existing Thiruchendur – Kulasekarappattinam road. The impacts of the
proposed power plant during operational phase on demography and socio economic
condition of the study area is as follows.
Increase in direct employment opportunities of about 550 and indirect opportunity of
more than 1000 and reduction in migration outside for employment
Increase in literacy rate
Growth in service sectors
Increase in consumer prices of indigenous produce and services, land prices, house
rent rates and labour prices
Improvement in socio cultural environment of the study area
Improvement in transport, communication, health and educational services
Increase in employment due to increased business, trade commerce and service
sector
The overall impact on the socio economic environment will be beneficial
4.3.7 Impact on Health
Adequate air pollution, water and noise control measures will be provided in proposed
power plant to conform regulatory standards. The environmental management and
emergency preparedness plans are proposed to ensure that the probability of undesired
events and consequences are greatly reduced, and adequate mitigation is provided in case
of an emergency. Mobile dispensary facilities/health camps will be organized by the
proponent in the surrounding villages. The overall impact on Human health is negligible
during operation of power plant.
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4.4 Summary Of The Impact
The overall impacts due to the proposed power plant has been summarized below.
S. No Environmental Component
Project Activity Impact Severity of
Impact
1
Topography
Site Clearance
Designated area is available for the proposed project
Negligible
Construction activities
Topographic look will change slightly but represents the areas land use pattern
Negligible
Operation activities
Topography look will change. The available free land is utilized.
Negligible
2
Air Quality
Site Clearance
Excavation and levelling activities will generate fugitive emissions causing air pollution
Minimal
Construction activities
Excavation and levelling activities will generate fugitive emissions causing air pollution
Minimal
Transportation
Vehicular and fugitive emissions
Minimal
3
Noise
Construction activities
Noise will be generated from loading and unloading of materials
Minimal
Operation activities
Continuous noise due to operations but confined within the site
Minimal
Transportation
Increase in noise levels due to vehicular traffic
Minimal
4
Water Resources
Construction activities
Construction water will be drawn from TWAD source.
Minimal
Operation activities
Sea Water – Desalination - water will be treated and partly disposed and rest reused.
Minimal
5
Water Pollution
Construction activities
There will be wastewater from the construction and sanitation
Minimal
Operation activities
Effluent generated from the process is treated and reused.
Minimal
6
Ecology
Site Clearance
There will not be major disturbance to flora fauna
Minimal
Construction activities
There will not be major disturbance as proposed plant is within existing premises.
Minimal
Operation activities
There will not be major disturbance to flora fauna
Minimal
7
Soil Characteristics
Construction activities
Excavation and levelling activities will generate fugitive emissions
Minimal
Operation activities
No changes are anticipated in this phase
Minimal
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S. No Environmental Component
Project Activity Impact Severity of
Impact
8
Land Use
Construction activities
The project will be coming up on a barren land within the premises of existing plant site.
Minimal
Operation activities
The project will be coming up on a barren land within the premises of existing plant site.
Minimal
9
Socio-economics
Construction activities
Creation of additional jobs/ businesses
Significant
Operation activities
Rise in per capita income in the close vicinity due to opportunities
Significant
10
Civic Amenities
Construction activities
Built up of temporary structures for workers and non-workers
Moderate
Operation activities
Availability of permanent structures for workers, non-workers
Moderate
11
Occupational Health
Construction activities
Dusty conditions during summer with vehicular movement
Minimal
Operation activities
Process specific activities, heat and emission protective control measures followed
Minimal
12
Vibrations
Construction activities
Heavy equipment usage is temporary with proper mitigative measures
Minimal
Operation activities
Continuous usage of machinery with proper mitigative measures
Minimal
13
Solid/ Hazardous
waste
Construction activities
General construction waste will be disposed off in designated sites
Minimal
Operation activities
Fly ash will be issued for the production of construction materials like cement, bricks, hollow/solid blocks, mosaic tiles etc.
Minimal
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CHAPTER 5 : ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM
5.1 POST PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
The environmental monitoring is important to assess performance of pollution control
equipment installed at the project site. The sampling and analysis of environmental attributes
including monitoring locations will be as per the guidelines of the Central Pollution Control
Board/ State Pollution Control Board.
The proposed project is free from any litigation. Environmental monitoring will be conducted
on regular basis by TANGEDCO to assess the pollution level in the plant as well in the
surrounding area. Therefore, regular monitoring program of the environmental parameters is
essential to take into account the changes in the environment. The objective of monitoring is
To verify the result of the impact assessment study in particular with regards to new
developments;
To follow the trend of parameters which have been identified as critical;
To check or assess the efficacy of the controlling measures;
To ensure that new parameters, other than those identified in the impact assessment
study, do not become critical through the commissioning of new installations or
through the modification in the operation of existing facilities;
To check assumptions made with regard to the development and to detect deviations
in order to initiate necessary measures; and
To establish a database for future Impact Assessment Studies for new projects.
The attributes, which merit regular monitoring, are specified underneath:
Air quality;
Water and wastewater quality;
Noise levels;
Soil quality;
Ecological preservation and afforestation; and
Socio Economic aspects and community development
The post project monitoring to be carried out at the industry level is discussed below:
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5.2 MONITORING AND REPORTING PROCEDURE DURING OPERATIONAL PHASE
Regular monitoring of important and crucial environmental parameters is of immense
importance to assess the status of environment during plant operation. With the knowledge
of baseline conditions, the monitoring program can serve as an indicator for any
deterioration in environmental conditions due to operation of the plant and suitable mitigatory
steps could be taken in time to safeguard the environment. Monitoring is as important as that
of control of pollution since the efficiency of control measures can only be determined by
monitoring. The following routine monitoring program would therefore be implemented. The
monitoring schedule for the environmental parameters is suggested in Table 27.
Table 27 : Monitoring Schedule for Environmental Parameters
Source Location Parameters to be
monitored Freque
ncy Responsibili
ty
Meteorology At the project site
Wind speed, direction, temperature, relative humidity rainfall
Hourly TANGEDCO
Ambient Air Quality
Within plant and surrounding 10km radial zone.
PM10, SO2 , NOx Monthly TANGEDCO
Water Quality
Within the plant and surrounding 10km radial zone for both Surface Water as well as Ground Water
As per IS: 10500 Monthly
TANGEDCO
Noise Levels Within the plant and surrounding 10km radial zone.
Noise levels Monthly TANGEDCO
Soil quality Within the plant and 10 km radial zone
Soil parameters Monthly TANGEDCO
Boilers Individual Plants Particulate matter, SO2, NOx
Monthly TANGEDCO
Wastewater Inlet and outlet of ETP Ash Pond Steam–Generator Blow down Cooling Tower
pH, TDS, COD, SS and others specified time to time pH, SS, Oil & Grease, Chromium, Zinc, Ni etc pH, SS, Oil, Grease, Cu, Iron Phosphates
Monthly Weekly Weekly Weekly
TANGEDCO
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5.3 ENVIRONMENTAL LABORATORY EQUIPMENT
The plant will have an in-house environmental laboratory for the routine monitoring of air,
water, soil and noise. The outside agencies can also be hired for some specific analysis of
the different parameters. The following equipments are recommended to the project
proponent for implementing the post project environmental monitoring programme.
Sr. No. Name of the Equipment Nos.
1 Automatic Weather Station, which can record wind speed, wind
direction temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, Solar radiation
Sunshine
1
Online Automatic gaseous stack monitoring kit for SO2, NOx, O2, Flue
gas volume, Temperature etc.
On line dust monitor
1
2 Respirable Dust Samplers 5
3 Portable Flue Gas Combustion Analyser 1
4 Bomb Calorimeter for analyzing sulphur content, calorific value etc. 1
5 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer 1
6 Mercury analyzer 1
7 Portable Noise level meter (Dosimeter) 2
8 Portable Waste Water Analysis Kit 1
9 BOD Incubator 1
10 COD Digester with colorimeter 2
11 Electronic Balance 1
12 Colorimeter 1
13 Conductivity Meter 2
14 Different micron sieves (set) 1 set
15 Dissolved Oxygen Meter – Brief case size 2
16 Electronic colony counter 1
17 Flask Shaker 1
18 Hot Air Oven 2
19 Laboratory Water Distillation and demineralisation (DM) unit 2
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5.4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CELL
A separate environmental management cell will be established to implement the
management plan. The group will be headed by a Chief Engineer (O & M). The group will
ensure the suitability, adequacy and effectiveness of the Environment Management
Program. The functions of Environmental Management Cell will be as follows:
Obtaining consent order from State Pollution Control Board.
Environmental monitoring, like collection and analysis of air, water and soil samples.
Analysis of environmental data, reports, preparations and transmission of report to
statutory authorities, Corporate Centre etc.
Implementing the control and protective measures.
Collecting statistics of health of workers and population of the surrounding villages.
Green belt development.
Co-ordinate with statutory bodies, functional groups of the station, head office etc.
Interactions for evolving and implementation of modification programs to improve the
availability/ efficiency of pollution control devices / systems.
Environmental Appraisal (Internal) and Environmental Audit.
One Executive Engineer (Environment) will be directly responsible for Environmental
Management of the proposed station and report to the Chief Engineer (O&M), head of the
plant. The Executive Engineer (Environment) with more than 10 years of experience in the
Environmental Management will be entrusted the Environmental Management of the station.
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Figure 13: Organizational Setup of Environmental Management
5.5 BUDGETARY PROVISION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
Table 28 : Cost provision for Environmental Mitigation Measures
Sl.
No Particulars
Capital Cost
(Rs. in Crores)
Recurring Cost
(Rs. in Crores)
1
Air
i) ESP
ii) Dust Suppression system for coal handling
60.00
3.00
12.00
0.60
2 RCC Chimney 60.00 6.00
3 Cooling towers 60.00 6.00
4 Bottom ash and fly ash collection, storage
and disposal system 160.00 16.00
5 ETP & STP 3.00 0.20
6 Greenbelt development 1.00 0.50
7 Pollution monitoring instrument / equipment 3.00 0.20
8 Others (Socioeconomic development) 37.00 7.30
Total 393.00 48.80
Cost provisions are made in Detailed Project Report to implement above environmental
mitigation measures.
CHIEF ENGINEER (O&M)
EXECUTIVE ENGINEER (ENVIRONMENT)
AEE (ENVT.) SR.CHEMIST AEE/ASH UTILISATION
ASST. ENGINEER (ENVT) CHEMIST ASST. ENGINEER
SUPPORTING STAFF LAB ASSISTANTS SUPPORTING STAFF
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT GROUP
ASH UTILISATION GROUP
ENV. CHEMISTRY GROUP
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CHAPTER 6 : RISK ASSESSMENT & MITIGATION MEASURES
It is imperative to conduct risk analysis for all the projects where hazardous materials, either
raw material of the product are handled. The risk assessment is carried out here as a few
hazardous materials will be handled in the Udangudi Supercritical Thermal Power Project of
M/s TANGEDCO.
6.1 METHODOLOGY
The Risk Analysis Study carried out under the following task heads:
System Study
The system description covers the plant description, storage & handling of fuels / chemicals,
etc.
