Towards a Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate
Framework Document
November 2018
Giza, Egypt
Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate
Framework Document ii
List of Contributors to the Preparation of the Strategy
Framework
This document has been developed under the supervision of General/ Mohamed
kamal Al-Daly, the former governor of Giza Governorate, and Dr. Manal Awad, the
former deputy governor of Giza Governorate and the current governor of Damietta
Governorate. The document was then handed over to General/ Ahmed Rashed, the
current governor of Giza Governorate, and Dr. Lamia Abdel Kader, the current
deputy governor.
Steering Team from Giza Governorate:
Eng. Zizi Asaad Urban Upgrading Unit, Giza Governorate
Eng. Osama Abdelaziz Ibrahim Road and Transport Directorate, Giza Governorate
Ms. Iman Nabil Abdelghany Urban Upgrading Unit, Giza Governorate
Dr. Samah Mohamed Afifi Crisis and Disaster Unit, Giza Governorate
Mohamed Refaat Mahmoud Water and Wastewater Company in Giza Governorate
Dr. Mohamed Nabil Gamal Tourism Department, Giza Governorate
Ms. Marwa Adel Hatata Environmental Affairs Department, Giza Governorate
Eng. Mariam Shenouda Electricity and Energy Department, Giza Governorate
Dr. Mona Samir Health Directorate, Giza Governorate
Mr. Nasser Seddiq Abdelhay Crisis and Disaster Unit, Giza Governorate
Eng. Nagat Fathy Sayed Ahmed Agriculture Directorate, Giza Governorate
Eng. Hisham Abdeltawab
Agriculture Directorate, Giza Governorate
Contributors from other Parties:
Mr. Ahmed Badawy Waste Management Regulatory Authority
Mr. Ahmed Gamal Holding Company for Water and Wastewater
Dr. Ahmed Awny Central Lab for Agricultural Climate
Dr. Ashraf Saber Zaki Egyptian Meteorological Authority
Ms. Amal Abdelhafiz Water and Wastewater Company in Giza Governorate
Dr. Omaima Ezz Eldin Department of Environmental Health, Health Directorate, Giza Governorate
Dr. Badawy Ismail General Authority for Antiquities
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Framework Document iii
Dr. Tamer Abdelfattah Field Crops Research Institute
Eng. Gamal Abdelfattah General Authority for Roads and Bridges
Dr. Hanan Hassenin Preventive Medicine Department, Health Directorate, Giza Governorate
Ms. Rania Seef Alnasr National Solid Waste Management Programme
Dr. Safinaz Ibrahim National Population Council
Eng. Tarek Sweilam Water and Wastewater Company in Giza Governorate
Dr. Othman El Sheikh
Project Manager of one of the projects funded by the World Food Programme in Egypt
Dr. Afaf Abd El Mone’m Health Culture Department, Health Directorate, Giza Governorate
Dr. Ghareib Sonboul General Authority for Antiquities
Dr. Fadl Hashem Climate Change Information Centre and Renewable Energy
Eng. Mohamed Anwar General Authority for Roads and bridges
Eng. Mohamed Abdelfatah
Water and Wastewater Company in Giza Governorate
Mr. Mohamed Omar Water and Wastewater Company in Giza Governorate
Dr. Marwa Ahmed Informal Settlement Development Fund
Eng. Neveen Alout
Water and Wastewater Company in Giza Governorate
Eng. Hani Mahmoud
Water and Wastewater Company in Giza Governorate
Eng. Hesham Sayed Gohar Informal Settlement Development Fund
Dr. Wael Mohamed Ibrahim Egyptian Meteorological Authority
Dr. Wafaa Abdel Galil National Population Council
Contributors from GIZ
Ms. Farida Farag
Eng. Yara Eissa
Contributors from EEAA
Eng. Sherif AbdelRahim
Eng. Tarek Shalaby
Eng. Saber Othman
Ms. Omneya Mahmoud
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Eng. Mohamed Abdelaal Ahmed
Consulting Team (Integral Consult)
Dr. Amr Osama Abdel-Aziz
Dr. Ahmad Wafiq
Dr. Neveen Soliman
Mr. Ehab El-Hemady
Eng. Fatma Adel Issued: November 2018, Giza Governorate
This content has been published with the financial support of the European Union and the German Government. The views
expressed do not reflect the official views of the European Union and the German Government.
Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate
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List of Contents
List of Contributors to the Preparation of the Strategy Framework .............................. ii
List of Contents .......................................................................................................... v
List of Tables .............................................................................................................. ix
List of Figures ............................................................................................................ xii
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1
Egypt's International Position on Climate Change .......................................... 1 1.1
Egypt's Efforts in Combating Climate Change at the Strategic Level ............. 1 1.2
The Position of Giza Governorate on Climate Change ................................... 2 1.3
Developing the Climate Change Strategy Framework in Giza Governorate ... 2 1.4
2. Climate Change Impacts on all Sectors ............................................................ 4
Identification of the Different Impacts of Climate Change Phenomenon ........ 4 2.1
Expected Climate Change Impacts on the Water Resources Sector, 2.2
Irrigation, Water and Sewage services .................................................................... 5
Reduction of Groundwater Availability .................................................... 5 2.2.1
Losses due to Extreme Rainfall .............................................................. 5 2.2.2
Increasing Water Stress ......................................................................... 6 2.2.3
Decrease in Egypt's Share of Nile Water ................................................ 6 2.2.4
Impact on Sewerage Systems ................................................................ 7 2.2.5
Climate Change Impacts on Agricultural Sector ............................................. 7 2.3
Crop Production and Water Consumption .............................................. 7 2.3.1
Animal Production .................................................................................. 8 2.3.2
Fish Production ....................................................................................... 8 2.3.3
Agricultural Land Resources ................................................................... 9 2.3.4
Food Security ......................................................................................... 9 2.3.5
Climate Change Impacts on Industrial Sector ................................................ 9 2.4
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Climate Change Impacts on the Health Sector ............................................. 10 2.5
Lymphatic Filariasis, Dengue Fever and Rift Valley Fever ................... 10 2.5.1
Schistosomiasis .................................................................................... 10 2.5.2
Respiratory Diseases............................................................................ 10 2.5.3
Birds Flu (H5N1) ................................................................................... 11 2.5.4
Other Diseases ..................................................................................... 11 2.5.5
Climate Change Impacts on the Urban Sector and Infrastructure ................ 11 2.6
Impacts of Climate Change on the Urban Sector ................................. 11 2.6.1
Climate Change Impacts on the Transport Sector ................................ 12 2.6.2
Climate Change Impacts on Solid Waste Management ....................... 12 2.6.3
Climate Change Impacts on Energy Infrastructure ............................... 13 2.6.4
Climate Change Impacts on Tourism Sector ................................................ 13 2.7
Historic Monuments Area ..................................................................... 13 2.7.1
Natural Preservation Areas ................................................................... 14 2.7.2
Museums .............................................................................................. 14 2.7.3
3. Hot spot Assessment in Giza Governorate ..................................................... 15
Hot Spot Evaluation Methodology ................................................................ 15 3.1
Methodology Scope .............................................................................. 16 3.1.1
Results of Applying the Methodology ................................................... 19 3.1.2
Identification of Hot Spots on Sectoral Level ................................................ 20 3.2
Water Resources, Irrigation, Water and Sewage Services Sector ........ 20 3.2.1
Agricultural Sector ................................................................................ 23 3.2.2
Industrial Sector .................................................................................... 25 3.2.3
Health Sector ........................................................................................ 27 3.2.4
Urban Sector and Infrastructure ........................................................... 29 3.2.5
Tourism Sector ..................................................................................... 32 3.2.6
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4. Basic Policies and Pillars ................................................................................ 34
Policies Proposed to be Adopted by the Governorate for Combating Climate 4.1
Change Impacts .................................................................................................... 34
Barriers Facing the Adoption and Implementation of Policies ...................... 35 4.2
Recommended Policy Tools for Overcoming Barriers .................................. 41 4.3
5. Proposed Programmes to Implement Strategic Policies ................................. 45
Programmes Selection Criteria ..................................................................... 45 5.1
Types of Programmes / Recommendations ................................................. 48 5.2
Programmes to be Implemented/Supervised by the Governorate ................ 48 5.3
Agricultural Sector ................................................................................ 49 5.3.1
Industrial Sector .................................................................................... 55 5.3.2
Health Sector ........................................................................................ 56 5.3.3
Urban Sector and Infrastructure ........................................................... 59 5.3.4
Water Resources, Irrigation, and Water and Sewage Services ............ 65 5.3.5
Tourism sector ...................................................................................... 69 5.3.6
Summary of programmes to be implemented / supervised by the 5.3.7
governorate ........................................................................................................ 72
Existing National / Local efforts to be Pursued / Strengthened by Giza 5.4
Governorate .......................................................................................................... 82
Multi-Sectoral ........................................................................................ 82 5.4.1
Health Sector ........................................................................................ 83 5.4.2
Urban Sector and Infrastructure ........................................................... 83 5.4.3
Water Resources Sector, Irrigation and Water and Sanitation Services5.4.4
.......................................................................................................................... 86
Recommendations from the Local Level to the National Level ..................... 91 5.5
Recommendations on the Local Level ......................................................... 93 5.6
6. Barriers Expected to be Encountered in Implementing the Strategy Framework
and Recommended Solutions .................................................................................. 96
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Barriers Expected to be Encountered in the Implementation of the Strategy 6.1
Framework ............................................................................................................ 96
Recommended Solutions ............................................................................. 97 6.2
7. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification System (MRV) for the Implementation of
the Strategy Framework ........................................................................................... 99
Linking the MRV System of the Strategy to the National MRV System ........ 99 7.1
Key Features of the MRV System for the Climate Change Strategy in the 7.2
Governorate ........................................................................................................ 101
Performance Indicators .............................................................................. 103 7.3
Sector Performance Indicators ........................................................... 103 7.3.1
Performance Indicators at the Programme Level ............................... 103 7.3.2
8. Conclusion .................................................................................................... 105
9. References .................................................................................................... 106
10. Annexes ........................................................................................................ 109
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List of Tables
Table 1 - Climate Change impacts on the production of some crops in Giza
Governorate (2) .......................................................................................................... 7
Table 2 - Relative weights for different categories in the hot spots evaluation
methodology ............................................................................................................. 16
Table 3 - Classification of Giza Governorate into five Domains ............................... 16
Table 4 - Results of hot spot assessment methodology ........................................... 19
Table 5 - Analysis details for Hot Spots .................................................................... 20
Table 6 - Classification of degree of hotness in the agricultural sector .................... 23
Table 7- Hot Spots in urban and infrastructure sector in Giza governorate .............. 29
Table 8 - Policy Tools to be applied to overcome the barriers for implementing the
governorate’s strategic policies ................................................................................ 42
Table 9 - Criteria for selecting programmes to implement the strategic policies of the
governorate .............................................................................................................. 45
Table 10 - Results of the selection of programmes to be implemented to achieve the
strategic policies of the governorate ......................................................................... 46
Table 11 - Details of the “Risk assessment and identification of the most vulnerable
elements in the agricultural sector” programme ....................................................... 49
Table 12 - Details of the ”Preparation of a map to monitor plant and animal diseases
associated with climate change” programme ........................................................... 50
Table 13 - Details of the “Establishment of an early warning system in the agriculture
sector” programme ................................................................................................... 51
Table 14 - Details of the “Training farmers to use mobile phone applications”
programme ............................................................................................................... 53
Table 15 - Details of the “Use of solar energy in water pumping systems in
agricultural fields” programme .................................................................................. 54
Table 16 - Details of the “Technical support for Abu Rawash industrial facilities for
water and energy conservation” programme ............................................................ 55
Table 17 - Details of the “Raising the capacity of the medical teams in treating the
cases caused by climate change” programme ......................................................... 56
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Table 18 - Details of the “Raising citizens' awareness of the health risks of climate
change” programme ................................................................................................. 58
Table 19 - Details of the “Rehabilitation of roads near flood spillways” programme . 59
Table 20 - Details of “A Unified road maintenance plan” programme ....................... 60
Table 21 - Details of the “Painting of buildings’ facades” programme ...................... 61
Table 22 - Details of the “Use of LED lamps for the governorate lighting” programme
................................................................................................................................. 62
Table 23 - Details of the “Use of solar energy in street lighting” programme ............ 63
Table 24 - Details of the “Improve drainage systems of main tunnels” programme . 64
Table 25 - Details of “Rehabilitation and renewal of wastewater networks and
pumping stations of the wastewater treatment plants in hot spots” programme ....... 66
Table 26 - Details of the “Improving the water distribution network to improve service
delivery and reduce leakage losses” programme ..................................................... 67
Table 27 - Details of the “Raising citizens' awareness about water consumption
conservation” programme ........................................................................................ 68
Table 28 - Details of the “Measuring and monitoring the parameters affecting the
damage of the monuments” programme .................................................................. 70
Table 29 - Details of the “Improvement of ventilation, moisture absorption and
disposal of biological damage within archaeological tombs” programme ................. 71
Table 30 - Executive summary of programmes ........................................................ 72
Table 31 - Summary of programme cost classification ............................................. 80
Table 32 - Projects currently being implemented by the Construction Authority for
Potable Water & Wastewater (CAPW) for deprived areas in Giza governorate ....... 87
Table 33 - Projects being implemented by the Construction Authority for Potable
Water & Wastewater (CAPW)to improve drinking water services for the hot spots in
Giza governorate ...................................................................................................... 90
Table 34 - Giza governorate recommendations for concerned ministries ................ 91
Table 35 - General recommendations that should be sponsored by Giza governorate
................................................................................................................................. 94
Table 36 - Proposed Solutions to address the barriers that may face efficient
implementation of the strategy framework ................................................................ 97
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Table 37 - Examples for sectoral performance indicators ...................................... 103
Table 38 - Examples of performance indicators at programme level ..................... 104
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List of Figures
Figure 1- Impact of temperature on per capita consumption of municipal water in
Bahrain (monthly consumption data used for 2005-2011) (10) .................................. 6
Figure 2 – Giza Governorate classification into five domains to evaluate hot spots . 18
Figure 3 – Hot Spots for Water Resources, irrigation, water and sewage services
sector ....................................................................................................................... 22
Figure 4 – Hot Spots for agricultural sector in Giza Governorate ............................. 24
Figure 5 – Hot Spots for industrial sector in Giza governorate ................................. 26
Figure 6 – Hot Spots in health sector in Giza governorate ....................................... 28
Figure 7 – Hot spots in urban and infrastructure sector in Giza governorate ........... 31
Figure 8 – Hot spots in tourism sector in Giza governorate ...................................... 33
Figure 9 – Strategic Policies for Giza Governorate .................................................. 35
Figure 10- Institutional setup for Giza governorate (31) ........................................... 37
Figure 11 - Institutional setup for the Agriculture directorate in Giza governorate (32) 38
Figure 12 – Institutional setup for roads and transport directorate in Giza governorate
(33) ........................................................................................................................... 39
Figure 13 – Obstacles to Implementation of Strategic Policies in Giza Governorate 41
Figure 14 – Summary of programme implementation classification ......................... 79
Figure 15 - Summary of programme expansion classification .................................. 79
Figure 16 – Summary of programme cost classification ........................................... 82
Figure 17 - National Monitoring, Reporting and Verification System for Climate
Change Information in Egypt .................................................................................. 100
Figure 18 - MRV System for Climate Change Programmes in Giza Governorate .. 102
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1. Introduction
Egypt's International Position on Climate Change 1.1
Egypt has always shown its commitment and seriousness in combating climate
change at the political level through the adoption of various climate change
initiatives and agreements such as ratification of the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change in 1994. Egypt also signed the Paris Convention
in 2015, which was ratified by the Egyptian Parliament In June 2017.