Hazard Identification
The hazards associated with the proposed Power Plant have been discussed in terms of
material & process hazards.
Frequency of Hazard Occurrence
Based on the available international statistics and in-house risk database, the frequencies of
occurrence for the different accident scenarios were determined. The frequencies derived
from the historical database have been checked with the possible hazard scenario identified
during hazard identification.
Consequence Analysis
Based on the identified hazards, accident scenarios and the frequency of occurrence,
consequence modeling was carried out for calculating the spreading distances (zone of
influence) or risk distance for Pool fires and Explosions etc.
Risk Reducing Measures
Necessary risk reducing measures have been suggested based on the consequence
scenarios.
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6.2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND RISK ANALYSIS
The main hazard potentials in the proposed Power Plant Facility are categorized as below:
Material Hazard
High Speed Diesel (HSD), Light Diesel Oil (LDO), and Petrol used as an auxiliary fuel, which
is inflammable. In addition to that, the raw material used in Power plant is Coal. The propose
storage facilities are as follows:
Fuel Tank No. of tanks Capacity m3
Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) 1 5000
Light Diesel Oil (LDO) 1 1000
OF, HFO, and LDO is inflammable. Some of the important properties indicating the
hazardous nature of the chemicals are given as follows:
Chemical
Flash
point °C
Auto Ignition
(°C)
Flammability Boiling
point °C
TLV
ppm
NFPA
LFL% UFL% Nf Nh Nr
Heavy Fuel Oil
(HFO)
62 250 0.5 5.0 150 300 2 0 0
Light Diesel
Oil (LDO)
54.4 256 0.4 6.0 182-371 300 2 0 0
Furnace Oil 37.7 254.4 – 285 1.3 6.0 287.7 - 2 0 0
* NFPA: National Fire Protection Association
Process Hazard
Due to loss of containment during handling of hazardous materials or processes resulting in
fire, explosion, etc. No process hazards are discussed.
Mechanical Hazard
Due to "mechanical" operations such as welding, maintenance, falling objects etc. - basically
those NOT connected to hazardous materials.
Electrical Hazard
Electrocution, high voltage levels, short circuit, etc.
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Out of these, the material and process hazards are the one with a much wider damage
potential as compared to the mechanical and electrical hazards, which are by and large
limited to very small local pockets.
Hazard Intensity Classification
The hazard intensities of the chemicals that are to be handled in the Plant (as per NFPA
codes) are presented are given below.
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6.2.1 Fire and Explosion Index
Fire, Explosion and Toxicity Indexing is a rapid ranking method for identifying the degree of
hazard. In preliminary hazard analysis, chemical storages are considered to have Toxic and
Fire hazards. The application of FETI would help to make a quick assessment of the nature
and quantification of the hazard in these areas. However, this does not provide precise
information of the following factors:
Respective Material Factor (RMF),
General Hazard Factors (GHF)
Special Process Hazard Factors (SPH)
The above factors are computed using standard procedure of awarding penalties based on
storage handling and reaction parameters.
It can be used to classify separate elements of plant within an industrial complex. Before
indexing is done, the plant is divided into plant elements. Depending upon the material in
use, material factor is decided upon. A number of parameters, such as exothermic reactions,
handling hazards, pressure of system, flash point, operating temperature, inventory of
flammable material, corrosive property, leakage of points and toxicity are taken into
consideration in determining a plant/ equipment /operation hazard. A standard method of
awarding penalties and comparing the indices is used. However, this method does not give
absolute status of the equipment or section. But it can comparatively identify hazards among
others. The fire and explosion index is given below:
Degree of Hazard Fire and Explosion
Index
Light 0-60
Moderate 61-96
Intermediate 97-127
Heavy 128-158
Severe >159
Dow Indexing is a process based on indexing of hazards. The risk categories can be
expressed in terms of the Risk Index is given below.
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Category Risk Index
Acceptable region < 0
Low Risk 0
Moderate risk 0.67
Significant risk 1.33
High risk 2
Unacceptable region > 2
The physiological effects of threshold thermal doses is given below:
Threshold Dose (kj/m2) Effect
375 3rd degree burn
250 2nd degree burn
125 1st degree burn
65 Threshold of pain, no reddening or
blistering of skin caused
Note:
1st degree burn- Involves only epidermis. Example sunburn. Blisters may occur.
2nd degree burn- Involves whole of epidermis over the area of burn plus some
portion of dermis area.
3rd degree burn- Involves whole of epidermis and dermis. Sub cutaneous tissues
may also be affected.
The damage due to incident radiation intensity is as follows:
Incident Radiation
Intensity (KW/m2) Type of Damage
37.5 Minimum energy required igniting wood at infinite long
exposure (non piloted).
32.0 Maximum flux level for thermally protected tanks
12.5 Minimum energy required for piloted ignition of wood,
melting plastic tubing etc.
8.0 Maximum heat flux for un-insulated tanks.
4.5
Sufficient to cause pain to personnel if unable to reach
cover within 20 seconds. However blistering of skin (1st
degree burns) is likely.
1.6 Will cause no discomfort to long exposure.
0.7 Equivalent to solar radiation.
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6.2.2 Consequence Analysis
To estimate the damage caused by the release of fuels and flammable gases the following
parameters were calculated:
Release Rate of the fuels and flammable gases in case of pipeline, tank, pump and
tanker failure
Based on the methodology discussed above a set of catastrophic scenarios was
generated to carry out Risk Analysis calculations, as listed below:
Catastrophic release from Light Diesel Oil (LDO) – Pool Fire
Catastrophic release from Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) due to leak – Pool Fire
Possible hazards associated with a flash fire include thermal radiation, smoke, and
explosion. The model will predict the Hydrogen gas release threat zone area.
Pool Fire
When a non-boiling liquid spills, it spreads into a pool. The size of the pool depends on the
availability of the bund and obstacles. If there are no obstacles or bund, it can spread into a
thin film on flat land/floor. In general, a cylindrical flame approximates the flame geometry.
Radiation levels at various distances are calculated taking into account atmospheric
transmission coefficient, geometric view factor and the radiation intensity in terms of surface
heat flux of the flame. Depending upon the conditions, there are several ways in which these
can occur, ultimately causing damage due to heat radiation.
Effects of Pool Fire
Pool fire may result when bulk storage tanks of fuel will leak/burst, and the material released
is ignited. If the tanks are provided with dike walls to contain the leak and avoid spreading of
flammable material, the pool fire will be confined to the dike area only. However, the effects
of radiation may be felt to larger area depending upon the size of the pool and quantity of
material involved.
Thermal radiation due to pool fire may cause various degrees of burns on human bodies.
Moreover, their effects on objects like piping, equipment are severe depending upon the
radiant heat intensity.
Consequences in respect of containment failure related to fuel tank, is a modeled assuming
relevant atmospheric condition, using certain mathematical models presented in Scenarios.
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6.2.3 Conclusions and Principal Recommendations
FO, HFO, as LDO as Fuels
The firewater cooling system and Foam facilities are proposed to provide with Foam
system as per OISD [Oil Industry Safety Directorate] for fuel storage tanks.
It is proposed and suggested that the adjacent tanks shall thermally be protected by
firewater and foam system for fuel tanks.
The storage tanks are to be provided with fixed foam conveying system with foam
pourers and all around fire fighting facilities with hydrants and foam cum water
monitors as per OISD norms. This enables tank cooling in case of fire. It is therefore,
important that cooling of the adjoining product storage tanks is done, promptly, in
case of tank fire on any of the product storage tanks. It is also important to cool the
storage tank on fire so that tank shell does not give away. It is opined that the above
provisions for safety are adequate.
These risks must be controlled by the development of a safe system of work, which
can be defined as the set of controls necessary to minimize the risks associated with
the work.
Furthermore, it is recommended that additional measures for safety be taken. These
measures include inspecting all other piping and appurtenances for damage and
corrosion to prevent the unexpected leakage of FO, HFO, LDO and Petrol
establishing an Emergency Plan, Employee Emergency Plans and Fire Prevention
Plans."
Recommendations
Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, well-ventilated area away from water,
heat, combustibles (such as wood, paper and oil) and light.
Store away from incompatible materials such as flammable materials, oxidizing
materials, reducing materials, strong bases.
Use corrosion-resistant structural materials and lighting and ventilation systems in
the storage area.
Wood and other organic/combustible materials should not be used on floors,
structural materials and ventilation systems in the storage area.
Use airtight containers, kept well sealed, securely labeled and protected from
damage.
Use suitable, approved storage cabinets, tanks, rooms and buildings.
Suitable storage may include glass bottles and carboys.
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Storage tanks should be above ground and surrounded with dikes capable of holding
entire contents.
Limit quantity of material in storage. Restrict access to storage area.
Post warning signs when appropriate. Keep storage area separate from
populated work areas. Inspect periodically for deficiencies such as damage or leaks.
Have appropriate fire extinguishers available in and near the storage area.
The following measures are suggested for reducing the risk involved in pipeline
systems.
Preventive Maintenance
Routine inspection and preventive maintenance of equipment/facilities at the unit.
Instruments
All the instruments like pressure, temperature transmitters/gauges and alarms
switches and safety interlocks should be tested for their intended application as per
the preventive maintenance schedule. Similarly, the emergency shutdown system
should be tested as per the preventive maintenance schedule.
6.2.4 Risk Mitigation Measures
The materials handled at the proposed installation are inflammable and reactive substances
and based on the consequence analysis; the following measures are suggested as risk
mitigation measures.
The storage area, process area as well as road tankers loading/unloading areas
where there is maximum possibility of presence of flammable hydrocarbons in large
quantities, it should be ensured that combustible materials are not placed here such
as oil filled cloth, wooden supports, oil buckets etc. to reduce the probability of
secondary fires in case of release.
Hydrocarbon, smoke and fire detectors should be suitably located and linked to fire
fighting system to reduce the response time and ensure safe dispersal of vapours
before ignition can occur.
Tank fires result in little damage at ground levels. Damage at tank height is such as
to damage adjacent tanks. Hence tank cooling provisions, particularly upper sections
of the tank must be ensured to prevent explosion. Foam for arresting roof fires must
be started immediately.
Pool fires resulting from tanker/pump/pipeline leakage are dangerous since the liquid
pool becomes unconfined. Training in fire fighting, escape action, operation of
emergency switches etc. is vital.
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Pump loading line failures have also a possibility of causing major damage. Strict
inspection, maintenance and operation procedures are essential for preventing
escalation of such incidents.
Emergency procedures should be well rehearsed and state of readiness to be
achieved.
6.2.5 Emergency Planning
Emergency planning is an integral and essential part of loss prevention strategy. The type of
emergency primarily considered here is the major emergency, which may be defined as one
which has the potential to cause serious danger to persons and/ or damage to property and
which tends to cause disruption inside and/or outside the site and may require the use of
outside resources.
Emergency is a general term implying hazardous situation both inside and outside the
installations. Thus, emergencies are termed “on-site” when emergency extends beyond its
premises. It is to be understood here, that if an emergency occurs inside the plant and could
not be controlled, it may lead to an off-site emergency.