At the institutional level, the Climate Change Unit was established in Egypt's
Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) in 1996, and in 1997 a Climate Change
Panel was established. After that, the scope of the Climate Change Unit was
expanded and the Climate Change Central Department (CCCD) was established
in 2009. In 2007, the role of the Climate Change Panel was developed to be a
National Climate Change Committee pursuant to Ministerial Decree No. 272. The
National Committee members include representatives of the Ministry of
Agriculture and Land Reclamation, Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Petroleum, Ministry of Electricity and
Energy, Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Ministry of Economic Development
and Ministry of Defense, as well as experts from relevant national agencies.
Responsibilities of this committee includes: formulating adaptation and mitigation
strategies to address climate change, which require the integration of the national
climate change strategy into Egypt's national development plans (1). This
committee was restructured and the National Council for Climate Change was
established after a decision by the Prime Minister in 2015.
At the level of international reporting, Egypt has delivered three national
communications to date and is in the process of initiating the preparation of the
fourth national communication. Egypt also delivered the Intended Nationally
Determined Contributions document (INDC) in November 2015. In addition,
Egypt is expected to submit the first Egyptian Biennial Report (BUR) before the
end of 2018.
Egypt's Efforts in Combating Climate Change at the 1.2
Strategic Level
At the national level, Egypt prepared its National Strategy for Adaptation to
Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction in 2011, which was an important
step towards adaptation to climate change. This strategy was prepared by a
panel of experts in collaboration with the United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP) and the Information and Decision Support Center of the
Egyptian Cabinet (IDSC). The main objective of the strategy is to increase the
resilience of the Egyptian society to resist the risks and disasters posed by the
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impacts of climate change on different sectors and activities. The strategy
assessed the current situation in all sectors including agriculture, health, roads,
tourism, housing, urban areas and water resources. The strategy also focused on
the coastal regions of Egypt due to its vulnerability to climate change. In addition,
the Strategy mentioned the expected impacts of climate change on all these
sectors and recommended some adaptation measures. The recommendations of
this strategy are based on an expected scenario that of a maximum temperature
increase of 2 °C till year 2100 compared to the average global temperature since
the beginning of the Industrial Revolution and two scenarios for the sea level rise
of 0.5 m and 1 m. In addition, the strategy discussed the role of civil society
organizations, community participation, regional and international cooperation, as
well as a monitoring, evaluation and follow-up plan for the implementation of the
strategy (2). Egypt has submitted a request for international support from the
Green Climate Fund (GCF) through the United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP), and is expected to obtain such support soon (3).
The State issued the Sustainable Development Strategy (Egypt Vision 2030) in
2016, which included economic, social and environmental dimensions of
development, and included indicators to reduce energy consumption, which is a
state-driven approach to reducing greenhouse gases that cause climate change.
In addition, the framework of the low-emission development strategy (LEDS) at
the national level, which will be an important tool for decision-makers to define
Egypt's voluntary commitments in light of the Paris Convention 2015 (a part of the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), is currently being
finalized.
The Position of Giza Governorate on Climate Change 1.3
At the governorate level, The Ministry of Environment in cooperation with Giza
governorate has prepared a preliminary outline for its climate change strategy in
November 2016. This outline was aimed at establishing initial steps to formulate
policies and plans for integrating mitigation and adaptation actions into future
project implementation in the governorate, achieving low-emission development
and a resilient society to deal with the negative impacts of climate change (4).
Giza had the lead in this direction compared to other Egyptian governorates.
Developing the Climate Change Strategy Framework in 1.4
Giza Governorate
In order to match the country’s pace in taking serious steps towards adapting to
and mitigating the impacts of climate change, the Governorate, in cooperation
with the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
and the Ministry of Environment, has developed this document (Climate Change
Strategy Framework in Giza Governorate), which is an important step to
mainstream the issue of climate change in project planning at the governorate
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level. It is planned that this document will present the basis towards a more
comprehensive climate change strategy for the governorate to be developed in
the upcoming years. In addition, this document will help the governorate attract
the private sector investments in some vital climate change mitigation/adaptation
projects.
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2. Climate Change Impacts on all Sectors
In this section, the various impacts of climate change in general are clarified and
defined, with a focus on the impacts which match the nature of Giza Governorate.
This is followed by presenting the expected impacts of climate change on
different sectors in Giza Governorate such as water resources, irrigation, water
and sanitation services, agriculture, industry, health, urban and tourism sectors.
Identification of the Different Impacts of Climate Change 2.1
Phenomenon
The increase in greenhouse gases concentration in the atmosphere, as a result
of human activities, leads to a rise in the average Earth temperature, or In other
words the amount of energy within the Earth's system increases. This is the main
catalyst for other climate change related phenomena such as: sea and ocean
level rise resulting from melting ice as a result of weather-related disturbance
associated to climate. In addition, the impacts of climate change also appear in
the form of some phenomena known as extreme weather events. The following is
a scientific description of the most important events that can take place in Giza
Governorate:
Extreme heat waves: They are defined as periods that are hotter than
average temperatures. As a result of climate change, extreme heat waves
are expected to become more severe and repetitive. Extreme heat events
negatively affect human health, social stability, water and energy supply.
As these waves increase, the cost of water treatment will increase due to
the increase in water demand. Also, energy demand for cooling will
increase and this might result in pressure on electricity network causing
blackouts. It should be noted that the most vulnerable populations of these
events are the elderly, children and people with health problems. In
addition, poor people living in urban areas are particularly at risk from
these events due to their low adaptive capacity1 (5) .
Drought and desertification: Drought is defined as a phenomenon where
rainfall is much lower than normal levels, leading to hydrological
imbalances that negatively affect land resources and production systems
(5) . Droughts occur mainly due to high temperatures associated with heat
waves.
Heavy Rainfall and floods: refers to "the percentage of days in which
rainfall exceeds some fixed local or regional values compared to the
1 As reported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), adaptive capacity can
be defined as the ability of the system to adapt with climate change stimuli and impacts (33)
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average reference period for precipitation over a 30-year period or what is
so-called (climate normals). Such rainfall events have increased for one or
several days in most regions around the world during the twentieth century
and are expected to continue in the same direction during the twenty-first
century (6) . This may create a burden on drainage networks especially in
countries with arid and semi-arid climate, including Egypt, where the
drainage networks are often weak or non-existent due to the lack of
rainfall, except in some coastal areas as happened in Alexandria in 2015.
Also some areas may suffer from floods, especially in the case of heavy
rainfall on high levels areas, as happened in the governorates of Sinai and
the Red Sea during the years 2015, 2016, 2017.
Dust and sand Storms: Dust and sand storms are considered one of the
famous extreme weather events in arid and semi-arid regions.
Precipitation, wind speed, land moisture and vegetation cover are
considered the most important factors affecting the severity of these
storms (7).
Expected Climate Change Impacts on the Water 2.2
Resources Sector, Irrigation, Water and Sewage services
This section presents the expected impacts of climate change on water
resources, irrigation, water and Sewage services in Giza Governorate as
mentioned in the Egyptian National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change,
Disaster Risk Reduction and other reputable references.
Reduction of Groundwater Availability 2.2.1
Groundwater in the Nile Delta depends on water leaks from the Nile and its
branches, as well as irrigation network and agricultural land. As climate change
will raise the level of the Mediterranean Sea, saltwater is expected to seep into
the fresh water of the Nile and costal lakes, thereby increasing the salinity of
groundwater (2) , which is an important source of potable water in Giza
Governorate. Groundwater is the only source of industrial water in the Abo
Rawash industrial area, which already suffers from water scarcity, which is one of
the main reasons for the decline in the actual productivity of factories compared
to their productive capacity.
Losses due to Extreme Rainfall 2.2.2
Extreme rainfall can be risky for infrastructure, human health, agriculture and
livestock. While seasonal fluctuations in rainfall are necessary for some sectors
(e.g. tourism, agriculture, etc.), floods or droughts can have significant negative
impacts. For example, the extreme rainfall that hit Egypt in January 2010, which
exceeded 80 mm / day, was one of the worst floods in Egypt since 1994,
according to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). In this flood, the
Sinai Peninsula, the Red Sea coast and Aswan Governorate in southern Egypt
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were affected and this led to 15 deaths and hundreds of homes affected. Some
3,500 people were evacuated and losses were quantified at US 25.3 million
dollars (8).
Sewage systems are also likely to be affected by floods as the sewerage network
and wastewater treatment plants are not designed to collect sewage and
rainwater. Extreme rainfall will negatively affect the efficiency of wastewater
treatment (9), especially in the light of the crisis in Giza governorate as a result of
the heavy pressure on the Abo Rawash and Zinin stations.
Increasing Water Stress 2.2.3
High temperatures (especially if it coincides with high relative humidity) cause an
increase in water use for household purposes as it increases the demand for
drinking, showering and irrigating green areas. This has been proven scientifically
in various studies, including one in Arab countries using seasonal data for the
years 2005-2011. As shown in Figure 1, the equation indicated that if the
temperature increases by 1 °C, an additional increase of 1.38 m3 per capita per
year (3.78 liters / day) in water demand for household uses (10). Considering the
presence of many hot spots in Giza Governorate, which suffer from frequent
water cuts, the expected impacts of climate change will be an additional problem
for the leaders and citizens of the governorate.
Figure 1 - Impact of temperature on per capita consumption of municipal water in Bahrain (monthly
consumption data used for 2005-2011) (10)
Decrease in Egypt's Share of Nile Water 2.2.4
According to the 1959 Nile Water Agreement between Egypt and Sudan, the
natural flow in Aswan is about 84 billion cubic meters (average 1900-1959). The
loss of water from evaporation in Lake Nasser is about 10 billion cubic meters. It
was agreed that the remaining 74 billion cubic meters will be divided by 3:1
between the two countries. As a result, Egypt's share is 55.5 billion cubic meters.
Because of the high average temperature, climate change will affect the
management and operation of Nile water (2).
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In 2004, a model prepared by the Climate Change Forecasting Center of the
Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation showed two scenarios for the impacts
of climate change on the Nile. The most optimistic scenario was to increase
Egypt's share by 32%. The most pessimistic scenario predicts 14% deficit in the
Nile water, meaning Egypt's share will fall to 48 billion cubic meters (2). As a
result of the dependence of Giza governorate mainly on the Nile, the possibility of
the reduction of Egypt's share of Nile water and the increase of the population is
a serious threat to the population of Giza.
Impact on Sewerage Systems 2.2.5
The impact on urban sewerage systems can be in the form of increases in
wastewater amounts due to increased water stress or extreme rainfall. The effect
can also be in the form of increased need for reuse of treated wastewater when
droughts become more common (11). On the other hand, increased temperature
will also increase the likelihood of erosion in sewerage networks as well as
increased odor problems from the public sewerage system (9).
Climate Change Impacts on Agricultural Sector 2.3
Every living creature has an ideal environment for living and productivity. Once
these conditions change, these creatures (including crops and livestock) may not
be able to adapt to the new conditions, thereby reducing their productivity or
disappearing. Thus, the agricultural sector is one of the sectors most affected by
climate change, especially since it is not limited to plant production but also
includes livestock and fish production. Therefore, all impacts cannot be easily
predicted, because each element of the ecosystem interacts differently (12) .
The following sub-sections discuss the impacts of climate change on the
agricultural sector according to various national and international references,
including Egypt's National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and
Disaster Risk Reduction.
Crop Production and Water Consumption 2.3.1
As a result of increased temperature due to climate change, the productivity of
many crops will decline. Based on data collection, field trials and simulations over
a period of 25-40 years, the change in temperature was expected to affect both
plant production and water consumption as shown in Table 1 (2) .
Table 1 - Climate Change impacts on the production of some crops in Giza Governorate (2)
Crops in Giza Governorate
Change in Temperature
Impact on Productivity
Impact on Water Consumption
Wheat +2 ºC -9% +6.2%
Corn +3.5 ºC -19% +8%
Cotton +2 ºC +4 ºC
+17% +31%
+4.1% – 5.2% +10%
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Crops in Giza Governorate
Change in Temperature
Impact on Productivity
Impact on Water Consumption
Rice NA* -11% +16%
Tomatoes +2 ºC
+3.5 ºC -14% -51%
+4.2% - 5.7% NA
*
Sugar Cane (Impact on sugar production from sugar cane)
NA* -24.5% +2.3%
*NA: Not Available in Reference
As shown, climate change will result in lower productivity of all the above-
mentioned plants except cotton, as well as increased water consumption for all.
Also, it is clear that the rate of change depends on the type of plant and the rate
of rise in temperature. Moreover, high temperature leads to the spread of fungal
plant diseases, and infection of insects, which leads to the destruction of crop
productivity during heat waves, as is happening in Egypt in the recent period. The
expected increase in temperature may lead to changes in agricultural areas and
the transfer of some crops from their natural location to another (e.g., transfer of
winter grain production to the north where the environment and temperature are
more suitable for their needs). This will pose additional burdens to farmers due to
several factors, including differences in length of day, thus affecting plant
productivity (2).