Objectives of the Plan
Emergency planning or preparedness is a comprehensive response plan to react to a
number of foreseeable emergencies anticipated in the works and to contain the loss of
human life, property and provide speedy and effective remedial measures. An important pre-
requisite for emergency planning is to foresee an accident scenario, which leads to a major
fire, explosion, toxic release, their spread or extent and their damage potential. This
information is used in conjunction with layout of the units in the works, and adjacent
communities in the preparation of the contingency plan.
Identification of scenarios and their consequences form an important element in the disaster
management planning. The type of scenarios and their consequences determine the
emergency response. Identification of scenarios and mitigation include the detection of
abnormal conditions, assessing the potential consequences and immediate measures to
mitigate the situations. They also include emergency response actions, which must be taken
to protect the health and the safety of the plant personnel and public.
Assuming all reasonable plant safety design and their improvements have been considered
such as design codes, practices, alarms, shutdown interlocks etc., the accidents may occur
as the plant operating parameter values may exceed or lie outside the normal parameters.
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These potential uncontrollable parameters provide the plant operators an indication of
potential consequence in advance of actual occurrence. The important elements of
emergency planning can be broadly classified as follows:
Identify the disaster potential scenarios and advance planning to combat and
minimize the damage.
Disaster phase, i.e. warning, protective actions like evacuation of personnel etc.,
Containment of disaster by isolating, fire fighting etc.,
Rescue, relief, assistance to the people affected in the works/ community effectively
and efficiently based on the actual needs and other information collected locally both
in advance of the disaster and as soon as possible after the disaster occurred.
Finally, when the situation is contained, efforts are to be made to return back to near
normal conditions.
Of the above points, the first four are most relevant to the immediate attention to
works management. The areas affected by each accident scenario can be identified
by their consequences like pool fire, flash fire, etc., It would be appropriate to classify
the hazards around the plant and to provide emergency measures in the area both
onsite or offsite (if the extends).
Alert
It is the duty of any witness of the beginning of an accident or of an anomaly, which available
means within the limits of his ability (1st intervention step). Alert is the information given to
ask for assistance, in principle using alarms, which are inside or outside the establishment.
TANGEDCO has to ensure through training/ information for any person of the staff to give a
brief and precise warning message indicating the place, type and seriousness of the
accident, whenever he is witness to an abnormal initiating event. Depending on the nature
and magnitude of the event and local conditions such as meteorology, geographical layout,
population distribution and accessibility, the important aspect to be considered is the type or
level of an emergency. Emergency may be broadly categorized into four levels depending
upon the in plant facilities and extent of external help required to meet the emergency. The
level 1 emergency is combated at the plant‟s level and no external help in the form of
facilities or expertise is required. In other levels, external help is required to combat the
emergency as indicated below:
Level 1 Operation/ Unit level
Level 2: Local/ District level
Level 3: State/ National level
Level 4: International level
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Organization
Emergencies very rarely occur. As such, they are neither a day today activity nor a planned
activity with a fixed time schedule. The activities during the emergencies are to be
coordinated and this could be achieved by an organizational approach, which has quick
response capabilities.
Chain of Command
Organizational structure should lay stress on the execution and speedy implementation of
the response plans. At the same time it should be flexible enough to tune itself to the fast
changing situations in the affected area. All actions are to be coordinated well so that overall
situation is under control.
The duties and responsibilities of each individual coordinator are fixed such that the actions
are taken with logical approach. If any changes are to be made in the procedure, or in
actions, the front-end area coordinator should be able to respond in logical fashion. To
achieve the above, a chain of command is created with tiered structure that the supervisors
can take a few independent decisions to achieve the overall objectives.
The chain of command clearly spells out the duties of each coordinator and the areas the
supervisor commands. The chain of command spells out the alternate coordinator or person
if a particular coordinator is not available.
The chain of command naturally corresponds to the organizational structure with clear
understanding of the nature of duties and objectives. Every coordinator responsible for his
area ensures that right type of trained people is deployed for the jobs to be done. Here,
it may be pointed out that conducting mock emergency drills on regular basis help the
coordinators to understand the duties and responsibilities well. With feedback and
experience gained from these drills, the command structure can be improved.
The coordinator does not leave the command post unattended. If the coordinator is required
to leave the command post for any reason, he has to depute an alternate to attend the
functions.
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6.2.6 Manpower Details and Responsibilities of the Members of DMP
Manpower Details for DMP
The general duty/first shift is given below:
Sr. No. Category Designation
HOD - Operations Assisted by HOS (production) (Main Incident Controller)
HOS-Mechanical (Safety Coordinator)
The shift duty (in second & third shift is given below:
Sr. No. Designations
1 Shift Manager Assisted by Shift-In-charge
2 Operations staff
Duties of Various Personnel
Chief Emergency Controller:
Site Head (Operations) in his absence HOD- (Operations):
Beyond General Shift hours and on Holidays Site Shift Manager will act as Chief
Emergency Controller until Site Head/HOD-Operations takes over.
Chief Emergency Controller will be over all controller of the emergency. He will take
ultimate decision on the following aspects and execute the same with the assistance
of concerned personnel:
Essential Communication
Fire Fighting and Rescue Work
Emergency Plant Shutdown
Evacuation Actions if required
Demolition and Repairs
Transportation
Investigation
Public Relation
Urgent Medical Attention and Actions
Evacuation and Directive to Vicinity Community through State Agencies.
Incident Controller
Concerned HOS until HOD arrives at site, the Shift Incharge of the area will function
as Incident Controller:
Assess the emergency
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Disseminate warning
Direct the fire fighting and rescue operation
Direct the plant operations/shutdown to control the emergency.
Liaison with HOD(CES) /HOS (Mech.)
Ensure constant feed back to C.E.C.
HOS (Production)
Deploy officers and staff for control room and field for coordinating and direct the
work of the fire fighting and rescue operation
Evaluate the risk and its subsequent effects in consultation with HOS (Safety,
Health & Environment).
Function as Incident Controller in the absence of HOD-Operations
HOS (Safety, Health & Environment)
Evaluate the hazard and accordingly direct the Fire Executive and Safety Executive
for emergency actions. Arrange for safety equipments.
Keep constant contact with Incident Controller throughout the emergency.
Summon help from outside agencies like local Fire Brigade and Mutual Aid
Scheme.
HOD (Technical Services)
Evaluate the operational needs on emergency, anticipation possible risks and
suggest suitable measures to Incident Controller.
Assessment of magnitude and spread of risk to work out remedial actions.
Deciding the method of disposal of hazardous spillage/leakage.
HOD (T.S) will take over the function of HOS (Safety, Health & Environment) in his
absence.
HOS (Laboratory)
Collect the information on weather condition, ambient air quality and drain discharge
during emergency and give feed back to HOD (T.S.)
Executive (Fire) / Executive (Security)
Direct the crewmembers in carrying out fire fighting, rescue operation and control of
toxic chemical release.
Direct the rescue operations in co-ordination with HOS (Safety, Health &
Environment).
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Provide stretcher service to ambulance point.
Arrangement and deployment of additional crew (Off Duty Personnel)
Ensure adequate supply of fire fighting / rescue equipment, accessories and
materials.
Keep constant touch with HOS (Safety, Health & Environment) and Incident
Controller.
HOD (CES):
Evaluate the emergency requirements in consultation with Incident Controller.
Arrange and provide necessary equipment like cranes, dozers, pay loaders, forklifts,
trucks welding / cutting sets, jacks, chain pulley blocks, water pumps etc. and power
to operate these equipments.
Ensure continuous operation of firewater pumps and regular supply of required water
for fire fighting and other emergency operations.
Arrange and provide required number of contract personnel to do civil, mechanical
and electrical jobs like sand bags, bunding, excavation, repairs, structure and debris
removal, lighting etc.
Make arrangement for permanent / temporary lighting/flood lights/emergency lights to
the affected area, shelters and other places.
Direct the operation of above equipment and services in consultation with Incident
Controller to minimize loss / damage.
Keep constant touch with Chief Emergency Controller.
HOS (Mechanical)
Mobilize necessary equipment like cranes, dozers, pay loaders, forklifts,
welding/cutting sets, jacks, chain pulley blocks, tools and tackles etc. to the site of
emergency.
Arrange and depute operators, riggers, welders and technician etc. to operators,
riggers, welders and technician etc. to operate the above equipment.
Keep mechanical workshop open.
HOS (Electrical)
Arrange to cut off/restore power supply as needed in emergency situations.
Provide temporary connection for floodlights, and electrical tools.
Provide power connection for pumps and other equipments.
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Engineer (Civil)
Ensure adequate fire fighting water supply in co-ordination with Manager (Admin.).
Arrange additional water supply from reservoirs and by diverting process
water/treated water in consultation with C.E.C.
Organize jobs such as excavation, shoring and supporting of civil structures,
temporary bunding etc.
Direct demolishing of structure.
Engineer (Instrumentation)
Organize instrumentation jobs such as repairs, adjustment of settings, bypassing,
switching over the mode of control, repairs, calibration and the like which are needed
for effective process control during emergency.
Restore the functioning of controls, alarms and recorders, indicators etc. for
stabilizing the operations.
Remain in constant touch with Incident Controller.
Ensure availability of information and data, pre-disaster time and at the time of
disaster and store it in proper fashion so that as and when required is available.
HOS (Materials)
Immediately contact Incident Controller and ascertain the material requirements to
control emergency.
Arrange adequate supply of required material and transport for material
Procure or hire material, labour and transport to meet urgent requirement from
outside parties/industries.
Officer (Stores):
Keep all the stores open with necessary staff and give instructions for prompt
delivery of material on the site of emergency.
Keep constant touch with HOS (Safety, Health & Environment) and HOD (CES), for
their requirement of material and ensure material delivery on the site.
Give feed back to HOS (Materials).
Officer (Purchase):
Arrange emergency purchase or hire of material require for meeting the emergency.
Keep constant touch with HOS (Safety, Health & Environment)
Give feedback to HOS (Materials).
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HOS (P&A)
Orange hospitalization, evacuation and relief camps.
Maintain law and order in factory premises (with the help of security)
Control entry and exist of personnel and vehicles with the help of security.
Seek assistance from outside agencies such as police, civil defense, fire brigade and
mutual aid scheme.
Ensure dissemination of authentic information to public and press.
Keep relatives/family members of involved employees informed from time to time.
Give constant feed back to CEC [Chief Emergency Controller]
Manager (Security)
Assess and maintain law and order
Reinforce security at gates and vital installations.
Cordon off affected area
Depute security personnel to help fire fighting, rescue and stretcher service.
Restrict entries of unauthorized persons.
Regulate entry and exit of personnel to ensure smooth function of emergency
services.
Ensure smooth entry and exist of fire brigades, ambulances and service vehicles.
Organize transportation for affected/evacuated employees, their families and public.
Keep liaison with police, home guards for additional help to control law and order,
traffic and evacuation.
Officer (Admin.)
Report to HOS (P&A) and get instructions.
Keep liaison with HOS (Safety, Health & Environment) and accordingly organize
evacuation.
Keep liaison with Plant Manager and direct affected/evacuated persons/public to
proper shelters.
Ensure proper and effective functioning of means of communication. Make
alternative and stand-by arrangement for prompt communication of messages.
Give constant feed back to HOD (Services) and CEC.
Officer (Personnel)
Report to HOS (P&A) and get instructions.
Arrange canteen services for personnel engaged in emergency duties.
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Arrange canteen services for affected/evacuated public and improvised shelters in
community hall, schools nearby etc.
Keep liaison with Medical Officer. Collect information regarding members/relatives.
Inform statutory authorities such as Chief Inspector of Factories, Insurance
Companies, Controller of Explosives, Labour Commissioner and Pollution Control
Board.
Disseminate authentic information to public.
Ensure authentic press release in consultation with CEC.
Arrange for entry, exit, transportation and proper reception of press personnel.
Keep liaison with Officer (Administration), Medical Officer and Plant people and give
feedback to General Manager (P&A).
Medical Officer
Organize ambulance services, treatment and hospitalization of affected persons.
If necessary, get help of outside hospitals and medical professionals.
Pass on information regarding condition and treatment of patients to HOS (P&A) &
HOD (Services) from time to time.
Contact Blood Bank and organize blood supply.
Get blood donors. Get the help of social service organizations for this purpose.
Keep liaison with Officer (Admin.) for emergency transportation arrangements.
Contact HOS (P&A) for welfare arrangements of treated and discharged persons.
Give feedback to HOD (Services).
Shift Engineers/ Asst. Manager/ Shift In-charge
Deploy staff for controlling process and field operation.
Co-ordinate and direct the work of fire fighting
Evaluate the risk and effects and take necessary actions like cutting off a section/
whole plant etc.
Keep in close liaison with Incident Controller.
Act as Incident Controller in silent hours and also till General Manager takes over as
Incident Controller.
Operators/ Technicians
Report matter to Shift Engineer.
Take action to stop supply of gas, fuel etc. to the point of fire/ leakage keeping you
safe.
Use first aid fire fighting appliances to fight the fire/leakage etc.
Stand-by for instructions from shift engineer. Keep ready for evacuation, if needed.
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6.2.2 Responsibilities Of Coordinators/Controllers
Main Incident Controller
For On-Site Disaster Management Plan (DMP), the site shift manager shall be the
Main Incident Controller to coordinate the execution of the plan during an emergency
or a mock drill. He is responsible for preparation/ updating of the plan, getting
approval from the District Authorities/ Factory Inspectorate; and its implementation in
the hour of need. His duties are
Assess the magnitude of the situation and declare state of emergency. Activate DMP
and ensure its implementation.
Mobilize the Main Coordinators/ Key personnel and exercise direct operational
control of area, other than those affected.
Declare danger zones and activate emergency control center.
Ensure calling in Mutual aid members and district emergency agencies like Fire
Brigade, Police, and Medical authorities.
Maintain a speculative continuous review of possible developments and assess
these to determine most probable course of events and appropriate response.
Inform Area Office, head Quarters, Police, Statutory authorities, District Authorities
about the magnitude of the emergency casualties and rescue operation.
Ensure casualties are receiving required attention and their relatives are informed.
Ensure accounting of personnel.
Issue authorized statements to Press, Radio, TV etc., regarding the emergency and
its possible impact on the surroundings.
Authorize procurement of emergency material.
Log important developments in chronological order and preserve material evidence
for investigation. Direct isolation of power supply, plant shutdown and evacuation of
personnel inside the premises as deemed necessary.
Advice Police, District Authorities regarding evacuation of public in the near vicinity/
vulnerable zone. Ensure raising the siren in EMERGENCY mode till All Clear Signal.
When effects are likely to be felt outside, get in touch with District Authorities, who
will take over the management and declare “Off- Site Emergency”.
Control rehabilitation of affected areas on cessation of emergency.
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Administration & Communication Coordinator
Liaise with Chief and other coordinators.
Inform and coordinate with External agencies and Mutual aid members for agreed
assistance. Direct them on arrival to the respective coordinators.
In case communication means fail, send messages to Mutual aid
members/Emergency departments. Coordinate with Police in controlling the traffic
and mob outside the premises.
Activate the medical center and mobilize medical team. Arrange ambulance and
transfer casualties to hospitals. Also coordinate with police in case of fatalities.
Arrange for head count at the assembly points.
Arrange procurement of spares for fire fighting and additional medical drugs/
appliances.
Mobilize Transport as and when required by various coordinators. Arrange to provide
spark arrestors to emergency vehicles entering the premises.
Control and disperse crowds from the emergency site. Regulate traffic inside the
location.
Arrange food, beverages and drinking water for all those involved in execution of
DMP in case the emergency prolongs.
Communicate with relatives of person‟s injured/ involved in fire fighting activities.
Arrange evacuation of premises as directed by Main Incident Controller.
Coordinate with civil authorities for evacuating public from the danger zone and
arrange for refreshments at the evacuation center.
Safety Coordinators
Ensure safe stoppage of the operation; switching off main instruments, shut off
valves on product lines; and isolation of affected areas.
Demarcate danger and safe zones by putting RED and GREEN flags.
Mobilize the Fire Fighting Crew and direct the Fire Fighting Operation.
Effectively deploy manpower, both internal and external.
Direct & utilize the Fire Brigade personnel.
Arrange the replacement of various Fire Fighting squads with the Mutual and
External aid members on need basis.
Ensure/ maintain sufficient pressure in the Hydrant mains.
Assess water level in the storage tank/ reservoir and plan replenishment.
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Monitor the requirements of Fire equipment and coordinate for procurement of
spares.
Arrange for flood lighting of the affected areas and dewatering of the Fire Fighting
area, if required.
Arrange to remove and part the tank lorries (Bulk & Packed) to a safer place, as
necessary.
6.2.8 Internal Resources
Communication
Communication includes physical and administrative means by which plant operators can
rapidly notify plant management and offsite emergency response agencies and the public.
They also include emergency response actions, which must be taken to protect health and
safety of the plant personnel and the public. The communication is both software and
hardware oriented systems. Without adequate communication successful emergency
planning cannot be exercise.
During disaster, the communication channels are kept open to the emergency control center
(ECC) and outside agencies. The communication system is planned as follows:
Voice Communication Channels.
1. ECC to:
Civilian hospitals
Civic authorities including police
Local fire fighting brigade
2. ECC to:
Control room unit
Industrial medical center (First Aid Station)
3. ECC to:
Firewater pump house
Offsite operators‟ station
Security gate
6.2.9 Audio Communication Channels [(ACC)(Alarms):
Fire Warning
If the fire is noticed at any plant or sector the fire warning is to be given and so alert all the
sections of the facility. If it is a major fire or a fire at critical sector, the ECC is to be
immediately activated.
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Warning System
This is done by a Siren, which could be audible at a range. Signal for enforcement and
withdrawal of disaster control plan are as follows:
The disaster control plan is actuated for product leakages, fire and explosion by
sounding of the siren as below:
Sound the siren continuously for 1-minute and then stop for 10 seconds.
This is repeated five times.
The disaster control plan is withdrawn on sounding siren continuously for 3 minutes.
The Siren system is designed to set in operation from the emergency control centre.
Power Supply for the Communication System
All types of communication systems should have an independent power back-up
system for reliability.
Walkie-talkies should be given to offsite operations and area in-charges for additional
communication facilities.
Medical Resources
The medical aspects shall be covered for normal and routine accidents like personnel
injury not due to process risks and also for providing quick first aid during the initial
phase of disaster. Primary Health Centre (PHC) is already established with general
staff and medical officer.
TANGEDCO shall have a tie-up with nearby Hospital. The hospital shall be equipped
by means of donating suitable equipment to deal with at least three injured persons
at a time to treat burn injuries, multiple fractures, shock etc., and antidote for toxic.
Transport
Adequate transport vehicles are to be provided for transporting affected
people/medical staff for medical treatment, evacuation and the movement of
emergency staff. The vehicles are to be parked in the area where the medical center
is situated. For example the vehicles of following types are stationed:
One emergency vehicle, which can accommodate two stretcher cases.
A pick up van with radio communication system (i.e. walkie-talkie).
General purpose vehicle (Jeeps).
6.2.10 Emergency Control Centre (ECC)
This is a center for emergency works and is a part of the Administrative building. The staff
can be called at certain level of danger and the emergency crew, as identified in the
Organogram, performs the activities. The control entry shall be located outside the area of
hazard.
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The center should be equipped with emergency power, duplicated means of communication
to the plant area and outside the facilities with civic authorities. The control room has the
following information/provisions:
An adequate number of external telephones, one accepts outgoing calls only, in
order to bypass jammed switchboards during an emergency.
A pick-up van with radio communication systems.
An adequate number of internal telephones.
Layout of the facilities and detailed telephones.
Technical documentation of the facilities.
P & ID, process data, equipment data.
Safety data sheets.
Identification hazard zones for the type of scenarios considered.
Maps marked with escape routes
Evacuation plans in case of total evacuation of the facilities and surroundings.
Information regarding the fire fighting and medical services.
Personnel protective equipment.
Medical first aid facilities to handle two or three people at a time.
A muster roll of employees.
A list of key personnel, with addresses, telephone numbers, etc.,
The emergency control center is not manned always. During emergency concerned
persons move into ECC and direct all activities from here.
The emergency control center should be located away from the hazardous zone.
6.2.11 Action Plan
The emergency action plan to be initiated in the event of a product tank on fire is as given
below:
Break the nearest fire alarm field station and /or dial the fire station giving the location
and nature of emergency.
Report to the superior officer concerned/ control room.
Isolate the affected tanks and cordon off the area
Start the sprinkler system on the adjacent tanks, and the affected tank. The radiation
intensity level of one tank on fire may heat up the second adjacent tank if the
adjacent tanks are not cooled by water sprinkler system.
Cool the adjacent equipment/structures with water monitors/sprinklers. Care to be
taken on not to throw on wires and electrical equipment to avoid short-circuiting and
electrocution. The firewater facilities at the plant have been designed as per
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OISD –117. For fighting prolonged fires, the firewater shall be continuously
replenished into the firewater tanks from underground water source/water supply
lines.
In order to prevent escalation, apply foam blanket on roof of the nearest tank;
alternatively, apply adequate water on the rim of the floating roof. In the event of a
major tank fire, it is advisable to empty out the adjoining tanks also, if practicable.
Inject foam into the burning tank through foam equipment.
Make the decision to pump out or not to pump out oil from the burning tanks
depending on the circumstances. If the tanks hold substantial oil, it may be helpful
pumping out most of it. It is also to be noted that as the level goes down, greater
portion of shell comes in contact with flame weakening it. If the flame cannot be
extinguished, sacrifice of the tank by burning out o the residual stock (brought to
minimum) may be the strategy to be adopted.
Inform Ambulance and medical staff to report at eh Scene.
Remove injured personnel and render medical treatment. Get additional medical help
if required. Hospitalize the affected people and inform their families.
All contract employees to be cleared off from the cordoned off area.