Animal Production 2.3.2
As a result of high temperature, animal health and its ability to produce milk and
meat will be affected negatively. However, the animal type and breeding
equipment determine the extent of impact. Moreover, livestock and poultry growth
rates will decline.
In addition, various types of diseases related to the type and quality of animal
feed and water will be widespread due to increased temperature. The most
common diseases are Blue Tongue Disease and Rift Valley Fever. In addition,
the distribution map of animal diseases will change at the national and regional
levels, and common human and animal diseases such as Foot-and-Mouth
disease, swine flu and Birds flu will increase. Also, animal feed production will
decline as the priority of land use and water resources will go to plant production
for human consumption (2) .
Fish Production 2.3.3
The General Authority for Fish Resources Development is considered one of the
most active entities in fishing in the governorate and its production exceeds 7,000
tons annually (13) . It is known that high water temperature will result in lower
oxygen dissolved in water bodies, threatening the balance of aquatic life. In
addition to that, the productivity of some fish species can be directly affected by
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the high water temperature. Moreover, and according to the national adaptation
strategy, the high water temperature will result in fish migration to the north and
at higher depths. As previously mentioned, climate change will result in sea level
rise, and as a result, there is a possibility that the water salinity in northern delta
may increase including some areas in Giza governorate, and this will negatively
affect the production of freshwater fish and increase the production of saltwater
fish. This will affect citizens who rely heavily on fish as a major source of animal
protein (2) as well as workers in the fishing sector and associated sectors.
Agricultural Land Resources 2.3.4
Sea-level rise will lead to the disappearance of many fisheries and the increased
salinity of fresh groundwater. Land below sea level will be flooded, while the
salinity of other lands will increase because of the high level of saline
groundwater. Desertification and erosion are also expected in some other
agricultural lands (2). Inundation of agricultural land in extreme rainfall also has a
role in crop damage. Consequently, agricultural land resources in Giza
governorate could be adversely affected by the impacts of climate change.
Food Security 2.3.5
According to the abovementioned negative impacts of climate change on water
resources and agricultural land in Egypt, food security in Egypt in general and
Giza governorate in particular will be directly affected by the following points:
Damage to fertile agricultural land and potential decrease in the animals
and plants production.
Decrease in fish production, which is an important food source and a
major source of animal protein.
It is expected that some of the farmers, working in agriculture and
occupying the affected areas (due to low fertility and lack of other sources
of income) might migrate to other areas.
Since Egypt (and therefore Giza Governorate) relies mostly on imports (about
50% of its wheat consumption and about 90% of its oil consumption), it will suffer
greatly from the food security crisis if it does not invest in technological solutions
and scientific research so that it can adapt to climate change (2).
Climate Change Impacts on Industrial Sector 2.4
For the industrial sector, its impact on increasing climate change phenomenon
(through the increase in GHG emissions as part of the production process) is
generally greater than its vulnerability to the impacts of the same phenomenon.
According to the national adaptation strategy, the only negative impact on the
industrial sector is the reduction of the efficiency of industrial refrigeration due to
increased cooling water temperature (1). On the other hand, according to the
World Bank, extreme weather events may negatively affect transmission and
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distribution lines, which could lead to damage to electrical equipment and the
negative impact on the size of industrial production. Heat waves will also increase
the demand for air conditioning systems, increasing pressure on the public
electricity network, which could lead to service disruptions in some industrial
areas. Therefore, factories that are primarily dependent on public electricity
supply may suffer from negative impacts on its production (15) .
Climate Change Impacts on the Health Sector 2.5
Climate change poses a major threat to public health at the international level
(16). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has declared that
climate change "leads to an increase in global disease and premature death".
Climate change affects health in both direct and indirect ways. Direct impacts of
climate change include morbidity and mortality from devastating weather events
such as floods, heat waves, droughts and hurricanes. In 2015, for example, the
Egyptian Ministry of Health recorded 100 deaths due to extreme heat waves,
including cases from Giza Governorate. On the other hand, the indirect effects of
climate change include an increase in the rate and range of insect-borne
diseases and an increase in the incidence of water-borne diseases (17).
The following sections provide further details on some of the major diseases that
climate change may increase their rates.
Lymphatic Filariasis, Dengue Fever and Rift Valley Fever 2.5.1
These diseases are spread by mosquitoes, and the rates of these diseases are
increased by increasing temperature and increased precipitation resulting from
climate change (13) . Lymphatic filariasis, for example, is highly prevalent in the
Nile Delta (16) .
Schistosomiasis 2.5.2
Schistosomiasis is a disease transmitted to humans by freshwater snails. Climate
change and related environmental changes will affect the distribution of
bilharsean snails, which will affect the spread of the disease (1). In fact,
schistosomiasis has already been reported as a result of hot weather in Egypt
and some Arab countries (16) .
Respiratory Diseases 2.5.3
Climate change may also lead to respiratory infection, especially pneumonia, a
disease caused by bacterial or viral infection and thus exacerbated by climate
change. In one of the Egypt Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) surveys
conducted in 2008 during a period of extreme heat waves, the mothers reported
that 13% of their children under 5 were coughing during the two weeks preceding
the survey. Several mothers reported that 9% of children suffer from coughing
and suffer from rapid or difficulty breathing. Similarly, patterns of climate change
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and migration may lead to the re-emergence of old diseases such as tuberculosis
due to changes in epidemiology in areas and populations (1) .
Climate change also contributes to increased respiratory allergies, as warmer
conditions present better conditions for the production and release of airborne
allergens (e.g., fungi, reduced plant germs, pollen dust and pollen grains) (1)
Birds Flu (H5N1) 2.5.4
In the period between 2003 and 2013, World Health Organization (WHO)
announced the deaths of 375 human cases in 15 countries. In Egypt, 27 people
died from 2006 to 2009 as a result of the disease. Research has shown that
rising temperatures as a result of climate change is a potential factor for
increasing the prevalence of H5N1 (1).
Other Diseases 2.5.5
Climate change may exacerbate chronic non-communicable diseases such as
cardiovascular disease, by increasing heat stress and extreme weather events.
However, Egypt lacks research linking the weather to cardiovascular disease (1) .
In one of the international programmes in Egypt under the auspices of the
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH and the
WHO, one of the most important results was that extreme heat contributes to the
increase of chronic diseases and can lead to unexpected death. The effects of
climate change vary depending on the person’s vulnerability (19) .
The indirect effects of climate change were also observed, with cases of malaria
reported in Egypt and other Arab countries, although they were not originally
spread in these countries (16) .
Climate Change Impacts on the Urban Sector and 2.6
Infrastructure
Impacts of Climate Change on the Urban Sector 2.6.1
The buildings in some slums and rural areas in Egypt generally, and in Giza
governorate specifically, are constructed from materials that do not conform to
local or international standards. Also, building methods in most of the cases were
not based on correct engineering basics. These buildings can be classified as
follows:
Buildings constructed before the issuance of the construction regulations
by the Ministry of Housing. These buildings can be classified today as
likely to collapse.
Buildings constructed with government licenses. However, these buildings
were not properly supervised, where the construction process was left to
be supervised by the buildings’ owners.
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Given these two types of buildings, it is clear that the residents will be
vulnerable in case of extreme weather events and may lose their lives.
The Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
(GIZ) has examined the impacts of climate change on slums in the Greater Cairo
Region, including Giza. The study concluded that the narrow, twisted, unplanned
streets do not allow for sufficient ventilation in the streets, and the absence of
open green spaces (as in informal areas) leads to the absence of proper cooling
effects such as is the case in the desert and agricultural areas; hence, these
areas will be more affected by the climate change phenomenon (20) . The study
also found that the presence of multiple buildings in an area can provide a means
of adapting to high temperatures due to the shading effect. On the other hand, tall
individual buildings and buildings on the edge will be more exposed to the sun
and therefore less able to adapt to climate change impacts.
In addition, the high density of buildings, presence of asphalt roads and the
spread of air conditioners and other sources of heat (such as furnaces and
foundries) lead to the phenomenon of urban heat islands. The phenomenon of
urban heat islands is characterized by an increase in temperature of urban areas
more than in the surrounding rural areas. This is attributed to various reasons,
the most important of which is the sunlight absorption of surfaces (such as
pavements and high buildings) in addition to the hot emissions from cars,
factories and various activities which depend on fuel burning (21).
Climate Change Impacts on the Transport Sector 2.6.2
Extreme heat waves and long dry periods negatively affect the performance of
paved roads, which can lead to accidents and therefore require ongoing repairs,
which is a burden on the budget (the government’s budget in case of main and
sub roads, and the governorate’s budget in case of local roads).. Excessive use
of groundwater resources during hot periods may cause land degradation and
significant damage to pipelines and building foundations (5). Severe storm events
can disrupt the functionality of transport infrastructure and thus reduce essential
resources, such as food or medicine. Extreme rainfall can also damage parts of
the transport infrastructure (15) .
Climate Change Impacts on Solid Waste Management 2.6.3
Giza Governorate, as many cities in developing countries, suffers from
inefficiency in solid waste disposal systems. Accordingly, solid waste is often
accumulated in canals, waterways and spillways (which is currently happening in
Giza governorate). As a result, these cities are at risk from floods as well as
water pollution. It is to be noted that uncontrolled solid waste dumpsites can be a
fertile ground for water-borne and insect-borne diseases. In addition, informal
settlements near the dumping area can face landslides due to flooding and can
catch fire as a result of high temperatures (15) .
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Climate Change Impacts on Energy Infrastructure 2.6.4
Extreme weather events can affect electricity transmission and distribution lines,
disrupting or losing electricity supplies, which could have serious consequences
for other sectors such as health and police facilities, land and air transport,
sewage treatment, financial institutions and telecommunications. High
temperatures can also increase the demand for cooling in all occupied buildings,
increasing the pressure on local electricity supply, which may also pose serious
health risks for elderly and disabled patients in hospitals (15) .
Climate Change Impacts on Tourism Sector 2.7
Tourism accounts for about 13% of the Egyptian economy as well as a large part
of employment (23). Giza governorate is one of the most famous touristic
governorates in Egypt, because it contains the pyramids and other historical
monuments in addition to various landmarks such as the Kubba Al-Hassana
preservation area and some museums (24). Each of these parameters will be
affected in a different way as described below.
Historic Monuments Area 2.7.1
Giza governorate includes many historic landmarks such as Abu Rawash, Giza,
Zawiyat al-Arian, and Abu Sair, the historical area ofSaqqara, Dahshur, Atfih, Mit
Rahina, Al-Mesaha, and North Oases area (13).
Climate change has negative climatic impacts such as: the increase in
temperature and relative humidity. These climatic changes affect historical
monuments and, as a result, affect tourism. For instance, the high humidity has
an enormous impact on the pharaonic tombs such as erasing the inscriptions of
the tomb walls. The external moisture also causes the appearance of insects and
bacteria inside the archaeological site. In addition, severe weather events such
as sandstorms result in the erosion of inscriptions on the exterior walls of the
monuments (2), and some parts of the statues like the erosion of the Sphinx’s
neck.
The high temperature caused by climate change increases the surface
temperature of the monuments. As a result, there is a difference in temperature
between the surface and the inner layers due to the low thermal conductivity of
stones. This difference in temperature also results in a difference in the
expansion and contraction between the surface and the inner layers, leading to
the fall of the surface layers (25). High temperatures also lead to severe drying of
the archaeological stones, resulting in a change in their chemical composition,
such as the conversion of gypsum into anhydrite, as in the following equation.
This chemical process leads to the loss of water molecules from the monuments
leading to the appearance of cracks (26).
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Relative humidity has a tremendous impact on monuments. For example,
feldspar metal is converted to kaolin metal, which is rapidly affected and
dissolved in water. The stone monuments absorb the humidity leading to
dissolution of the salt existing in the monuments (1).
Natural Preservation Areas 2.7.2
According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, a natural
preservation area is defined as “A clearly defined geographical space,
recognized, dedicated and managed, through legal or other effective means, to
achieve the long-term conservation of nature with associated ecosystem
services and cultural values” (27) . Giza Governorate contains the Kubba al-
Hassana preservation area which represents a distinctive era of the history with
its topographical features and unique geological composition. It is the only area
near Cairo that reveals visible strata from the era of the Late Cretaceous (which
dates back to about 100 million years ago) among rocks from the Middle Eocene
Epoch, which formed 60 million years ago, and the Oligocene Epoch, which is
about 35 million years old (28).
Climate change will affect the relationship between plant and animal species and
the fixed boundaries of protected areas (29). Moreover, some species may move
out of parks and protected areas, resulting in a change in the distribution of
species. It is also important to note that species that are not directly affected by
climate change may be indirectly affected by some other species, such as
predators, whose populations are subject to changes due to climate change (30).
Museums 2.7.3
Giza Governorate contains lot of different museums such as: Museum of
Mahmoud Khalil and his wife, Ahmed Shawky Museum, Museum of Dr. Taha
Hussein, Nabil Darwish Museum, Al-Nadim for Wood works, Glass Art, Sculpture,
and Egyptian Paste Museum, Nagy Museum, Omar Al-Nagdy Museum, and the
gallery of Mohy Eldin Hussein. As mentioned above for historical monuments, the
increase in temperature and relative humidity can have a significant impact on
the contents of the historical museums (31).
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3. Hot spot Assessment in Giza Governorate
In order to address the negative impacts of climate change mentioned above in
Chapter 2, the governorate should sponsor programmes and projects in all
affected sectors. However, in order to achieve optimal guidance for programmes
and projects, the hot spots in all sectors of the governorate should be identified.
This chapter presents the methodology used to identify hot spots in the
governorate as well as the most important findings.
Hot Spot Evaluation Methodology 3.1
Hot Spots is a term used to describe areas that are particularly vulnerable to
current or future climate impacts, in which human security may be at risk. Climate
change impacts and adaptive capacity vary depending on location. In general,
points are hotter when they occur in a region that is poor and has weak
infrastructure.