Arrange for traffic control inside the premises and outside the main gate. Ensure the
approach to the main gate is cleared to facilitate movement of essential services.
Watch for breach of dyke and arrange for blocking if required.
Arrange for external help if required for additional fire brigades/foam equipment.
Arrange for refreshments for the fighting personnel.
Arrange relief crew for the fire fighting personnel.
Inform the neighboring people about the fire to avoid panic among the people.
Inform local authorities/ police station.
Arrange for evacuation of people.
Inform the press about the nature and seriousness of the fire to avoid false
propaganda.
Intimate concerned authorities about the situation.
Obtain supplementary equipment/ materials for crisis control from other places if
required.
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CHAPTER 7 : PROJECT BENEFITS
The proposed 2 X 800 MW Power plant will result in improvement of infrastructure as well as
up-liftment of social structure in the area. The people residing in the nearby areas will be
benefited directly and indirectly. It will also helps in sustainable development of this area
including development of physical Infrastructural facilities such as road transport facilities,
educational facilities and water supply and sanitation. It is anticipated that the proposed
power plant will provide benefits to the locals in two phases i.e. during construction phase as
well as during operational stage of the plant.
Community Services
TANGEDCO will employ local people to the extent possible for avoiding creation of
additional infrastructure. TANGEDCO will develop medical facilities for catering to the needs
of the project personnel. These facilities will also be extended to the local community in due
course.
Improvement in Social Infrastructure
The proposed project will lead to indirect employment opportunity. Employment is expected
during civil construction period, in trade, garbage lifting, sanitation, afforestation works and
other ancillary services. Employment in these sectors will be primarily temporary or
contractual and involvement of unskilled labour will be more. A major part of this labour force
will be mainly from local villagers who are expected to engage themselves both in Fishing,
Agriculture and Project activities. This will enhance their income and lead to overall
economic growth of the area. The project will have a strong positive employment and income
effect, both direct as well as indirect because of better indirect employment opportunities due
to this project. The project is going to have positive impact on consumption behavior by way
of raising average consumption and income through multiplier effect. People perceive that
the project will help in the development of social infrastructures/such as.
Education facilities
Banking facilities
Post offices and Communication facilities
Medical facilities
Recreation facilities
Business establishments
Community facilities
Transportation
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There will also be small increase in the vehicular traffic due to passenger transport. This
increase in traffic will not have any consequence to warrant special mention. One should
expect that the increased passenger load in the sector would prompt the state government
to start new and frequent public transport services to this area, bringing upliftment to the
whole locality.
Other Tangible Benefits
The proposed project is likely to have other tangible benefits as given below.
Indirect employment opportunities to local people in contractual works like housing
construction, transportations, sanitation, for supply of goods and services to the
project and other community services
Additional housing demand for rental accommodation will increase
Market and business establishment facilities will also increase
Cultural, recreation and aesthetic facilities will also improve
Improvement in communication, transport, education, community development and
medical facilities
The CSR initiatives of TANGEDCO have been prioritized on local needs, which focus
on Health, Education, Sustainable Livelihood, Social Mobilization, Infrastructure
Development, Water Harvesting, Agriculture and Environment Conservation.
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CHAPTER 8 : ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
The Environment Management Plan (EMP) is required to ensure sustainable development in
the area of the proposed power plant site. This needs to have comprehensive EMP for which
the proposed industry, government, regulating agencies and affected population of the study
area need to extend their co-operation and contribution for implementing the management
plan.
The Environmental Management Plan projects various pollution control measures for
mitigating environmental impacts identified during the construction and operation phases of
the proposed power plant. The impact assessment study has examined the extent to which
these impacts likely to occur and can be controlled through the adoption of mitigation
measures. The Environment Management Plan describes both standard and site-specific
pollution control measures so as to mitigate potential impacts associated with the proposed
activities.
While implementing the project TANGEDCO will follow guidelines specified by CPCB under
the Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection (CREP) for thermal power plants.
The following environmental management plan has been suggested during construction and
operation phase. The following mitigation measures are recommended in order to
synchronize the economic development of the study area with the environmental protection
of the region.
8.1 CONSTRUCTION PHASE
The impacts during the construction phase on the environment would be basically of
temporary nature and are expected to reduce gradually on the completion of the construction
activities.
The construction of proposed power plant unit would result in increase of dust
concentrations due to fugitive emissions. Frequent water sprinkling in the vicinity of the
construction sites would be undertaken and will be continued after the completion of plant
construction, as there is scope for heavy truck mobility.
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The following control measures are recommended to mitigate the probable adverse impacts:
Though the project site being flat, some leveling will be required. The proposed site is
barren land. The topography of the site is almost flat. Some level filling works are
proposed to raise the ground level. It is planned to utilize fly ash from TTPS ash dyke
which is about 50kms distance and from soil from excavated earth in the surrounding
area.
The generated dusk due to earth work and transportation through unmetalled road
will be suppressed using water sprinkling.
Site for construction workers camp will be clearly demarcated to prevent occupational
hazards. The necessary basic needs and infrastructure facilities such as water
supply sanitary facilities, temporary housing, domestic fuels etc. will be provided
At the construction site, where petroleum powered equipments are used and
temporary storage of petroleum products (highly inflammable) may cause fire hazard.
Necessary care will be taken as per the safety norms for the storage of the petroleum
products
It will be ensured that both gasoline and diesel powered vehicles are properly
maintained to comply the exhaust emission requirements.
Accidental spill of oils from construction equipment and storage sites will be
prevented
Though the effect of noise on the nearby inhabitants due to construction activity will
be negligible, noise prone activities will be restricted to the day time.
Provision for insulating caps and aids at the exit of noise source on the machinery;
Shock absorbing techniques would be adopted to reduce impact due to noise;
Earmuffs would be provided to the workers and management would see that workers
use the protective gadgets regularly.
During construction, provision for infra-structural services including water supply,
sanitation, sewage treatment facilities and drainage facilities will be provided to
maintain the hygienic conditions.
Adequate power will be provided to the site workers during the construction phase.
Tree plantation will be undertaken during the construction of power plant, so that they
grow to considerable height by the time of commissioning of the proposed project
As soon as construction is over, surplus of excavated material will be utilized to fill up
low lying areas and all surfaces will be rein stead.
The company management will give preference to local eligible people through both
direct and indirect employment.
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Educational needs of the region should be improved by encouraging the workers to
allow their children to attend schools.
The safety department will supervise the safe working of the contractor and their
employees.
Adequate facilities for provision of rest rooms, sanitation and canteen will be provided
for the work force in the area to be earmarked for this purpose as per industry
standard
8.2 OPERATIONAL PHASE
All necessary control measures will be undertaken at the design stage by the project
proponents to meet the statutory requirements and towards minimizing environmental
impacts.
The design basis for all process units will lay special emphasis on measures to minimize
effluent generation and emission control at source. The specific control measures related to
gaseous emissions, liquid effluent discharges, noise generation, solid waste disposal etc.
are described below:
8.2.1 Air Quality Management
Reduction of Emission at Source
Major pollutants are from the proposed expansion of power plant are particulate matter,
sulfur dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen and fugitive dust. The following methods of abatement
will be employed for the air pollution control.
Particulate matter will be controlled by providing highly efficient (99.89%) electrostatic
precipitators (ESPs) to limit outlet concentration to 50 mg/Nm3.
Chimney of 275-m height is proposed for adequate dispersion of sulfur dioxide;
Emission of NOx will be controlled through low NOx burners;
Adequate dust suppression system (water spray system) will be installed in the coal
stockyard or ash handling system, transfer points to arrest fugitive emissions
Green belt will be provided around the plant boundary. Plantation will be taken up
during construction phase only
All the internal roads will be concreted/asphalted to reduce the fugitive dust due to
vehicular movement. All along the internal roads plants will be planted.
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Fugitive Emission Management
The following measures will be adopted to control the fugitive emissions:
The dust generated from coal handling plant will be insignificant as the operations will
be in closed circuit. For further suppression of dust adequate water spray systems
will be provided
All vehicles and their exhausts will be well maintained and regularly will be monitored
for emission generated from the vehicle exhaust;
The adequate thickness of insulating material will be provided to control the thermal
pollution;
Jet Pulse bag filters will be provided at all the points like material conveying and
transfer points;
Regular dust suppression with water sprinkler on the haul roads;
The control of fugitive emissions from the ash pond through maintaining a permanent
blanket of water cover of the ash pond
The green belt development in the plant and at ash disposal areas
Stack Gas Monitoring
The emissions from the stack will be monitored continuously for sulfur dioxide, oxides of
nitrogen and particulate matter. Sampling ports would be provided in the stacks as per
CPCB guidelines.
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring
The concentration of SPM, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, and CO in the ambient air within the
project boundaries and outside the project boundaries would be monitored as per the
directives of the state pollution control board.
Meteorological Observations
The weather monitoring station shall be installed to record meteorological conditions. The
dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, wind speed, wind direction, cloud cover, rainfall
and solar radiation will be recorded daily.
8.2.2 Noise Environment
The specifications for procuring major noise generating machines/equipment would include
built in design requirements to have minimum noise levels to meet occupational safety and
health association (OSHA) requirement. Appropriate noise barriers/shields, silencers etc.
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shall be provided in the equipment, wherever feasible. As far as possible noise emanating
from noisy equipment would be adequately attenuated by keeping them in enclosures and
will be partitioned off, using insulation material, etc. following measures will be strictly
followed.
Manufacturers and suppliers of machine/equipment like compressors, turbines and
generators will be selected to ensure that these machine/equipment meet the desired
noise/vibration standards by providing noise absorbing material for enclosures or
using appropriate design/technology for fabricating /assembling machines.
The insulation will be provided to reduce the loss of heat with noise. The personnel
safety will also act as a noise reducers
Layouts of equipment foundations and structures are being designed keeping in view
the requirement of noise abatement;
Proper lubrication and housekeeping to avoid excessive noise generation;
The workers working in the high noise areas like compressor houses, blowers,
generators, feed pumps, steam generation plant, turbo generator area will be
provided with ear muffs/ear plugs
Acoustic laggings and silencers will be provided in equipment wherever necessary.
The compressed air station will be provided with suction side silencers. Ventilation
fans will generally be installed in enclosed premises
The noise level will not exceed the limit 75 dB (A) during the day time 70 dB (A) night
time within the plant premises.
Central control room(s) provided for operation and supervision of plant and
equipment will be air-conditioned, insulated and free from plant noise. Necessary
enclosures will also be provided on the working platforms/areas to provide local
protection in high noise level areas;
Shock absorbing techniques shall be adopted to reduce impact;
Al the openings like covers, partitions would be acoustically sealed;
Ear plugs will be provided to workers working near high noise generating sources;
Noise levels shall be reduced by the use of absorbing material on roof walls and
floors;
Increase the distance between source and receiver by altering the relative orientation
of the source and receiver. Noise level at the receiver end reduces in inverse
proportion to the square of the distance between the receiver and the source;
The industry along the boundary would be thickly vegetated with species of rich
canopy
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8.2.3 Water Environment
Wastewater Management
The total water requirement to the proposed power plant will be met from Sea Water.