The World Bank methodology (32) and some features of the UNEP methodology
(33) have been used to identify hot spots in Giza Governorate. The methodology
of the World Bank is based on answering the following categories of questions in
a systematic manner. The higher the “high” and “medium” scores in different
questions, the greater the classification of the region as a hot spot:
City location
City size characteristics
Governance structure for disaster risk management
Built environment
Political implications of disasters
Economic impact of disasters
Threat from natural hazards
Disaster response system
The impact of climate change
Assessment and planning of climate change
Since both the World Bank and UNEP methodologies do not include quantitative
thresholds for identifying whether the city is a hot spot or not, some additions
were made to the methodology by defining partial weights to different “categories”
to suit the nature of Giza Governorate. Some of the categories of questions were
considered more important than the others as shown in Table 2. These additions
were identified based on the discussions between the governorate’s steering
team, and this matches with the UNEP methodology that mentions the necessity
of identifying thresholds agreed-upon among the different stakeholders (33).
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Table 2 - Relative weights for different categories in the hot spots evaluation methodology
Questions Category Very
Significant Significant
Percentage of each Category based on
its Significance
City location
7
City Size Characteristics
12
Governance structure for disaster risk management
12
Built Environment
12
The Political Implications of disasters
12
Economic impacts of disasters
12
Threat from Natural Hazards
7
Disaster Response System
12
Impact of Climate Change
7
Assessment and planning of Climate Change
7
Total 100
Each category included several "yes or no" questions, and some other questions
were answered "low, medium, or high". To evaluate the points of each category
based on the answers to the questions, the methodology used is to calculate the
number of questions answered with "yes", "high or medium" and multiply it by the
percentage of this category (mentioned in the table above).
After answering all questions in different categories, the area is hot if the total
score is higher than 50%, medium if between 25-50%, and resilient if less than
25%.
Methodology Scope 3.1.1
As a result of the level of detail required in the questions, the governorate was
divided into five domains where each domain combines common characteristics
as shown in Table 3 and Figure 2. The hot spot assessment methodology was
then applied for each domain to assess the degree of hotness.
Table 3 - Classification of Giza Governorate into five Domains
Domain Cities / Districts / “Ahyaa” included
Rural
Manshaet Al-Qanater district Kafr Ghatati and Mansha’et El-Bakari
district Ousim district except for Warraq Al Arab
city Kerdasa district except Kerdasa city Abu Al-Nomros district, except for Abu
Al-Nomros City Al-Badrashin district except Al-
Badrasheen city Al-Saf district except for Al-Saf city Al-Ayyat district except Tahma city Atfih district except Atfih city
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Urban areas with Rural character (called hereinafter as “Urban Rural”)
Omrania “Hay” Bulaq El Dakrour “Hay” North “Hay” South Giza “Hay” Al-Warraq “Hay” Al-Haram “Hay” Warraq El-Arab city Abu Al-Nomros city Al-Badrasheen city Al-Saf city Atfih city Kerdasa city Ayyat city Hawamdiyah district
Urban (Dokki and Agouza)
Dokki “Hay” Al-Agouza “Hay”
Urban (6th of October and Sheikh Zayed)
Sixth of October City Sheikh Zayed City
Oases Oases district
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Figure 2 – Giza Governorate classification into five domains to evaluate hot spots
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Results of Applying the Methodology 3.1.2
Following the application of the methodology, as shown in Table 4, the results
revealed that the hottest domain is the “Urban Rural”. The results also revealed
that all ranges were "hot" with varying degrees (for example, the rural domain is
hotter than the 6th of October and Sheikh Zayed domain).
Table 4 - Results of hot spot assessment methodology
Domain Score (out of 100)
Rural Urban 72.3
Rural 58.6
Urban (Dokki and Agouza) 57.4
Oases 52.3
Urban (6th
of October and Zayed Area)
51.1
Table 5 provides detailed results for all categories of questions for the
different domains. The following points provide analysis for these results:
The “Rural Urban” domain has the highest scores in the "city size
characteristics" category since it has high population, high population
density, hosts a large number of non-permanent residents on a daily basis
and a high population growth rate. Having such high score increases the
chances of being a hot spot since the size of the population that could be
affected in the event of climate change disasters will be very high, and
accordingly, the impact on economy will be very high as well.
There are no disaster risk management units in the oases and rural
domains at the local level; therefore, they are hotter from that perspective
as they will be more vulnerable to climate change crises.
Questions related to the built environment (associated with urban
planning, the percentage of people in informal settlements, and the
vulnerability of homes to disasters) highlight the higher degree of
vulnerability of rural and “Rural Urban” domains because they contain
unsafe areas and informal settlements areas.
“Rural Urban” domain has the highest scores in the "Economic Impact of
Disasters" category because it includes agricultural, industrial, tourism and
service activities. This domain, therefore, is the hottest in this perspective
because if it gets exposed to climate change crises, it will adversely affect
the economy.
The results can be analyzed from the perspective that if there is limited
funding for an adaptation project (e.g. sewage projects) and the needs of
the different domains for the project are nearly the same, it is
recommended that the project be implemented within the “Rural Urban”
domain as it is most affected by the impacts of climate change.
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However, it is also important to record that all domains were found to be
"hot spots". Adaptation projects should therefore be implemented in all
other domains with focus on the vulnerable sectors in each domain. The
latter will be presented in the following sections.
Table 5 - Analysis details for Hot Spots
Category of Questions Rural
Urban Rural
Urban
(Dokki and
Agouza)
Oases
Urban (6th
of
October and
Zayed Area)
City location 2.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2
City Size Characteristics 12.0 9.0 6.0 0.0 3.0
Governance structure for
disaster risk management 5.1 10.3 3.4 10.3 3.4
Built Environment 5.3 6.7 1.3 4.0 0.0
The Political Implications of
disasters 12.0 0.0 12.0 0.0 12.0
Economic impacts of
disasters 12.0 8.0 10.0 8.0 8.0
The Threat of Natural
Hazards 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5
Disaster Response System 6.0 6.0 6.0 12.0 6.0
Impact of Climate Change 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.3 7.0
Assessment and planning
of Climate Change 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0
Total 72.3 58.6 57.4 52.3 51.1
Identification of Hot Spots on Sectoral Level 3.2
This section will provide an assessment of the hotspots in each sector within Giza
Governorate. Hotspots have been identified at the sector level based on the
experience of a specialized team from the governorate in each sector. The
results of this assessment can be considered as a useful tool for the
governorate’s decision makers to choose the location of adaptation projects for
each sector.
Water Resources, Irrigation, Water and Sewage Services 3.2.1
Sector
According to updated data from Giza Water and Wastewater Company, hot spot
areas were identified on the governorate map. It is to be noted here that the
definition of the word "Hot Spot" at Giza Water and Wastewater refers only to the
areas served (networks and treatment plant) which witness problems with the
service provided. While those that do not have services fall under the term
"deprived". For wastewater, the area is hot if there is a problem with the networks
or the quality of treated wastewater from wastewater treatment plants is
inadequate due to operating the plants in excess of its production capacity or due
to maintenance problems. As for drinking water, the area is hot if it suffers from
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low water pressure. In the governorate of Giza, the absence of any areas
deprived of water service can be considered, but there are many areas deprived
of drainage services. Figure 3 shows the map of Giza governorate explaining the
hot spots for water and wastewater in addition to the areas deprived of sewage
services.
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Figure 3 – Hot Spots for Water Resources, irrigation, water and sewage services sector
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Agricultural Sector 3.2.2
All the agricultural areas in Giza governorate are vulnerable to the negative
effects of high temperature and the increase in the extreme weather events, and
therefore all agricultural areas are hot spots. However, as shown in Table 6, the
degree of hotness has been classified based on the importance of agricultural
areas and the extent to which they are affected by floods and high temperatures.
Figure 4 shows the distribution of hot spots for the agricultural sector in Giza
governorate.
Table 6 - Classification of degree of hotness in the agricultural sector
Area Degree of
hotness Justification
Al-Saf district Very high Cultivation of vital crops such as wheat and maize
Exposure to floods that cause crop damage
Atfih district Very high Cultivation of vital crops such as wheat and maize
Exposure to floods that cause crop damage
Manshaet Al-Qanater district
High Cultivation of vital crops such as wheat and maize
Al-Ayaat district High Cultivation of a large section of the governorate's
vegetables
Oases district High Cultivation of dates on a large scale
Remaining
agricultural
areas
Medium The nature and size of cultivated crops are less
vital than those mentioned above
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Figure 4 – Hot Spots for agricultural sector in Giza Governorate
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Industrial Sector 3.2.3
The 6th of October and Abu-Rawash regions are the two largest industrial zones
in Giza Governorate, and are therefore vulnerable to the negative impacts of
climate change, especially the inefficient cooling process and the potential for
power outages. In addition, Al-Saf city contains many brick factories, and Ousim
district contains many foundries, so they can be considered hot spots also as
shown in Figure 5.
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Figure 5 – Hot Spots for industrial sector in Giza governorate
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Health Sector 3.2.4
For the health sector, Rural and “Rural Urban” domains are more exposed to
health problems compared to urban (Dokki, Agouza, October, Sheikh Zayed) and
oases domains, due to lack of awareness as well as their high population density.
In addition, the two domains suffer from a shortage of doctors and nurses. Unlike
other sectors, it is difficult to identify specific districts / cities / villages as hot spots
within each domain because the risk of exposure is significantly equal within each
domain. Figure 6 illustrates the hot spots of the health sector in the governorate.
The hot spots are highlighted in different colors according to their classification as
a Rural domain or “Rural Urban” as indicated by the map’s key.
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Figure 6 – Hot Spots in health sector in Giza governorate
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Urban Sector and Infrastructure 3.2.5
In the urban sector, unsafe areas are considered to be the hottest and most
vulnerable areas to climate change impacts. In addition to unsafe areas, some
other areas are hot spots in the transport sector as they are severely affected by
floods or temperature as shown in the following table. Figure 7 shows urban hot
spots in the governorate.
Table 7- Hot Spots in urban and infrastructure sector in Giza governorate
Domain Justification
Al-Saf district:
Villages of Askor, Aqwaz,
Ghamaza Al-Kubra, Al-Dasmi
Roads in these areas are negatively affected by floods to
the extent that they move from their places
Al-Saf district:
Al-wadye village Cracks occur in local roads due to high temperature
Atfih district:
Villages of Bani Saleh and the
Kuraymat
Roads in these areas are negatively affected by floods to
the extent that they move from their places
Atfih district:
Masjid Moussa village Cracks occur in local roads due to high temperature
Al Ayat district:
Villages of Girza and El-Matanyah
Roads in these areas are negatively affected by floods to
the extent that they move from their places
Oases district:
Villages of Bani Ubaid, Guevara,
and El-Farafra
Roads in these areas are negatively affected by floods to
the extent that they move from their places
Oases district Cracks occur in local roads due to high temperature
Kerdasa district:
Village of Mu'tamdiyah
Mu'tamdiyah tunnel is heavily affected by the floods
leading to a traffic paralysis
Kerdasa district:
Village of Saft Al-Laban
Saft-Al Laban tunnel is significantly affected by the floods
leading to a traffic paralysis
Kerdasa district:
Village of Nahia
Nahia tunnel is highly affected by floods leading to traffic
paralysis
Al-Warraq district:
Kafr El Hanadwa Village
Kafr Al-Hanadwa tunnel is heavily affected by floods
leading to traffic paralysis
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Domain Justification
Al- Haram “Hay” Al-haram tunnel is highly affected by the floods which
causes a traffic paralysis
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Figure 7 – Hot spots in urban and infrastructure sector in Giza governorate
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Tourism Sector 3.2.6
All the archaeological sites in Giza Governorate can be considered as hot spots.
Figure 8 shows hot spots for the tourism sector in the governorate.
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Figure 8 – Hot spots in tourism sector in Giza governorate
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4. Basic Policies and Pillars
The climate change strategy framework of Giza Governorate should be designed
to conform to the nature of the governorate. Strategic policies and programmes
should also focus on solving the problems of the identified hot spots. The
following sections of this chapter present some of the policies proposed to be
adopted by Giza Governorate, the expected obstacles to implementation of these
policies, and the recommended policy tools to overcome them. These policies are
the core components of the strategy that ensure its sustainability, and from which
programmes and projects will emerge throughout the implementation period of
the strategy.
Policies Proposed to be Adopted by the Governorate for 4.1
Combating Climate Change Impacts
It is suggested that Giza governorate adopts the following policies (see Figure 9)
over the coming years as they reflect the strategic objectives of the governorate:
Preserve the resources and assets of the governorate from the
climate change impacts: The governorate is committed to assessing the
risks expected in different sectors, identifying the most vulnerable
elements, the development of early warning systems, in addition to the
application of the appropriate technological solutions to combat the climate
change impacts.
Improve infrastructure and services to adapt to climate change: The
governorate is committed to improving the infrastructure and services to
the citizens in general and of the most vulnerable groups in particular. This
includes improving drinking and sewage services, roads and waste
management services.
Conserve resources: The governorate is committed to rationalizing the
consumption of resources by sponsoring awareness campaigns on a wide
scale to rationalize water and energy consumption in general, as well as
applying appropriate technological solutions in different sectors.
Protect the citizens from the health impacts of climate change: The
governorate is committed to work on protecting the health of citizens from
the impacts of climate change, by raising the efficiency of medical teams
to deal with such risks in addition to sponsoring awareness campaigns for
citizens about the potential risks and how to act in such cases.
Achieve low-emission development: The governorate is committed to
achieving low-emission development by replacing non-renewable sources
of energy with other, less polluting sources or renewable sources such as
solar energy, as well as improving energy efficiency in different sectors.
The governorate is also committed to adopting programmes that emerge
Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate
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from the National Low Emissions Development Strategy that is currently
being prepared, and to help implement it in the governorate’s domain.
Barriers Facing the Adoption and Implementation of 4.2
Policies
Figure 10 presents the institutional setup for Giza governorate. Figure 11 and
Figure 12respectively presents the institutional setup for the agriculture
directorate and roads and transport directorate as examples for directorates
relevant to the adaptation and mitigation projects. It can be observed from the
governorate’s institutional setup that there are no sub-departments working below
the Environmental affairs office and accordingly the low number of employees
working in it. In addition, the employees in the Environmental affairs office lack
the technical climate change expertise, in addition to the technological skills,
which is also the case in the technical departments in the agriculture directorate
and the projects management department in the roads and transport directorate.
Giza Climate Change Strategy
Conserve resources
Preserve the sources and assets of the governorate
from the impacts of climate change
Improve infrastructure
and services to adapt to climate
change
Achieve low-emission
development
Protect the citizens from the health impacts
of climate change
Figure 9 – Strategic Policies for Giza Governorate
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Framework Document 36
Moreover, and due to the lack of hiring new employees in the governorate, the
human resources is considered one of the main factors that can hinder the
implementation of the aforementioned policies with the required efficiency. In
Figure 10, the following abbreviations and acronyms were used: General
Department (G.D.); Central Department (C.D.); Department (Dep.).
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Figure 10 - Institutional setup for Giza governorate (31)
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Figure 11 - Institutional setup for the Agriculture directorate in Giza governorate (32)
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Figure 12 – Institutional setup for roads and transport directorate in Giza governorate (33)
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In addition to that, and as shown in Figure 13, there are several obstacles that
could hinder implementation of the strategic policies of Giza governorate. The
following points summarize these barriers:
Human resources: Lack of human resources (in terms of number and
capacity) at the technical and administrative levels in the governorate is
considered one of the reasons for the potential failure of the
implementation of policies with the required efficiency.
Financial constraints: Lack of financial resources to implement relevant
policies and projects/programmes is one of the main reasons that can
impede the implementation of the required policies.
Knowledge barriers: The availability of human and financial resources is
insufficient to implement policies if the scientific knowledge required to
solve problems is absent.
Administrative obstacles: The lack of project management is one of the
main reasons that may cause the failure of the implementation of policies
with the required efficiency.
Technical barriers: Lack of technical expertise and skills in using
technology is one of the main reasons that can hinder the implementation
of the required policies.
Regulatory barriers: In case of not having an official decree from the
governorate obligating the implementation of the strategic policies, this will
present a big barrier towards their implementation
Institutional barriers: Since the projects related to climate change
adaptation and mitigation are new to the governorate, especially with the
absence of a specific department responsible for that in the current
governorate’s institutional setup, the unclear determination of roles and
responsibilities from the beginning will present a major barrier. In addition
to that, and since a lot of the programmes that need to be implemented to
achieve the strategic policies include the cooperation with other national
entities, the unclear determination of roles and responsibilities of the
different parties will also present a barrier towards the implementation of
the policies with the required efficiency.
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Recommended Policy Tools for Overcoming Barriers 4.3
Policy tools must be carefully selected to overcome key barriers and gaps that
impede the implementation of strategic policies of the governorate, including
access to finance, institutional setup, knowledge barriers and the provision of
human resources. The combination of different policy tools should be preserved
to benefit from the strengths of each tool. The following table shows the policy
tools that will be applied to overcome all the above mentioned obstacles.
Obstacles to the Adoption and
Implementation of Policies
Human resources
Funding constraints
Knowledge barriers
Administrative obstacles
Technical barriers
Regulatory constraints
Institutional constraints
Figure 13 – Obstacles to Implementation of Strategic Policies in Giza Governorate
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Table 8 - Policy Tools to be applied to overcome the barriers for implementing the governorate’s
strategic policies
Barrier Recommended Policy Tools
Financing barriers Involving the private sector
Attracting foreign funding
Knowledge barriers Utilizing the expertise of national bodies
Developing the role of scientific research
Maximizing the role of technology in problem solving
Involving the private sector
Engaging stakeholders in problem solving
Administrative barriers Building capacities of governorate staff
Developing cooperation at the national-local level
Activating some of the disabled responsibilities
Technical barriers Building capacities and raising awareness
Developing cooperation at the national-local level
Human Resources Building capacities and raising awareness
Maximizing the use of information technology
Using all communication methods
Regulatory barriers Issuing an official decree from the governor
(mentioning that the governorate will implement the strategy framework and officially assigning the steering team)
Institutional barriers Issuing an official decree from the governor (mentioning that the governorate will implement the strategy framework and officially assigning the steering team showing the roles and responsibilities)
As shown in the above table, some policy tools work to overcome more than one
barrier. The following points describe some of the characteristics of the policy
tools that will be applied:
Involving the private sector: means participating and sharing their
practical expertise in different fields and proposing solutions to some
problems related to adaptation to climate change. It can also be a source
of funding for some projects as part of their corporate social responsibility.
Attracting foreign funding: an important tool for providing source of
funding other than the governorate’s funding, which cannot cover the costs
of the proposed projects, due to the huge financial obligations of the
governorate. There are many international bodies interested in financing
projects related to climate change (e.g. Green Climate Fund (GCF), United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), FAO, African Development
Bank (AFDB), etc.).
Developing the role of scientific research: To overcome the knowledge
barrier, especially in the impacts of climate change which vary from one
place to another and increase steadily, the role of scientific research
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should be nurtured and activated to determine the expected impacts on
different sectors and find appropriate solutions. The large gap between
scientific research bodies and governmental agencies is one of the main
problems in Egypt in general. Therefore, Giza governorate seeks to
strengthen cooperation between itself and the Egyptian universities and
research centers. It is noteworthy here that Giza governorate has
reputable research institutions (such as National Research Center and
Housing and Building National Research Center) and universities such as
Cairo University.
Maximizing the role of technology in problem solving: Given the lack
of knowledge expertise and human resources and the rapid changes in
climate, maximizing the use of modern technology, including information
technology, is an essential tool in different sectors to save effort and solve
problems faster.
Involving stakeholders in problem solving: The governorate believes
that enhancing communication with various stakeholders (citizens, civil
society organizations, farmers, workers, businessmen, etc.) and benefiting
from their practical experience in various fields is essential for the success
of strategic policies and the reduction of knowledge and technical barriers.
Building capacities and training governorate staff: The governorate
believes that despite the increasing role of technology, the highly qualified
human being remains one of the most important assets. Therefore, the
governorate believes in the importance of continuous training and raising
the efficiency of its employees and the districts’ employees on matters
related to the implementation of the strategic policies of the governorate.
Research institutions and universities in Giza governorate can have a role
in such capacity building activities.
Developing cooperation at the national and local level and benefit
from the expertise of national bodies: The governorate believes in the
importance of cooperating with other bodies, whether at the national or
local level, to benefit from their expertise to reduce technical, technological
and administrative barriers. Such cooperation would replicate the success
stories of national bodies in implementing similar programmes in other
governorates. The governorate also believes that the implementation of
strategic programmes requires concerted efforts and exchange of
experiences at the local and national levels.
Activating some of the disabled responsibilities: Due to the daily
pressure on the governorate, and the absence of an urgent situation to
carry out some of the functions and responsibilities in the various
directorates, these tasks are inadvertently disabled. In some cases, the
activation of some of these functions and responsibilities is a solution that
does not entail financial costs but has a vital role in implementing the
proposed policies and programmes. One example is the on-the-job doctor
training, which is supposed to take place on a regular basis.
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Building capacities and raising awareness: The Governorate believes
that all citizens have an important role in helping the governorate succeed
in implementing its strategic policies. To achieve this, awareness of the
impacts of climate change must be increased through campaigns and
seminars as well as modern information technology.
Using all communication methods: The governorate believes in the
need to maximize the use of modern means of communication to
overcome the human barrier represented in the small number of staff. The
governorate also believes in the need to use all means of communication
to raise the awareness required for all categories and ages.
The following chapter shows how to link each policy tool to the proposed
programmes in Giza Governorate.
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5. Proposed Programmes to Implement Strategic Policies
This section shows the programmes selected by the governorate to initiate
strategic policy implementation, with details such as implementing entities and
expected costs. The programmes are designed so that they can be started
immediately, but most of these programmes can be renewed and expanded over
time. To ensure continuity of the strategy after the end of these programmes, this
section also clarifies some recommendations for sustainability.
Programmes Selection Criteria 5.1
In order to select the programmes to be implemented to achieve the strategic
policies of the governorate, many programmes in each sector were studied and
evaluated according to the criteria shown in the following table taking in
consideration that the extent of each criterion decreases from left to right, so that
the programme becomes more important if it meets all criteria.
Table 9 - Criteria for selecting programmes to implement the strategic policies of the governorate
Availability of common
solutions for more than one sector
Compatibil-ity with the country’s
plans
Complian-ce with
governor-ate
priorities
Low invest-ment costs
Ease of access to internatio-nal finance
Availability of governme-
nt funding
The concept of weighted average was used to assess the importance of
each programme and to take into account the level of importance of each
criterion. This concept is referred to in the following equation:
Weighted average = w1x1 + w2x2 + w3x3 + ⋯
Whereas:
w = the relative weight of each criterion. This depends on the importance of the
criterion which decreases from left to right in the above table. Number 8 was
selected for the highest criterion, "Availability of common solutions for more than
one sector", and the number is gradually reduced such that number "7" is used
for "compliance with the priorities of the governorate" until it becomes "3" for the
lowest criterion of "availability of government funding".
x = the degree to which the programme meets the criterion. A number from 0 to
10.
The programmes that received the highest values in each sector were selected
when applying the previous equation. The following table shows the weighted
average scores of the selected programmes. The following sections will provide
further details on those programmes.
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Table 10 - Results of the selection of programmes to be implemented to achieve the strategic
policies of the governorate
Programme
Programme Selection Criteria
Total Score
Final Percent
-age
Availability of common solutions for more than one sector
Compat-ibility
with the country’s
plans
Complian-ce with
governor-ate
priorities
Low invest-ment costs
Ease of access to internatio-
nal finance
Availability of
government funding
Highest Score 80 70 60 50 40 30 330 100%
1) Agricultural Sector
Risk assessment & identification of the most vulnerable elements in the agricultural sector
72 49 42 40 28 15 246 74.5%
Preparation of a map to monitor plant and animal diseases associated with climate change
72 49 42 40 24 15 242 73.3%
Establishment of an early warning system in the agriculture sector
72 56 42 30 24 15 239 72.4%
Training farmers to use mobile phone applications
64 35 30 45 32 6 212 64.2%
Use of solar energy in water pumping systems in agricultural fields
64 63 42 15 28 6 218 66.1%
2) Industrial Sector
Technical support to Abu Rawash industrial facilities for water & energy conservation
64 56 48 40 28 3 239 72.4%
3) Health Sector
Raising the capacity of medical teams in treating cases caused by climate change
72 70 60 45 4 6 257 77.9%
Raising citizens' awareness of the health risks of climate change
72 63 48 30 8 6 227 68.8%
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4) Urban Sector and Infrastructure
Rehabilitation of roads near flood spillways
64 56 54 15 20 15 224 67.9%
A unified road maintenance plan
56 49 48 35 12 21 221 67%
Painting of buildings’ facades
64 42 42 25 28 6 207 62.7%
Use of LED lamps in the governorate lighting
56 63 42 30 24 21 236 71.5%
Use of solar energy in street lighting
64 49 36 15 28 6 198 60%
Improve drainage systems of main tunnels
64 56 48 25 4 12 209 63.3%
5) Water Resources, Irrigation, Water and Sewage Services Sector
Rehabilitation and renewal of wastewater networks and pumping stations of the wastewater treatment plants in hot spots
72 63 54 10 20 24 243 73.6%
Improving the water distribution network
72 56 48 20 20 15 231 70%
Raising citizens' awareness about water consumption conservation
72 63 54 35 4 15 243 73.6%
6) Tourism sector
Measuring and monitoring the parameters affecting the damage of the monuments
56 56 48 30 28 12 230 69.7%
Improvement of ventilation, moisture absorption and disposal of biological damage within archaeological tombs
56 49 48 30 28 12 223 67.6%
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Types of Programmes / Recommendations 5.2
While examining the nominated programmes with some details, four
levels of recommendations were identified:
1. Programmes that can be implemented or supervised by the
governorate: These programmes are characterized by the absence of any
legal barriers or higher interventions required by the ministries concerned,
and therefore can be implemented immediately
2. Existing national/local efforts to be followed up/strengthened by the
governorate. During studying the nominated programmes, some of these
programmes were found to be currently being implemented or studied at
the national level. Hence, it is not possible in the time being to provide any
different suggestions. Accordingly, the governorate is committed to follow
up on the development of those programmes/studies, and to integrate
them into the annual update of the strategy. There are also efforts at the
local level that the governorate will actively promote as it is consistent with
its strategic policies.
3. Recommendations from the local to the national level: During the
study of the nominated programmes, it was found out that it is important to
convey some recommendations to the ministries concerned in order to
overcome obstacles to the implementation/success of these programmes.
4. Recommendations at the local level: During the study of nominated
programmes, it was found out that the governorate should sponsor some
general recommendations to assist in the achievement of strategic
policies.
Programmes to be Implemented/Supervised by the 5.3
Governorate
Based on the above selection criteria, the following programmes have been
placed on a shortlist for implementation. These programmes can be widely
implemented within the governorate, but the details outlined in this document
focus on the first stage (the scope of implementation and approximate cost) and
targeting hot spots. For each programme, and to ensure its expansion in Egypt, it
has been determined whether it can be applied vertically at the country level
(from the local level to the national level) or horizontally in other governorates. On
the other hand, there are some projects inspired by the country’s plans/studies
(from the national level to the local level) and have also been referred to.
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Agricultural Sector 5.3.1
Programme 1 - Risk assessment and identification of the most vulnerable
elements in the agricultural sector:
The first phase of the programme involves organizing field visits in 3-4 areas
of the governorate to conduct a survey of 2-3 major crops throughout the crop
cycle.
At the beginning, a team of experts in various aspects of the agricultural
sector (plants, land, animals, etc.) from the Agricultural Research Institute
(ARI) will join the governorate’s Agricultural extension officers to gain the
confidence of the farmers. The experts will collect data that will help them
assess the current situation, identify problems and risks and build their
research based on the data collected. After that, samples will be taken once
every week or two during the agricultural cycle.
Data analysis and research will be carried out on the impact of temperature
on growth and disease rate, and the proposed treatments. The accuracy of
the research results will be measured by applying the proposed solutions in
some agricultural lands in the following year.
This will also be an important step in establishing a database for conservation
of agricultural data.
The following table shows the nominated locations for the programme, the
approximate cost, the policy tools, the classification of the programme, and the
possibility of expanding it:
Table 11 - Details of the “Risk assessment and identification of the most vulnerable elements in the
agricultural sector” programme
Governing strategic policy
Preserve the sources and assets of the governorate from the impacts of climate change
Nominated areas to receive the programme in the first phase Approximate cost for first phase
The new desert lands such as Al-Saf, Atfih, Al Ayat, Mansha’et Al-Qanater, Kerdasa, Boulak, Badrashin and Oases, are easier to implement because of the consolidation of land tenure and the possibility of unifying cultivated crops. (In addition to the absence of basic problems not related to climate change like drainage problems for example)
1-3 million EGP for the first stage according to the scope of the research and the number of crops (cost includes laboratory chemicals, mobility and participants' salaries)
Policy Tools
Developing the role of scientific research in solving existing problems
Developing cooperation at the national-local level
Involving stakeholders (farmers) in problem solving
Classification of the programme Expanding the scope of the programme at the different country levels
100% local?