The consumptive water requirement for the proposed power plant is about
13790m3/hr.
Continuous efforts would be made to reduce the water consumption and thereby to
reduce the wastewater generation. Flow meters would be installed for all major water
inlet and the flow rates would be continuously monitored. Periodic water audits would
be conducted to explore the possibilities for minimization of water consumption.
The Total wastewater generation from the proposed power plant is 2,16,780 m3/day
which includes Clarifier & filter Plant Back wash, DM plant regeneration waste,
Sanitary waste from plant toilets, Boiler Blow down, Cooling tower blow down,
effluent from Oil handling area and coal handling area etc. The effluent treatment
system of the proposed plant is designed to treat all effluent generated so as to meet
the standards. The Effluent treatment plant comprises of sludge Pond, Neutralization
pit, Parallel plate separator, Oil Trap and settling basins. Treated water will be
collected in Guard pond.
The sanitary sewage wastewater will be treated in sewage treatment plant (STP).
The STP comprises aeration tanks followed by clarifier. The clarified effluent will be
chlorinated in chlorine contact channel. Chlorine dosing tank will be provided near
chlorine contact channel. After chlorination the treated effluent will be used for green
belt development. The sludge from the bottom of the clarifier will be used as manure
for the green belt or irrigation. The quality of effluent at inlet and outlet are as
presented in Table 29. A schematic diagram of waste water treatment plant is shown
in Figure 14.
Table 29 : Quality of Effluent at Inlet and Outlet
Sr.
No. Parameter
Effluent Quality
Before Treatment After treatment
pH 6.5 – 7.5 7.5 – 8.0
Total Suspended Solids (mg/l) 200 - 300 <10
BOD5 at 20 0C (mg/l) 200-300 <30
COD 400- 500 <250
Oil & grease (mg/l) <20 <10
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Figure 14 :Schematic Diagram of Effluent Treatment Plant for Proposed Plant
Final Disposal of the wastewater
The treated effluent from the effluent tank will be used for horticulture and green belt
development within the plant. The cooling water system blow-down would be drawn from
cold cooling water system and discharged back to the sea, at distance of about 1005m from
the HTL, with suitable diffuser and discharge structure at an appropriate location based on
the bathymetry, marine ecology and re-circulation studies. Exact location of hot water
discharge point in the sea is decided considering the marine ecological factors and avoiding
re-circulation based on the bathymetric studies carried out by Anna University. The location
of intake of sea water and hot water discharge points is shown in Figure 8.
Monitoring of Waste Water Treatment
The treated effluent would be monitored regularly for the flow rate and quality to identify any
deviations in performance of Effluent and sewage treatment plants. If the effluent does not
meet the standards it will be sent to sedimentation tank again for further treatment. The
treated effluent meeting statutory norms will be discharged to sea.
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Storm Water Management
Surplus water from Ellapanaickan tank drains along the boundary of the site. Rain water
shall be collected through a network of drains, which shall finally be discharged in to the
surplus water drain of Ellappanaickan tank based on a detailed surface hydrology study.
Drainage study has been completed by Anna University. Since surplus water from
Ellappanaickan tank drains along the boundary of the site there will not be any impact on the
water regime due to the power project.
Based on the rainfall intensity of the proposed area, storm water drainage system is
designed. Strom water drainage system consists of well-designed network of open surface
drains and rainwater harvesting pits along the drains so that all the storm water is efficiently
drained off without any water logging.
Rain Water Harvesting System
RWH system will be provided to harvest the rain water around the project area. The rain
water collected from the roofs will be harvested in collection sumps and then stored in the
rain water collection tank. From there it will be used for power plant requirements to optimize
the raw water requirement. All the storm water drains will be concrete lined and sloped to
collect the rain water at a single point for efficient drainage. The collected rain water will be
changed in to the ground and the surplus water will be collected in the collection pit and
utilized for the Green belt development
The rain water harvesting capacity is calculated based on peak hourly rainfall data.
Peak daily rain fall (Maximum) : 0.2m (IMD, Thoothukudi)
Hard (Constructed) area : 430 Acres (174 Ha)
Soft (Non Constructed) area : 509 Acres (206 Ha)
Available water from soft area (80% runoff) : 4120 m3/day
Available water from Hard area (20% runoff) : 13920 m3/day
Total Available water during peak rain fall : 18040 m3/day
About 18040 m3/day (maximum) quantity of rain water will be utilized in the plant .
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8.2.4 Ash Utilization Plan
The total ash expected to be generated in 100% imported coal will be 1132.80 TPD (fly ash
906.24 TPD and bottom ash 226.56TPD). A detailed ash utilization plan is given in
Annexure ( J ) of this of EIA/EMP report .
8.2.5 Greenbelt Development
The main objective of the green belt is to provide a buffer between the sources of pollution
and the surrounding areas. The green belt helps to capture the fugitive emissions and
attenuate the noise apart from improving the aesthetics quality of the region. A 35 – 50 m
wide greenbelt will be developed along the periphery of the plant and in all open areas.
Avenue plantation will also be developed as per the standard norms.
Approximately 1500 trees per Ha will be planted in consultation with the local Forest
Department. The plant species suggested for the greenbelt development are presented in
Table 30. However the selection of the species will be finalized in consultation with local
forest department.
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Table 30 : Plant Species Suggested for Green Belt Development
Sr.
No.
Botanical name of the
plant
Size of
the tree Type and suitable site
1. Acacia auriculaeformis Medium Semi-evergreen fragrant white flowers
suitable in green belts and on road sides
2. Adina corodifolia Large Deciduous, a light demander, suitable on
open areas and near flares
3. Anogeissus latifolia Medium Deciduous, Suitable for green belts
4. Azadirachta indica Large Evergreen, Medicinal
5. Bauhinia variegata Medium Deciduous, good in green belts in garden
and as a second row avenue tree
6. Borassus flabellifer Large A tall deciduous palm can be used as wind
break when of different age.
7. Boswellia serrata Medium Deciduous suitable on green belt on
shallow soils
8. Caesalpinia pulcherrima Small A large shrub, suitable for gardens outside
offices and along channels
9. Callistemon lanceolatus Medium Deciduous for some time, ornamental
plant in garden
10. Carrisa Carandas Small Semi evergreen large bushy shrub good
as a hedge to protect against noise.
11. Cassia fistula Medium Deciduous, good ornamental tree in green
belts.
12. Cassia siamea Large Evergreen, good as an avenue tree.
13. Casuarina equisetifolia Medium Evergreen suitable for covering low lying
area and in green belts and along ponds.
14. Cedrela toona Large Deciduous, good in open spaces, in green
belts and along ponds.
15. Peltophorum inerme Medium Semi evergreen, suitable on road sides, in
gardens and outside office buildings.
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The following plant species have been suggested for Road Side Plantation.
Sr. No Scientific Name Vernacular name
1. Bauhinia purpurea Kachnar
2. Leucaena leucocephala Subabool
3. Delonix regia Gulmohar
4. Cassia fistula Amaltas
5. Pongamia pinnata Karanj
6. Azadirachta indica Margosa
The general guidelines for development of greenbelt are:
Trees growing up to 5 m or more will be planted along the plant premises and along
the road sides
Planting of trees will be undertaken in rows.
Open areas inside the plant boundary will be covered with grass lawns.
The spacing between the trees will be maintained slightly less than the normal
spaces, so that the trees may grow vertically and slightly increase the effective
height of the green belt.
Planting of trees in each row will be in staggered orientation.
Since the trunks of the tall trees are generally devoid of foliage, it will be useful to
have shrubs in front of the trees so as to give coverage to this portion.
In the 2nd & 3rd rows, shrubs consisting of Margosa, Kachnar, Amaltas, etc. will be
grown.
Shrubs and trees will be planted in encircling rows around the project site.
The short trees (<5 m height) will be planted in the first two rows (towards plant side)
of the green belt. The tall trees (>5 m height) will be planted in the outer three rows
(away from plant side).
For adsorption of dust and gaseous pollutants the following types of plants have
been considered,:
Fast growing
Thick canopy cover
Longer duration of foliage.
Adequate height and spread of crown
Small leaves (Lanceolate) trees which can sustain the sea breeze.
Preference to perennial and evergreen trees
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The choice of plants includes shrubs that grow 1 to 2 m high and trees of 3 to 5m heights. It
will be ensured that the foliage area density in vertical is almost uniform by intermixing the
trees and shrubs. Since safety during transport is a major consideration, shrubs in traffic
islands and along road dividers will be short enough to be below the eye-level of motorists.
The species identified for greenbelt development will be planted using pitting technique. The
pit size will be either 45 cm X 45 cm X 45 cm or 60 cm X 60 cm X 60 cm .Bigger pit size will
be preferred. Soil used for filling the pit will be mixed well with decomposed farm yard
manure or sewage sludge at the rate of 2.5 kg (on dry weight basis) and 3.6 kg (on dry
weight basis) for 45 cm X 45 cm X 45 cm and 60 cm X 60 cm X 60 cm respectively. The
filling of soil will be completed at least 5-10 days before actual plantation.
Out of 939 Acres (380 Ha) of land, green belt will be developed in 389 Acres (157.5 Ha). It is
proposed to cover an area of 20 - 50 m all round the proposed unit. Apart from the bulk
plantation around the boundaries, Roadside avenue plantations will also be taken up. The
green belt layout is shown in the Figure 16. Year wise plantation program within the
proposed plant premises is given in Table
Table 31 : Year wise plantation program
Year Location Area (in ha.) No. of Tress Remark
1st Along project area as green belt 21.0 33600 20 to 50m width
2nd Along Proposed Unit 23.0 36800 35 to 50m width
3rd Along Proposed Road 33.5 53600 15m width
4th Within un worked area 58.0 92800
5th Along Ash Pond 22. 35200 15m width
Total 157.5 252000
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8.2.6 Socio Economic Measure
The proposed power plant would aid in the overall social and economic development of the
region. The plant will give direct employment of more than 550 people, in addition there will
be indirect employment to many more people in the form of contractual jobs, business
opportunities, service facilities etc. This will enhance the economic status. TANGEDCO will
continue its efforts to improve the socio-economic status of the local habitants and proposes
to provide scholarships to poor children, nursery plantation and conduct health camps.
Moreover, maximum provision will be made to provide potable water for the neighboring
villages.
Apart from the jobs, employee will enjoy the medical and educational facilities as per govt.
norms. Local people will be preferred for employment based on their educational
qualification and requirement of the plant. With the commissioning of power plant,
employment for the people in the surrounding would open up. Budgetary provisions of Rs.
37.0 Crores as capital expenses and Rs. 7.5 Crores as annual expenses have been made
for socio-economic development aspects. The detailed budget allocation on socio-economic
development to the villagers near by the project site is given in Annexure ( D )
8.2.7 Fire Fighting & Protection System
TANGEDCO have adequate number of wall/column mounted type portable fire extinguishers
in various strategic areas of the plant including the control room, administration building,
stores, pump house etc. These portable fire extinguishers are basically of carbon dioxide
and dry powder type.