100% national?
Local-national efforts
Local Level
National Level
Can be re-applied in other governorates
National Level
Local Level
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Expanding the scope of the programme at the governorate level and ensuring its sustainability
After the completion of the first phase, the programme should be extended to other regions in the following phases and benefit from the success stories and experience gained from the first phase.
After the completion of the first phase, the programme should be extended to other crops in the following stages.
Programme 2 - Preparation of a map to monitor plant and animal diseases
associated with climate change:
Based on the results of the previous programme, the Agricultural Research
Institute (ARI) can provide data on plant and animal diseases and symptoms,
including the impact of different climatic conditions on disease severity.
The Egyptian Meteorological Authority (EMA) will determine the
environmental conditions such as temperature, wind speed, direction and
humidity that enable pests and diseases to thrive. All data obtained can be
combined to create a map showing all of these data in the areas studied in the
governorate.
This map will serve as the core of an early warning system at the agricultural
level in the governorate. This map will also be used to train the governorate’s
agricultural guidance officers on the use and conveyance of basic information
to farmers.
The following table shows the nominated locations for the programme, the
approximate cost, the policy tools, the classification of the programme, and the
possibility of expanding it:
Table 12 - Details of the “Preparation of a map to monitor plant and animal diseases associated with
climate change” programme
Governing strategic policy
Preserve the sources and assets of the governorate from the impacts of climate change
Nominated areas to receive the programme in the first phase Approximate cost for first phase
The new desert lands such as the lands of Al-Saff, Atfih, Al-Ayyat, Mansha’et Al-Qanater, Kerdasa, Bulaq, Badrashin and Oases.
100 - 200 thousand EGP for the first phase (cost includes computer servers required, participants' salaries and capacity development courses)
Policy Tools
Developing the role of scientific research in solving existing problems
Developing cooperation at the national-local level
Training and raising the capacity of the governorate’s Agricultural extension officers
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Classification of the programme Expanding the scope of the programme at the country level
100% local?
100% national?
Local-national efforts
Local Level
National Level
Can be re-applied in other governorates
National Level
Local Level
Expanding the scope of the programme at the governorate level and ensuring its sustainability:
It is recommended to sign a long-term cooperation protocol between Giza, ARI and EMA to cooperate and exchange information and renew this protocol continuously
After the completion of the first phase, the programme should be extended to other regions in the following phases and benefit from the success stories and experience gained from the first phase
After the completion of the first phase, the programme should be extended to other crops in the following stages
Programme 3 - Establishment of an early warning system in the agriculture
sector:
It is proposed to sign a protocol between the Egyptian Meteorological
Authority (EMA) and the Central Laboratory for Agricultural Climate (CLAC) to
link their respective meteorological stations to the joint use of data to increase
the accuracy of predictions.
EMA will use the data to operate a model capable of predicting future weather
conditions in Giza. A computer server with high arithmetic capabilities will be
required to obtain governorate-level forecasts.
Develop a mobile application or send SMS messages to farmers or the
governorate’s Agricultural extension officers to provide them with the results
obtained from these models to take their precautions accordingly.
The results will be in the form of recommendations for specific actions such as
irrigation procedures and preventive work for pests and diseases if necessary.
The following table shows the nominated locations for the programme, the
approximate cost, the policy tools, the classification of the programme, and the
possibility of expanding it:
Table 13 - Details of the “Establishment of an early warning system in the agriculture sector”
programme
Governing strategic policy
Preserve the sources and assets of the governorate from the impacts of climate change
Nominated areas to receive the programme in the first phase Approximate cost for first phase
The new desert lands such as the lands of Al-Saff, Atfih, Al-Ayyat, Manshaat Al-Qanater, Kerdasa, Bulaq, Badrashin and Oases.
2.5 – 3 million EGP for the first phase (80% cost of high-resolution computer server, cost also includes participants' salaries and capacity development courses)
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Policy Tools
Developing the role of scientific research in solving existing problems
Developing cooperation at the national-local level
Training and raising the capacity of farmers and the governorate’s Agricultural extension officers
Maximizing the role of technology in solving existing problems
Classification of the programme Expanding the scope of the programme at the country level
100% local?
100% national?
Local-national efforts
Local Level
National Level
Can be re-applied in other governorates
National Level
Local Level
Expanding the scope of the programme at the governorate level and ensuring its sustainability
It is recommended that a long-term cooperation protocol between CLAC and EMA be signed for cooperation and exchange of information and the continuous renewal of this protocol
After the completion of the first phase, the programme should be extended to other regions in the following phases and benefit from the success stories and experience gained from the first phase
After the completion of the first phase, the programme should be extended to other crops in the following stages
Regular maintenance and refurbishment of used equipment if necessary
Develop and update mobile applications on a regular basis and ensure that citizens can interact with them in case of any queries
Programme 4 - Training farmers to use mobile phone applications:
There are currently some mobile applications that help farmers to identify
plant diseases and how to deal with them, and some applications allow
farmers to communicate with experts by sending their questions.
The programme aims to provide training courses for farmers on the use of
technology and mobile phone applications related to agriculture for their
benefit. Developers of these applications are responsible for the delivery of
such exercises as a marketing tool for free or reduced fees.
These applications help farmers identify the type of plant diseases and
solutions that can be implemented.
It is possible that these trainings are conducted at the level of each district
where the governorate’s Agricultural extension officers can gather farmers at
the headquarters of the guidance centers, or agricultural associations, or the
agricultural administration in the district.
The deputy of the Agriculture Directorate in Giza governorate should be
informed about the purpose of the trainings and should be requested to
approve the exploitation of the training locations referred to above. The
approved request should then be directed to the Agricultural extension
administration in the governorate.
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The following table shows the nominated locations for the programme, the
approximate cost, the policy tools, the classification of the programme, and the
possibility of expanding it:
Table 14 - Details of the “Training farmers to use mobile phone applications” programme
Governing strategic policy
Preserve the sources and assets of the governorate from the impacts of climate change
Nominated areas to receive the programme in the first phase Approximate cost for first phase
All districts, but it is proposed to start with Al-Qanater, Al-Saf, and Badrashin.
50 thousand EGP for the first stage(by training 300 farmers in each of the 10 districts)
Policy Tools
Developing the role of scientific research in solving existing problems
Developing cooperation at the national-local level
Training and raising the capacity of farmers and the governorate’s Agricultural extension officers
Maximizing the role of technology in solving existing problems
Classification of the programme Expanding the scope of the programme at the country level
100% local?
100% national?
Local-national efforts
Local Level
National Level
Can be re-applied in other governorates
National Level
Local Level
Expanding the scope of the programme at the governorate level and ensuring its sustainability
After the completion of the first phase, the programme enhancement should be studies to alleviate the barriers faced
After the completion of the first phase, the programme’s scope should be expanded to include more farmers and other locations
Programme 5 - Use of solar energy in water pumping systems in
agricultural fields:
Replacing traditional pumps working with fossil-fuel sources, such as the
widely-used diesel pumps, especially in remote areas, and the less-used
electricity pumps, with solar water pumps (SWP). The target pumps are those
used in the fields, not the large pumps used for irrigation and drainage.
The implementation of this programme is already under study at the national
level. However, the governorate can sponsor the implementation of a
programme at the local level in coordination with the Ministry of Water
Resources and Irrigation.
A small pilot programme can be initiated by providing funding and facilitating
procedures for investors to install SWP in 3-4 regions. The success of the
pilot programme will be measured and the relevant problems will be identified.
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The success of the small pilot programme will encourage other investors to do
likewise, which will encourage international donors to conduct further studies
on the possibility of financing the installation in other agricultural lands under
the supervision of the governorate, which may be responsible for the follow-up
of this programme.
The following table shows the nominated locations for the programme, the
approximate cost, the policy tools, the classification of the programme, and the
possibility of expanding it:
Table 15 - Details of the “Use of solar energy in water pumping systems in agricultural fields”
programme
Governing strategic policy
Preserve the sources and assets of the governorate from the impacts of climate change
Nominated areas to receive the programme in the first phase Approximate cost for first phase
Pilot-programme: It is preferable to start in 3 regions with a large area and where there is no property fragmentation (examples: Atfih, Mansha’et al-Qanater, Badrashin)
Assuming 500 acres for small pilot programme: 12-20 million EGP + 300 thousand EGP to study the design of the programme at the governorate level
Policy Tools
Developing cooperation at the national-local level
Utilizing national level expertise
Raising awareness of new technologies
Involving stakeholders (investors) in consultations about the potential incentives
Classification of the programme Expanding the scope of the programme at the country level
100% local?
100% national?
Local-national efforts
Local Level
National Level
Can be re-applied in other governorates
National Level
Local Level
Expanding the scope of the programme at the governorate level and ensuring its sustainability
After completing the pilot-programme, it is necessary to study the development of the programme and how to overcome the barriers encountered
After the pilot-programme is completed, the programme should be extended to other agricultural lands and areas
Exploiting the success stories and benefits of the programme and promoting it to encourage citizens, especially investors, to do the same
Training engineers and technicians on the maintenance of solar systems and committing to the required periodic maintenance
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Industrial Sector 5.3.2
Programme (6) - Technical support for Abu Rawash industrial facilities for
water and energy conservation:
Abu Rawash industrial facilities are currently operating at almost half of its
production capacity for several reasons, most notably the insufficient
availability of artesian water (current capacity: 10,000 m3 / day).
The proposed programme will employ consultants to conduct industrial audits
in these industrial facilities to identify water and energy conservation
measures that will enable them to increase productivity while preserving the
environment and adapting to the impacts of climate change that will cause
water shortages, in addition to GHG emissions mitigation.
It is suggested that this be done through an initiative from Giza Governorate in
cooperation with the Central Administration of Abu Rawash Industrial Area
and the National Cleaner Production Center (ENCPC Center) affiliated to the
Ministry of Trade and Industry.
In the beginning, a small programme at 3-4 industrial facilities (the most water
consuming) can be initiated as a pilot programme. This pilot programme will
encourage other plants to request these services, which will encourage the
expansion of the programme across the entire industrial region.
The following table shows the nominated locations for the programme, the
approximate cost, the policy tools, the classification of the programme, and the
possibility of expanding it:
Table 16 - Details of the “Technical support for Abu Rawash industrial facilities for water and energy
conservation” programme
Governing strategic policy
Conserve resources
Achieve low-emission development
Nominated areas to receive the programme in the first phase Approximate cost for first phase
Abu Rawash Industrial zone (can start with a pilot programme to include the following industrial facilities: Evergrow Fertilizers, Mobica, Cemex Ready Mix Concrete, Kia Motors)
150-200 thousand EGP for the pilot programme + 100 thousand EGP for a study to design the programme at the industrial zone level
Policy Tools
Developing cooperation at the national-local level
Raising the capacity of workers in the industrial facilities to rationalize water and energy consumption
Raising awareness among industrial facilities regarding water and energy conservation
Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate
Framework Document 56
Classification of the programme
Expanding the scope of the programme at the country level
100% local?
100% national?
Local-national efforts
Local Level
National Level
Can be re-applied in other governorates
National Level
Local Level
Expanding the scope of the programme at the governorate level and ensuring its sustainability
After completing the pilot-programme, it is necessary to study the development of the programme and how to overcome the barriers encountered
Exploiting the success stories and benefits of the pilot programme to encourage other industrial facilities in the Abu Rawash area to do the same
Exploiting the success stories and benefits of the pilot programme to expand the programme to include other industrial facilities outside the Abu Rawash area (for example: 6
th of October industrial zone)
Health Sector 5.3.3
Programme 7 - Raising the capacity of the medical teams in treating the
cases caused by climate change:
Conduct training courses for doctors and nurses in hospitals and health units
on the health risks posed by climate change impacts such as heat strokes or
any other diseases (Such as; Filariasis, Dengue Fever, Pneumonia, H5N1,
Bilharziasis, and Rift Valley Fever) and how to deal with such cases.
Both the Governor and the Deputy Governor have the authority to enforce the
Directorate of Health in the governorate to activate these trainings
It is suggested that these exercises be activated before the summer.
The following table shows the nominated locations for the programme, the
approximate cost, the policy tools, the classification of the programme, and the
possibility of expanding it:
Table 17 - Details of the “Raising the capacity of the medical teams in treating the cases caused by
climate change” programme
Governing strategic policy
Protect citizens from the health impacts of climate change
Nominated areas to receive the programme in the first phase Approximate cost for first phase
All the hospitals and health units in the governorate, especially the public hospitals (in the first stage): Umm Al Masrien, Bulaq El-Dakrur, Tahrir, Embaba, Um Al-Atbaa, Al Burjil, Embaba hospital for fevers, Embaba hospital for respiratory diseases, Al Warraq Island, Sheikh Zayed, , Abu Al-Nomros, Al-Hawamdiyah, Al-Ayyat, Al-Saff, Atfih, Al-Wahat, Ousim, Badrashin, Meniyat Al-Ayyat, Meniyat Al-Saff, Werdan, Mensha’et-Al Qanater, Central Hospital in 6
th of October city)
Zero-cost
Policy Tools
Training and building capacities of medical teams
Activating some of the disabled responsibilities
Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate
Framework Document 57
Classification of the programme
Expanding the scope of the programme at the country level
100% local?
100% national?
Local-national efforts
Local Level
National Level
Can be re-applied in other governorates
National Level
Local Level
Expanding the scope of the programme at the governorate level and ensuring its sustainability
Utilizing the first phase in enhancing the programme and determining how to overcome the barriers encountered
After the completion of the first phase, the programme should be expanded to include other hospitals and larger numbers of medical teams
Update training content and introduce any other health risks resulting from climate change impacts
Programme 8 - Raising citizens' awareness of the health risks of climate
change:
Providing simplified handbooks for patients and visitors of the hospitals and
health units on the health risks posed by climate change impacts:
o There are some publications on sunstrokes from the “Preventive
Medicine Department” that can be used as the contents of these
manuals.
o In addition, it is possible for the “Health Culture Department” at the
Giza Health Directorate to request from the Ministry’s “Central Health
Culture Department” in a formal letter to prepare the scientific content
of these brochures for any other diseases that may spread due to
climate change such as malaria and others. If there are any barriers,
the governor or his deputy can intervene to speed up the process.
o This campaign can be launched on a pilot scale first in large
governmental hospitals such as Um El Masrien, Boulaq El Dakrour,
Tahrir, Embaba, Badrashin and the Central Hospital in 6th of October
city to assess the success of the programme before it is expanded
elsewhere.