Fire Hydrants at suitable locations for TG building, boiler area, Fuel handling & Storage area.
Medium velocity water sprays system for the cable gallery. Necessary electric driven, diesel
driven, Jockey pumps with piping valves & instrumentation for safe operation.
TANGEDCO will provide safety shoes, helmet & uniform to each employee. Other safety
equipments will be used according to the nature of job involved. TANGEDCO will establish
its own well equipped occupational health center headed by experienced Doctors with a
team of nurses and pathologist.
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CHAPTER 9 : CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM
9.1 INTRODUCTION
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is an arrangement under the Kyoto Protocol
allowing industrialized countries with a greenhouse gas reduction commitment to invest in
emission reducing projects in developing countries as an alternative to what is generally
considered more costly emission reductions in their own countries. The CDM is supervised
by the CDM Executive Board (CDM EB) and is under the guidance of the Conference of the
Parties (COP/MOP) of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC).
The current modalities and procedures for the CDM focus on activities that reduce
emissions. A CDM project activity might involve, for example, a rural electrification project
using solar panels or the installation of more energy efficient boilers.
India has high potential for CDM projects, particularly in the Power Sector. The Baseline
Carbon Dioxide Emissions from power sector have been worked out by CEA based on
detailed authenticated information obtained from all the operating power stations in the
country. The Baseline would benefit all prospective CDM project developers to estimate the
amount of Certified Emission Reduction (CERs) from any CDM project activity.
India has a strong commitment to reduce its emissions of greenhouse gases. Ministry of
Power has accorded high priority to the CDM projects in the power sector.
9.2 KYOTO PROTOCOL
The convention established the Conference of Parties (COP) as its supreme body. During
COP3 in Kyoto, Japan, the Parties agreed to a legally binding set of obligations for 38
industrialized countries and 11 countries in Central and Eastern Europe, to return their
emission of GHGs to an average of approximately 5.2% below their 1990 levels over the
commitment period 2008-2012. This is called the Kyoto Protocol to the convention. The
Protocol entered into force on February 16, 2005 and targets six main greenhouse gases:
carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs),
perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphur Hexafluoride Recognizing that relying on domestic
measures alone to meet the emission targets could be difficult, the Kyoto Protocol offers
considerable flexibility through following three mechanisms:
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Joint Implementation (JI) which allows countries to claim credit for emission
reduction that arise from investment in other industrialized countries, which result in a
transfer of 'emission reduction units' between countries;
Emission Trading (ET) which permits countries to transfer parts of their 'allowed
emissions' (assigned amount units); and
Clean Development mechanism (CDM) through which industrialized countries can
finance mitigation projects in developing countries contributing to their sustainable
development.
At COP-7 in Marrakech, Morocco in 2001, the Parties agreed to a comprehensive rulebook
"Marrakech Accords" on how to implement the Kyoto Protocol. The Accords set out the rules
for CDM projects. It also intends to provide Parties with sufficient clarity to consider
ratification.
9.3 OUTLINE OF THE PROJECT PROCESS
An industrialized country that wishes to get credits from a CDM project must obtain the
consent of the developing country hosting the project that it will contribute to sustainable
development. Then, using methodologies approved by the CDM Executive Board (EB), the
applicant (the industrialized country in our case) must make the case that the project would
not have happened anyway (establishing additionally), and must establish a baseline
estimating the future emissions in absence of the registered project. The case is then
validated by a third party agency, a so-called Designated Operational Entity (DOE) to ensure
the project results in real, measurable, and long-term emission reductions. The EB then
decides whether or not to register (approve) the project. If a project is registered and
implemented, the EB issues credits, so-called Certified Emission Reductions; CERs (one
CER being equivalent to one metric tonne of CO2 reduction), to project participants based on
the monitored difference between the baseline and the actual emissions, verified by an
external party called a DOE.
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Figure 17 : Project Process
Coal Handling
Plant
Pulverizing
Mills
Cooling
Tower
Cooling
System
Boiler Feed
Water
Boiler Condensate
Steam
Steam Turbine
Generator
Transformer
Cooling
Tower
Blowdown
Boiler
Blowdown
Electrostatic
Precipitators
Bottom
Ash
Fly
Ash
Transmission
Towers
Ash Disposal
Area
Dry Ash
Storage Silos
Chimney
Stack
Emission
Ash
Utilization
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9.4 CALCULATION OF CO2 EMISSION
9.4.1 Types of Emission Factors
The CDM methodologies, which have been approved to date by the CDM Executive Board,
distinguish a range of different emission factors. In the Indian context, the following four are
most relevant, and were therefore calculated for each regional grid based on the underlying
station data:
Weighted Average (WA): The weighted average emission factor describes the average
CO2 emitted per unit of electricity generated in the grid. It is calculated by dividing the
absolute CO2 emissions of all power stations in the region by the region’s total net
generation. Net generation from so-called low-cost/must-run sources (hydro and nuclear) is
included in the denominator.
Simple Operating Margin (OM):The operating margin describes the average CO2 intensity
of existing stations in the grid, which are most likely to reduce their output if a CDM project
supplies electricity to the grid (or reduces consumption of grid electricity). “Simple” denotes
one out of four possible variants listed in ACM0002 for calculating the operating margin. The
simple operating margin is obtained by dividing the region’s total CO2 emissions by the net
generation of the stations serving the region excluding low-cost/must-run sources. In other
words, the total emissions are divided by the total net generation of all thermal power
stations. Hydro and nuclear qualify as low-cost/must-run sources, and their net generation is
therefore excluded from the denominator.
Build Margin (BM): The build margin reflects the average CO2 intensity of newly built power
stations that will be (partially) replaced by a CDM project. In accordance with ACM0002, the
build margin is calculated in this database as the average emissions intensity of the 20%
most recent capacity additions in the grid based on net generation. Depending on the region,
the build margin covers units commissioned in the last five to ten years.
Combined Margin (CM): The combined margin is a weighted average of the simple
operating margin and the build margin. By default, both margins have equal weights (50%).
However, CDM project developers may chose to argue for different weights. In particular, for
intermittent and non-dispatchable generation types such as wind and solar photovoltaic,
ACM0002 allows to weigh the operating margin and build margin at 75% and 25%,
respectively (see ACM0002, Version 06). However, the combined margins shown in the
database are calculated based on equal weights.
9.4.2 Regional Grids
As stated above, the Indian power system is divided in five regional grids, namely Northern,
Eastern, Western, Southern and North-Eastern. They are listed below.
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Table 32 : Geographical Scope Of The Five Regional Electricity Grids
Northern Western Southern Eastern North-Eastern
Chandigarh
Delhi
Haryana
Himachal Pradesh
Jammu & Kashmir
Punjab
Rajasthan
Uttar Pradesh
Uttaranchal
Chhattisgarh Gujarat
Daman & Diu
Dadar Nagar Haveli
Madhya Pradesh
Maharashtra
Goa
Andhra Pradesh
Karnataka
Kerala
Tamil Nadu
Pondicherry
Lakshadweep
Bihar
Jharkhand
Orissa
West Bengal
Sikkim
Andaman-
Nicobar
Assam
Manipur
Meghalaya
Tripura
Arunachal
Pradesh
Nagaland
Mizoram
Source CEAs user guide baseline
For the purpose of calculating the emission reductions achieved by any CDM project, the
CDM Executive Board requires that the “project electricity system is defined by the spatial
extent of the power plants that can be dispatched without significant transmission
constraints”.1 This implies that the grid emission factors are most appropriately calculated at
the level of the five regional grids.
9.4.3 Baseline Data
The prevailing baseline based on the data for the fiscal year 2007-08 is shown in following
Table. The calculations are based on generation, fuel consumption and fuel quality data
obtained from the power stations. Typical standard data were used wherever precise
information was not available. Inter-regional and cross-border electricity transfers were also
taken into account for calculating the CO2 emission baseline.
Table 33 : Weighted Average of All Indian Regional Grids for FY 2007-08 in TCO2/Mwh
Region Average OM BM CM
South 0.72 0.99 0.71 0.85
NEW NE* 0.81 1.00 0.60 0.80
India 0.79 1.00 0.63 0.81
Source CEAs user guide Ver4 baseline Edition October, 2008
* NEW NE- New Integrated Northern, Eastern, Western, and North-Eastern regional grids
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9.4.4 Calculation Approach – Station Level
CO2 emission of thermal stations was calculated using the formula below:
Abs CO2 (station)y = Fuel Coni,y x GCVi,y x EFi x Oxidi
i =1
Where:
Abs CO2,y = Absolute CO2 emission of the station in the given fiscal year „Y‟
Fuel Coni,y = Amount of fuel of type I consumed in the fiscal year „Y‟
GCVi,y = Gross calorific value of the fuel I in the fiscal year „Y‟
EFi = CO2 emission factor of the fuel I based on GCV
Oxidi = Oxidation factor of the fuel i
The emission factors for coal and lignite are based on the value provided in India’s initial
National Communication under the UNFCCC (Ministry of Environment & Forests, 2004).
Specific CO2 emission of Stations (Spec CO2,y) were computed by dividing the absolute
emissions estimated above by the station’s net generation (Net Geny).
Specific CO2 (Station) y = Abs Abs CO2 (station) y/ Net Gen (Station) y
9.4.5 Emission Reduction Calculation (2x800 MW)
Station Heat Rate = 2317 Kcal/ Kwh
Calorific Value of Coal = 5340 Kcal/Kg
Specific Fuel Consumption = 0.4339 Kg/Kwh
CO2 intensity of the power plant = (44/12) x Specific Fuel Consumption X Percentage of
Carbon in the Respective fuel (Kg/Kwh)
= (44/12) x 0.4339 x 0.33 Kg/Kwh
= 0.5250 kg/kwh
Where,
0.4339 = Specific Coal Consumption of proposed 2 x 800 MW unit
33 = Percentage of carbon in the coal
Net Generation of the plant = 800 MW x PLF x Operating Hours
= 800 x 1000 kW x 0.85 x 8760
= 11913.6 Gwh
Average for the South Grid = 0.72 kg/kwh
Plant Carbon Intensity = 0.5250 kg/kwh
Difference between average weighted value and plant intensity = 0.1950 kg/kwh
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Therefore Gross reduction in CO2 emission = Net Generation x Difference between Average
and Plant intensity
= 11913600000 X 0.1856
= 2211377 Tons/year
From the above results it is cleared that the proposed Plant Intensity is quite less compared
to the average of South grid. Hence, the proposed project will help to reduce the GHG
emission, through using fuel efficient super-critical technology.
However, the PIN document of the project is under preparation and same will be submitted
to MoEF after completion.
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CHAPTER 10 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
10.1 Introduction
Government of Tamil Nadu has decided to develop a coal based power project through
TANGEDCO. Hence, TANGEDCO is proposing 2X800 MW Supercritical Thermal Power
Project (A CDM Project) near Udangudi of Thoothukudi District, Tamil Nadu with capital cost
of Rs. 9083 crores.