It is also proposed to produce simplified animation videos on health risks
posed by climate change impacts and broadcast them on the display screens
in hospitals and health units:
o The content of the videos can be obtained from the user-approved
content in the brochures, and this video may also be uploaded to the
social networking pages of the governorate or health directorate.
Activating the role of the female “rural leaders” in raising awareness among
housewives, especially the illiterate and uneducated populations in the
countryside and slums, about the health risks posed by the impacts of climate
change such as acute brain strokes and sunstrokes:
Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate
Framework Document 58
o A letter should be sent from the Directorate of Health in Giza to the
Undersecretary of the Ministry to request the involvement of female
leaders in the awareness campaign. The type of awareness (water,
environment, health, etc.) should be clarified in this letter as well as an
attachment to the content of awareness messages.
o The supervisor of the female leaders sends a request to the Ministry of
Public Health for their consent, which is usually obtained if the content
contains nothing wrong or controversial.
o This can be done on a pilot scale first, and can then be extended to
other regions. Pilot courses can be held at the district management
building. This training can be directed to supervisors in each
department, and their knowledge can then be transferred to the female
leaders. It is proposed to provide women with allowances or financial
incentives.
o It is also recommended that the Directorate of Education be involved in
promoting awareness in schools.
The following table shows the nominated locations for the programme, the
approximate cost, the policy tools, the classification of the programme, and the
possibility of expanding it:
Table 18 - Details of the “Raising citizens' awareness of the health risks of climate change”
programme
Governing strategic policy
Protect the citizens from the health impacts of climate change
Nominated areas to receive the programme in the first phase Approximate cost for first phase
Booklets and video presentations: Large governmental hospitals such as Um El Masrien, Boulaq El Dakrour, Tahrir, Embaba, Badrashin, Central Hospital in October + Health units in Badrashin, Oases and Dokki Female Rural leaders: villages and informal settlements in Ard Al-Lewaa, Embaba, Hawamdiyah, the church in Omraniyah, Osim, al-Warraq, Abu al-Nomros, Al- Saff, Mansheyat Al-Qanater, Sixth District in 6th of October
Booklets: 800 thousand – 1 million EGP to print 500 thousand pamphlets Video: 10 - 20 thousand EGP + 400 thousand EGP for screens Female Rural leaders: 35-50 thousand EGP at the governorate level
Policy Tools
Raising awareness among citizens in direct ways
Developing cooperation at the national-local level
Using all communication methods
Classification of the programme Expanding the scope of the programme at the country level
100% local?
100% national?
Local-national efforts
Local Level
National Level
Can be re-applied in other governorates
National Level
Local Level
Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate
Framework Document 59
Expanding the scope of the programme at the governorate level and ensuring its sustainability
Making use of the results of the initial campaign to enhance the programme and determine how to overcome the obstacles encountered
Expanding the programme to include other hospitals and larger numbers of citizens
To renew these campaigns every two years to ensure that they reach the largest number and ensure their effectiveness and access to any new comers to these areas
Update content and introduce any other health risks resulting from climate change impacts
Urban Sector and Infrastructure 5.3.4
Programme 9 - Rehabilitation of roads near flood spillways:
At present, there are some types of human activities such as agriculture on
the tracks of the natural flood spillways in Al-Saff, Atfih and Al-Ayyat. Thus, in
the event of heavy rain, the flood does not follow the natural path of the
spillways, and accordingly the roads which are not supplied with the
necessary protection measures move from their places thus causing disasters
and injuries.
This programme aims to rehabilitate these roads through the installation of
wall supports on both sides of the road and increase the height of the road in
addition to increasing the amount of drainage and floods pipes.
IT is proposed to include an item in the governorate’s tenders for road
projects in these areas that requires contractors to attach a report from the
Egyptian Meteorological Authority on the trends of heavy rains and storms so
that the contractors determine how to deal with these conditions.
The following table shows the nominated locations for the programme, the
approximate cost, the policy tools, the classification of the programme, and the
possibility of expanding it:
Table 19 - Details of the “Rehabilitation of roads near flood spillways” programme
Governing strategic policy
Improve infrastructure and services to adapt to climate change
Nominated areas to receive the programme in the first phase
Approximate cost for first phase
Al-Saff: Askor, Al-Aqwaz, Ghamaza Alkobrah, Al-Dasmi Atfih: Bani Saleh and Kuraymat Al Ayat: Jerza and Al-Matanyah Oases: Bani Obaid, Guevara, El-Farafra
Al-Saff, Atfih, and Al-Ayyat: 12 million EGP
Oases: 3 million EGP
Policy Tools
Involving the private sector in financing vital projects
Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate
Framework Document 60
Classification of the programme Expanding the scope of the programme at the country level
100% local?
100% national?
Local-national efforts
Local Level
National Level
Can be re-applied in other governorates
National Level
Local Level
Expanding the scope of the programme at the governorate level and ensuring its sustainability
Expand the programme to include other roads that are subject to the same problems
Routine maintenance of roads and spillways to ensure their efficiency throughout their life span
Programme 10 - A unified road maintenance plan:
Some local roads in the governorate suffer from cracks resulting from high
average temperatures and increased heat waves. The Directorate is currently
carrying out maintenance work for these roads every two to three months
using a primitive method. This is due to the lack of the required materials to
implement advanced methods and the absence of trained workers on these
advanced methods in addition to their old age, which make it difficult for them
to adapt to the new methods. The use of these primitive roads causes
recurring cracks in a short time.
It is recommended that the Governor issues a decree to apply a unified plan
for the maintenance of roads at the level of the governorate, through private
companies and under the supervision of the Directorate of Roads and
transport, so that these companies maintain roads using scientific methods
and modern technology to reduce the appearance of cracks in areas most
exposed to solar radiation. The required liquidity can be provided to these
companies from the damaged pavement resources in the governorate (funds
being paid by companies wishing to dig part of the roads for the installation of
some facilities such as communication cables).
The following table shows the nominated locations for the programme, the
approximate cost, the policy tools, the classification of the programme, and the
possibility of expanding it:
Table 20 - Details of “A Unified road maintenance plan” programme
Governing strategic policy
Improve infrastructure and services to adapt to climate change
Nominated areas to receive the programme in the first phase Approximate cost for first phase
Local oases roads, Awlad Mosah road in Atfih, and Wadye road in Al-Saff district
NA
Policy Tools
Maximizing the role of technology in solving existing problems
Utilizing national level expertise (private companies)
Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate
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Classification of the programme Expanding the scope of the programme at the country level
100% local?
100% national?
Local-national efforts
Local Level
National Level
Can be re-applied in other governorates
National Level
Local Level
Expanding the scope of the programme at the governorate level and ensuring its sustainability
Set conditions for the required specifications and quality
Continuous assessment of the effectiveness of private companies in road maintenance
Considering the possibility of including a guarantee on the quality of the pavement in the contract terms according to what is typically done in the procurement procedures in the governorate
Programme (11) - Painting of buildings’ facades:
The programme aims to paint the facades of buildings lacking this service,
and accordingly reduces the impact of high temperatures by increasing the
reflection of solar radiation.
The programme also includes roof insulation using waterproofing by adding a
bitumen layer first, using thermal insulation sheets of foam, sand, and finally
tiles (mostly light gray).
The main objective of this programme is to reach the most vulnerable groups,
especially those that spend a lot of time at home such as the elderly, infants,
patients and young children (in schools).
The programme must be implemented in urban areas suffering from thermal
stress and low cooling effects.
The following table shows the nominated locations for the programme, the
approximate cost, the policy tools, the classification of the programme, and the
possibility of expanding it:
Table 21 - Details of the “Painting of buildings’ facades” programme
Governing strategic policy
Improve infrastructure and services to adapt to climate change
Nominated areas to receive the programme in the first phase Approximate cost for first phase
Mainly in Urban areas with rural nature (e.g. Bulaq Dakrour, Kerdasa and Al Warraq), with the most sensitive areas being studied and focused.
440 - 500 EGP / square meter not including the cost of scaffolding
Policy Tools
Involving the private sector in financing vital projects
Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate
Framework Document 62
Classification of the programme Expanding the scope of the programme at the country level
100% local?
100% national?
Local-national efforts
Local Level
National Level
Can be re-applied in other
governorates
National Level
Local Level
Expanding the scope of the programme at the governorate level and ensuring its sustainability
Utilize the pilot-programme to gain experience and overcome barriers encountered
Expanding the programme to include other areas and buildings
Programme (12) - Use of LED lamps for the governorate lighting:
There are two main Governorate buildings: “Al-Diwan Al Aam”, and the
“Marasem” building.
The purpose of the programme is to transform “Al-Diwan Al Aam” building for
the use of LED lamps. This building needs 600 ceiling lights, each one
contains 2 bulbs each 120 cm, in addition to 350 ceiling lights containing 150
cm bulbs and 80 spots.
As for the “Marasem” building, it is an old building so it is not preferred to
make any changes, and Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) are already used
there.
The following table shows the nominated locations for the programme, the
approximate cost, the policy tools, the classification of the programme, and the
possibility of expanding it:
Table 22 - Details of the “Use of LED lamps for the governorate lighting” programme
Governing strategic policy
Conserve resources
Nominated areas to receive the programme in the first phase
Approximate cost for first phase
‘Al-Diwan Al Aam” Building
About 200-300 thousand EGP for 600 ceiling lights with 2 bulbs each 120 cm
About 95 - 120 thousand EGP for 350 ceiling lights with 150 cm bulbs
About 4000 - 5500 EGP for the number of 80 spots.
Total: about 300-400 thousand EGP
Policy Tools
Involving the private sector in financing vital projects
Maximizing the role of technology in solving existing problems
Classification of the programme Expanding the scope of the programme at the country level
100% local?
100% national?
Local-national efforts
Local Level
National Level
Can be re-applied in other
governorates
National Level
Local Level
Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate
Framework Document 63
Expanding the scope of the programme at the governorate level and ensuring its sustainability
Utilize the programme and use it to spread awareness to encourage citizens to use LED lamps
Expanding the programme to the headquarters of local administration buildings in districts, villages, and “Ahyaa”
Replace bulbs at the end of their life span and allocate budget for that
Programme 13 - Use of solar energy in street lighting:
It is proposed to use solar energy in the lighting of 230 lamp posts in the road
of Al-Libeeny, 230 lamp posts in the Al-Haram street of Al-Omraniya district,
57 lamp posts in the Al-Haram street of Al-Haram district, 150 lamp posts in
khatem Al-Morseleen street, which is mainly illuminated by LED bulbs, 223
lamp posts of Faisal Street lit up also by LED bulbs, and 15 lamp posts in
Sakyet Mekky.
The following table shows the nominated locations for the programme, the
approximate cost, the policy tools, the classification of the programme, and the
possibility of expanding it:
Table 23 - Details of the “Use of solar energy in street lighting” programme
Governing strategic policy
Conserve resources
Nominated areas to receive the programme in the first phase
Approximate cost for first phase
1- 230 lamp posts in the road of Al-Libeeny,
2- 230 lamp posts in the Al-Haram street of Al-Omraniya district,
3- 57 lamp posts in the Al-Haram street of Al-Haram district,
4- 150 lamp posts in khatem Al-Morseleen street, which is mainly illuminated by LED bulbs,
5- 223 lamp posts of Faisal Street lit up also by LED bulbs,
6- 15 lamp posts in Sakyet Mekky.
1- Total 2-2.5 million EGP for 230 lamp posts in the road of Al-Libeeny
2- Total 2-2.5 million EGP for 230 lamp posts of Al-Haram street, Al-Omraniya district
3- Total 500 - 650 thousand EGP for 57 lamp posts of the Al-Haram street, Al-Haram district
4- Total 1 -1.5 million EGP for 150 lamp posts in the road of Khatem Al-Morsaleen, which is mainly illuminated by LED bulbs
5- Total 1.5 - 2 million EGP for 223 lamp posts of Faisal Street, also illuminated by LED bulbs
6- Total 100 - 200 thousand EGP 15 lamp posts for Sakyet Mekky
Total: 7-9.5 million EGP
Policy Tools
Involving the private sector in financing vital projects
Attracting foreign Investment
Maximizing the role of technology in solving existing problems
Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate
Framework Document 64
Classification of the programme Expanding the scope of the programme at the country level
100% local?
100% national?
Local-national efforts
Local Level
National Level
Can be re-applied in other governorates
National Level
Local Level
Expanding the scope of the programme at the governorate level and ensuring its sustainability
After the completion of the first phase, the development of the programme and how to overcome the barriers encountered should be studied
Benefiting from the pilot-programme and its use in spreading awareness to encourage citizens to use solar panels in homes
Expand the programme to other streets
Training engineers and technicians on the maintenance of solar systems and commitment to the required periodic maintenance
Replace bulbs at the end of their life span and provide budget for that
Programme (14) - Improve drainage systems of main tunnels:
There are some local efforts to rehabilitate the tunnels to resist floods and
rainwater drainage, which are implemented in the following tunnels in Giza
Governorate: Murad Tunnel, Haram Tunnel and the 26th of July Tunnel. The
programme aims to rehabilitate the other vital tunnels in the governorate such
as: Al-Aetamedyah Tunnel, Nahia Tunnel, Kafr El Hanouda Tunnel, Saft El
Laban Tunnel, and Orabi Tunnel in the airport direction.
The following table shows the nominated locations for the programme, the
approximate cost, the policy tools, the classification of the programme, and the
possibility of expanding it:
Table 24 - Details of the “Improve drainage systems of main tunnels” programme
Governing strategic policy
Improve infrastructure and services to adapt to climate change
Nominated areas to receive the programme in the first phase
Approximate cost for first phase
Al-Aetamedyah Tunnel, Nahia Tunnel, Kafr El Hanouda Tunnel, Saft El Laban Tunnel, and Orabi Tunnel in the airport direction.