10.2 Location of the project Site
The proposed project will be located at Udangudi village of Thoothukudi District, Southern
Tamil Nadu in 939 acres of land. The site is on the Western side of Bay of Bengal. Distance
between sea front to site is 1.2 kms and site is very close to the existing East Coast Road
from Rameswaram to Kanyakumari (SH-176). The nearest railway station is at Thiruchendur
which is about 12 km from the site. The nearest airport is at Vaagaikulam, which is about 40
km from Udangudi site. The nearest sea port is Thoothukudi port, which is about 45 km from
the site.
10.3 Salient features of the Study Area
Nature of the Project 2X800 MW Udangudi Supercritical Thermal Power
Project (Coal Fired Power Plant)
Location of Project
Top sheet 58 L/3
Village Udangudi (Approx. 2.5 km west)
Town (Major) Thiruchendur (Approx. 12 km NE)
Nearest Metro city Chennai (appox. 600 km)
District & State Thoothukudi
Latitude 08° 25‟17.557” to 08° 26‟45.87” N
Longitude 78° 03' 18.27” to 78° 04' 15.29” E
General Climatic Conditions (Source : Climatological Table of IMD Thoothukudi, Based
on observation from 1955 to 1980)
Monthly Mean Temperature Maximum : 35.6°C, Minimum : 28.1°C
Monthly Mean Relative Humidity Maximum : 80%, Minimum : 52%
Total Annual Average Rainfall 625.8 mm
Predominant Wind Direction From West
Height of the IMD observatory station 4.0m AMSL
Accessibility
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Road Connectivity State Highway (176), 0.5 km away
Rail Connectivity Thiruchendur Railway Station (12km NE from site)
Airport Vaagaikulam 60 Km from site
Sea Port Thoothukudi, 45km from site
Nearest river Karamaniyar (approx. 6 km south)
CRZ >700 m
Seismicity Seismic zone II, Seismic Intensity VI on mm scale
Nearest Historical / Important Places
Archaeological/ Historically Important Site Nil
Nearest sea Bay of Bengal (1.2km, East)
Sanctuaries / National Parks Gulf of Mannar (Approx. 45kms NE)
Industries / Mines Nil
Nearest Forest Area Kudiraimoliteri R.F.
(About 8 km West from the project site)
10.3 Description of Environment
Air Environment
Results of ambient air quality indicate that concentrations of SPM, PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx
and CO are well within the prescribed standards.
SPM - 101 to 158 µg/m3.
PM10 - 45.2 to 69.2 µg/m3.
PM2.5 - 12.27 to 19.77 µg/m3.
SO2 - 10.7 to 15.6 μg/m3
NOx - 11.6 to 18.6 μg/m3.
CO - 1.2 to 2.2 µg/m3.
Noise Environment
The high values of noise observed in many of the rural and suburban areas are primarily
owing to vehicular traffic and other anthropogenic activities. The minimum noise level 40.0
dB (A) was recorded at Kayamozhi while the maximum noise level 56.4 dB (A) was recorded
at Manapadu.
Water Environment
It has been observed that all the physio-chemical parameters of water samples from surface
and ground water are below the stipulated drinking water standards.
Land Environment
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For physico-chemical characteristics of soil and fertility status of the soil of the study area
refer Table 3.4.2 and Table 3.4.3 of Chapter 3.
Terrestrial Ecology
Flora
The dominant plant in the study area is Prosopis juliflora, which is found commonly
near the nallahs and village wastelands. Azardirachta is a common tree near the
villages and on the hedge of agricultural field.
The terrestrial vegetation of the study area can be broadly studied under two major
groups:
Scrub & Halophytic vegetation
Mangrove vegetation
There is no national park and wild life sanctuary within study area. There is Kudiraimoliteri
reserve forest present within the study area at about 8 km NW from the proposed project
area.
The observed common vegetations are Borassus flabelifer, Prosopis spicigera, Coccos
nucifera, salicornea brachiata, suaeda maritime, Artiplex repens, Aeluropus lagopoides, etc.
The most dominating species of mangrove vegetation Avicennia marina, Karod (Rhizophora
mukronata), etc. Their height varies from 0.3 to 3.0 m. Besides Excoecaria agallocha and
Thespesia populnea are also observed in some of the patches.
Fauna
The commonly found fauna in the study area are heron, crabs, cobra, hare, rat, fruit bats etc.
The study area has good avian diversity due to sufficient food availability in the form of
crustaceans and small fish.
Marine Ecology
The marine ecological studies were carried out in respect of phytoplankton, zooplankton and
secondary data on fish catch data was collected. Thermal toxicities studies were carried out
by Anna University, Chennai.
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10.4 Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation
Air Environment
Particulate Matter, Sulphur Dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen are the main pollutants from the
proposed plant. ESP of high efficiency (99.89%) will be installed to limit particulate emissions
to 50 mg/Nm3. A 275 m high stack will be provided for adequate dispersal of SO2.
Emissions of NOx will be controlled by providing low NOx burners.
The prediction using Industrial Source Complex Short term disposal model 3. The predicted
resultant concentrations indicate that SPM, SO2 and NOx will be below prescribed standard
for residential and rural areas. Post Project Scenario of GLC of SPM, SO2 and NOx will be
as follows:
Sr.
No 24- Hourly Concentrations
Suspended
Particulate
(SPM)
Sulphur
dioxide
(SO2)
Oxides of
Nitrogen
(NOX)
1 Maximum baseline GLCs in the study area 67.6 15.2 18.3
2 Maximum predicted GLCs 0.38 10.66 13.48
Noise Environment
The baseline monitoring was carried out in all the surrounding villages during daytime and
night time. The hourly noise levels under the daytime and nighttime were processed to arrive
at equivalent values. The day levels of noise have been monitored during 6 AM to 10 PM
and the night levels during 10 PM to 6 AM. The high values of noise observed in many of
the rural and suburban areas are primarily owing to vehicular traffic and other anthropogenic
activities.
The predicted noise levels along the plant boundary due to various sources from the
proposed expansion plant would be below 50 dB(A).
Water Environment
The water requirement for the proposed plant is about 13790 m3/hr, which will be met from
sea. The wastewater generated from different units of power plant will be treated and stored
in guard ponds which will be used for greenbelt development, suppression of the dust and
recycling to cooling tower. Rainwater harvesting measures will be implemented to utilize the
storm water inside plant premises.
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Solid Waste
The main solid waste from the proposed power plant will be ash (Fly ash and Bottom ash).
The annual consumption of coal for the proposed power plant is estimated as 4.39 million
tones and the plant load factor of 0.85, which results in the ash generation of about 1132.8
T/d. It is proposed to utilize 100% of the fly ash generated. Unused fly ash and bottom ash
will be disposed off in the ash pond. To control fugitive dust emission from the ash pond area
water sprinkling would be done. After the ash pond is abandoned, its area will be reclaimed
through tree plantation. The sludge generation from STP would be 0.11 T/d which will be
utilized as fertilizer for gardening in greenbelt development.
10.5 Environmental Management Plan
Pollution control measures for mitigating environmental impacts identified as under:
Dust suppression / extraction system at the fuel handling area.
Bottom ash and fly ash collection in dry form.
Use of fly ash in brick making, cement manufacturing etc. End users for fly ash
utilization will be identified.
275 m high stack for proper SO2 dispersion.
High efficiency ESP [99.89%]
Low NOx burners.
Neutralization of DM plant effluent.
Natural draft cooling tower with COC of 1.3.
Zero effluent discharge will be practiced by recycling and reuse of treated waste
water in ash handling, green belt development, dust suppression etc.
Separate collection of storm water and development of rain water harvesting
Roads within the plant will be asphalted.
Workers working in high noise areas will be provided ear plugs / muffs.
Vehicles movement in the plant area will be regulated to avoid traffic congestion.
Use of high pressure horn will be prohibited.
Greenbelt will be developed using native plant species in consultation with local
forest department
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10.6 Conclusion
The potential environmental, social and economic impacts have been assessed. The
proposed power plant has certain level of marginal impacts on the local environment. With
effective implementation of proposed environment management plan, these effects will get
marginalized. Implementation of the project has beneficial impact in terms of providing direct
and indirect employment opportunities. This will be a positive socio-economic development
in the region. Quality of life of the people will improve.
With commitment and dedication, TANGEDCO will commission the coal based
1600 MW (2x800 MW) power plant using state of the art technology. Recommendations
made in the CREP for the power project will be implemented. TANGEDCO also under take
various community welfare measures for the upliftment of the villages of the study area.
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CHAPTER 11 : DISCLOSURE OF CONSULTANTS ENGAGED
11.1 Name of the Consultants:
M/s Bhagavathi Ana Labs Limited
8-2-598/A/9/1, ASCI Colony
Road No. 10, Banjara Hills
Hyderabad – 500 034.
Telephone – 040 - 23356908, 23348689
Fax – 040 – 23356909
Email: [email protected]
Website: http://www.bhagavathianalabs.com
Bhagavathi Ana Labs Limited is a professional services company providing Environmental
Consultancy, Environmental Engineering, Analytical and Quality testing, Water Resource
studies, Technical Training and Envirolegal services. Since inception in 1984, the company
has completed number of projects spread all over India. The company has qualified and
experienced staff of more than 160 people operating across seven offices in India. The
Professionals and Technicians include Environmental Engineers, Environmental Scientists,
Environmental Planners, Chemists, Mining Engineers, Geologists, Hydro-geologists,
Economic and Social Science specialists etc. Bhagavathi Ana Labs Limited is an ISO 9001-
2000 Company and is accredited by:
Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Govt. of India, New Delhi
National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) as per
ISO/IEC 17025:2005
NABET Registered EIA Consultant Organization from Quality Council of India
M/s Bhagavathi Ana Labs Limited have been engaged by Tamil Nadu Electricity Board,
Tamil Nadu for carrying out Environmental Impact Assessment study and preparation of
EIA/EMP Report for the proposed 2 x 800 MW Udangudi Supercritical Thermal Power Plant
at Udangudi in Thiruchendur Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamil Nadu.
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The consultancy of the following agencies also has been taken.
1. Marine Environmental Survey at Udangudi by Institute for Ocean management, Anna
University, Chennai (Tamil Nadu)
2. “FLOOD PROTECTION & AREA DRAINAGE STUDIES” by ANNA UNIVERSITY,
CHENNAI – 600 025 (Tamil Nadu)
3. Mathematical modelling study of the intake and outfall of cooling water system of
Udangudi super critical thermal power project at Udangudi, Thoothukudi dist.,
Tamilnadu. By National Institute of Oceanography (Council of Scientific & Industrial
Research) Dona Paula - 403 004 Goa
4. Rapid Marine EIA and EMP for construction of Coal Jetty, Conveyor and setting up of
Cooling Water Intake & Outfall structure for the proposed USCTPP by Anna
University, Chennai (Tamil Nadu)
5. “Demarcation of the Plant and Foreshore Facilities” by ANNA UNIVERSITY,
CHENNAI – 600 025.
EIA & EMP for The Proposed 2 X 800 MW Udangudi Super Critical Thermal Power Project ( A CDM Project) of TANGEDCO
Bhagavati Ana Lab Ltd, Hyderabad 125
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