Approximate Cost per Tunnel:
Lift room: 5 thousand EGP * 2 rooms on both sides of the road = 10 thousand EGP
Lift water pump: 40 thousand EGP * 2 rooms on both sides of the road = 80 thousand EGP
Pipes: 100 EGP per meter * 150-300 meters long = 15 - 30 thousand EGP
Total cost of the tunnel: 105-120 thousand EGP
Total cost of 5 tunnels: 500 - 600 thousand EGP
Policy Tools
Involving the private sector in financing vital projects
Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate
Framework Document 65
Classification of the programme Expanding the scope of the programme at the country level
100% local?
100% national?
Local-national efforts
Local Level
National Level
Can be re-applied in other governorates
National Level
Local Level
Expanding the scope of the programme at the governorate level and ensuring its sustainability
Extending the programme to include other tunnels that are subject to the same problems
Periodic maintenance of the tunnels to ensure their efficiency throughout their life span
Water Resources, Irrigation, and Water and Sewage Services 5.3.5
Programme (15) - Rehabilitation and renewal of wastewater networks and
pumping stations of the wastewater treatment plants in hot spots:
There are two types of plans in the wastewater projects namely: 1) investment
plans, and 2) plans for rehabilitation and renewal.
In general, the Giza Water and Wastewater Company is engaged in
maintenance, rehabilitation and renewal projects. These projects are often
included in the budget of Giza Water and Wastewater Company. However,
the Holding Company can contribute to financing them if the financial
resources are insufficient. With insufficient current resources to implement the
required projects, the programme proposes that the governorate should help
finance some projects through the grants it acquires.
As for the investment plans which include the new projects, they will be
funded and implemented by the “Construction Authority for Potable Water and
Wastewater”, and the governorate can also contribute to the financing of
some investment plan projects if the financial resources are insufficient due to
the limited resources of the authority.
Coordination with Giza Water and Wastewater Company is currently
underway so that they prioritize specific rehabilitation and renewal wastewater
projects in the hot spots (see Section 3).
The following table shows the nominated locations for the programme, the
approximate cost, the policy tools, the classification of the programme, and the
possibility of expanding it:
Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate
Framework Document 66
Table 25 - Details of “Rehabilitation and renewal of wastewater networks and pumping stations of the
wastewater treatment plants in hot spots” programme
Governing strategic policy
Improve infrastructure and services to adapt to climate change
Nominated areas to receive the programme in the first phase
Approximate cost for first phase
Hot spots in wastewater Sector (see Section 3) Has not been identified yet2
Policy Tools
Developing cooperation at the national-local level
Involving the private sector
Attracting foreign funding
Classification of the programme
Expanding the scope of the programme at the country level
100% local?
100% national?
Local-national efforts
Local Level
National Level
Can be re-applied in other governorates
National Level
Local Level
Expanding the scope of the programme at the governorate level and ensuring its sustainability
Periodic maintenance required for new networks and pumping stations and follow-up maintenance work
Coordination between the governorate and Giza Water and Wastewater Company so that the steering team representative of the Giza Water and Wastewater Company informs the governorate at the beginning of the fiscal year about the projects that need to be implemented and does not have funding
Programme 16 - Improving the water distribution network to improve
service delivery and reduce leakage losses:
As mentioned in the previous programme, there is an investment plan and a
rehabilitation and renewal plan for both the drinking water and wastewater
sectors.
The programme suggests that the governorate assist in the financing of some
projects related to drinking water through the grants it acquires. The following
projects have been selected as a first stage as they have not yet been
included in the financial 2018/2019 implementation plan of the “Construction
Authority for Potable Water and Wastewater”.
1. Faisal Street: Replacement of 400 mm diameter line parallel to Al-
Bakari drain from King Faisal Street to the 300 mm line at Ali Al-Haddad
Street with a diameter of 1200 mm and length of 3371 m.
2 The cost of rehabilitation and renewal projects in hot spots in the wastewater sector has not yet
been determined until the time this framework was issued
Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate
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2. Boulak El Dakrour / Saft El Laban: Replacement of a 1000 mm
diameter line in Saft Al Laban Street between the two 1000 mm lines
with a line of 1200 mm / length 207 m.
3. Al Ayyat / Nasiriyah Village: Implementation of Line 4 with a 1-
kilometer length to connect the Ezbet Arab Ghonaim Al-Sharqwa
network to the main line in Al-Nasiriyah village.
4. Al-Ayyat/Kafr Hamid: Implementation of pumping station in the Kafr
Hamid treatment station so that the output of the second phase reaches
30 thousand m3/day.
5. Al-Ayyat/Mait Al-Qaed: Implementing a pumping station at station of
Mait Al-Qaed treatment station with a capacity of 919 m3/day.
6. Al-Ayyat/Kafr Girza: Implementing a pumping station in Kafr Girza
station with a capacity of 2000 m3/day.
The following table shows the nominated locations for the programme, the
approximate cost, the policy tools, the classification of the programme, and the
possibility of expanding it:
Table 26 - Details of the “Improving the water distribution network to improve service delivery and
reduce leakage losses” programme
Governing strategic policy
Improve infrastructure and services to adapt to climate change
Nominated areas to receive the programme in the first phase
Approximate cost for first phase
1- Faisal Street 2. Bulaq El Dakrour district / Saft El Laban 3. Al Ayyat / Nasiriyah village 4. Ayyat / Kafr Hamid 5. Al Ayyat / Mait Al Qaed 6. Al Ayyat / Kafr Girza
1- About 13 million EGP 2. About 800 thousand EGP 3. About 600 thousand EGP 4. About 11 million EGP 5. About 900 thousand EGP 6. About 2 million EGP
Policy Tools
Developing cooperation at the national-local level
Involving the private sector in funding vital projects
Classification of the programme Expanding the scope of the programme at the country level
100% local?
100% national?
Local-national efforts
Local Level
National Level
Can be re-applied in other governorates
National Level
Local Level
Expanding the scope of the programme at the governorate level and ensuring its sustainability
Periodic maintenance required for new networks and pumping stations and following-up maintenance work
Coordination between the governorate and Giza Water and Wastewater Company so that the steering team representative of the Giza Water and Wastewater Company informs the governorate at the beginning of the fiscal year about the
Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate
Framework Document 68
projects that need to be implemented and does not have funding
Coordination between the governorate and the “Construction Authority for Potable Water & Wastewater (CAPW)” at the beginning of the fiscal year to inform the governorate of the projects to be implemented and does not have funding
Programme (17) – Raising citizens' awareness about water consumption
conservation:
An awareness campaign for water conservation between Giza Governorate
and the Water and Wastewater Water Company is currently being renewed.
However, this time it can be implemented more widely to target more
consumers. It is proposed to print brochures to accompany monthly water bills
to reach all the 700,000 official subscribers in Giza.
Printing more coloring books and stories in addition to school books that are
designed to raise awareness of water conservation. This is to be distributed
for free in schools or even sold at nominal prices in libraries.
The following table shows the nominated locations for the programme, the
approximate cost, the policy tools, the classification of the programme, and the
possibility of expanding it:
Table 27 - Details of the “Raising citizens' awareness about water consumption conservation”
programme
Governing strategic policy
Conserve resources
Nominated areas to receive the programme in the first phase
Approximate cost for first phase
Throughout the governorate with a focus on the following areas where the existing awareness campaign has not been reached: Mansoureya, Ezbet Abdul Samad, Munira Sharqiya, Abdulla Khalifa, Faisal, Kafr Tahmas, Qusabji, Moneeb, Tersa, Manial Shiha, Shubramant, Bani Yusuf, , Zawiya, Dahshur, Mazgouna, Najwa Arabs, Arabs of Siege, Arab Obeida, Kafr Turki, Kafr Tarkhan, Zawiya Abu Sweilem, Barghouthi, Qaturi, Kafr Jarza, Qababat, Kafr Al-Waselin, Alreka Al-kebliah, Mensha’et Soilman
Approximately 2 million EGP for the number of 500.000 pamphlets
About 150 thousand EGP for the number of 100,000 coloring books
About 550 thousand EGP for the number of 100,000 picture stories
About EGP 1.25 million for 700,000 handbooks
Policy Tools
Involving the private sector in financing vital projects
Appropriate awareness of all age groups
Classification of the programme Expanding the scope of the programme at the country level
100% local?
100% national?
Local-national efforts
Local Level
National Level
Can be re-applied in other governorates
National Level
Local Level
Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate
Framework Document 69
Expanding the scope of the programme at the governorate level and ensuring its sustainability
Expanding the programme to other regions
Renew these campaigns every two years to ensure that they reach the largest number and ensure their effectiveness and access to any new comers to these areas
Tourism sector 5.3.6
Programme (18) - Measuring and monitoring the parameters affecting the
damage of the monuments:
In order to preserve the archaeological areas from damage due to high
temperature and humidity, continuous measurements and follow-ups within
the archaeological tombs, especially that are open for visitors, should be done
to measure the relative humidity and temperature using digital equipment that
can store readings.
It is also proposed to follow up on the fluctuation of water content through the
distribution of a network of Piezometers with electronic devices to measure
the fluctuation of ground water and devices to measure water content within
the rock layers.
In addition, it is proposed to purchase “cracks monitoring devices” in the
Saqqara area specifically because it is characterized by high clay content
(which is easily affected by shrinkage) in addition to its high groundwater
level.
Wind monitoring equipment are also required to determine the wind direction
and speed and thus determine the location and design of windbreaks to
protect the monuments.
It is also required to purchase measuring equipment with beeper inside
archaeological facilities (especially the closed ones) to measure the harmful
gases in the archaeological tombs, such as carbon dioxide or sulfur oxides
The maintenance team in each area belonging to the General Authority for
Antiquities should be responsible for maintaining these devices, and there
shall be a maintenance programme for all devices on a seasonal basis.
The following table shows the nominated locations for the programme, the
approximate cost, the policy tools, the classification of the programme, and the
possibility of expanding it:
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Table 28 - Details of the “Measuring and monitoring the parameters affecting the damage of the
monuments” programme
Governing strategic policy
Preserve the sources and assets of the governorate from the impacts of climate change
Nominated areas to receive the programme in the first phase
Approximate cost for first phase
Al Ahram and Saqqara area (first stage)
- One million EGP for 80 devices to monitor the temperature and humidity inside the tombs - 100 thousand EGP for 8 devices for cracks - 200 thousand EGP for 2 wind measuring device - 40 thousand EGP for 40 devices to monitor the gases inside the tombs
Policy Tools
Involving the private sector in financing vital projects
Involving national bodies in project design within the governorate
Classification of the programme Expanding the scope of the programme at the country level
100% local?
100% national?
Local-national efforts
Local Level
National Level
Can be re-applied in other governorates
National Level
Local Level
Expanding the scope of the programme at the governorate level and ensuring its sustainability
After the completion of the first phase, the effectiveness of the programme and how to overcome the problems encountered are assessed
Extending the programme to any other archaeological areas
Periodical maintenance of devices to ensure their efficiency throughout their life span
Programme 19 - Improvement of ventilation, moisture absorption and
disposal of biological damage within archaeological tombs:
To maintain a safe level of temperature and humidity inside the tombs, a
ventilation system and moisture absorption system should be employed.
Fixed ventilation projects can be used for important places that have frequent
tourist visits such as the pyramids of Giza and Saqqara and some tombs in
both regions
The fixed ventilation system depends on the installation of two fans with
capacities suitable for the number of visitors with the extension of pipes with
openings at a distance proportional to the length of the line. This system
operates automatically when the humidity or temperature reaches the unsafe
limits.
A portable ventilation unit can be used when needed, through which the air
intake can be controlled with a humidity sensor.
The dehumidification devices inside the archaeological sites are either using
traditional devices of moisture absorption or non-conventional devices that
use modern technologies.
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Finally, to eliminate biological damage, it is proposed to use portable devices
which use ozone gas.
The following table shows the nominated locations for the programme, the
approximate cost, the policy tools, the classification of the programme, and the
possibility of expanding it:
Table 29 - Details of the “Improvement of ventilation, moisture absorption and disposal of biological
damage within archaeological tombs” programme
Governing strategic policy
Preserve the sources and assets of the governorate from the effects of climate change
Nominated areas to receive the programme in the first phase
Approximate cost for first phase
Al Ahram and Saqqara area (first stage)
EGP 2.5 million for 5 fixed ventilation units
200 thousand EGP for 10 mobile ventilation units
600 thousand EGP for 40 moisture absorption devices, a device for each tomb (or can reach up to 8 million EGP for some modern technologies)
500 thousand EGP for the two ozone units
Policy Tools
Involving the private sector in financing vital projects
Involving national bodies in project design within the governorate
Classification of the programme Expanding the scope of the programme at the country level
100% local?
100% national?
Local-national efforts
Local Level
National Level
Can be re-applied in other governorates
National Level
Local Level
Expanding the scope of the programme at the governorate level and ensuring its sustainability
After the completion of the first phase, the effectiveness of the programme and how to overcome the problems encountered are assessed
Extending the programme to any other archaeological areas
Periodical maintenance of installed devices to ensure their efficiency throughout their life span
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Summary of programmes to be implemented / supervised by the governorate 5.3.7
Executive Summary of Programmes 5.3.7.1
The following table shows the executive summary of all programmes proposed to be implemented. The Table thus
presents the proposed programmes in each sector, the implementing bodies, in addition to the approximate cost, and
the nominated areas for the first phase of each programme:
Table 30 - Executive summary of programmes
Nominated areas for the first phase of the programme
Approximate cost of the first phase
Implementing bodies Programme Name Sector
The new desert lands such as Al-Saf, Atfih, Al Ayat, Manshat Al-Qanater, Kerdasa, Boulak, Badrashin and Al-Bahr, are easier to implement because of the consolidation of land tenure and the possibility of unifying cultivated crops. (In addition to the absence of basic problems not related to climate change like drainage problems for example)
1-3 million EGP for the first stage according to the scope of the research and the number of crops
Directorate of Agriculture, Giza Governorate
Agricultural Research Institute (ARI)
Agricultural Guidance Staff
1. Risk assessment and identification of the most vulnerable elements in the agricultural sector
Agriculture
The new desert lands such as the lands of Al-Saff, Atfih, Al-Ayyat, Manshaat Al-Qanater, Kerdasa, Bulaq, Badrashin and Oases.
100 – 200 thousand EGP Egyptian Meteorological Authority (EMA)
Directorate of Agriculture, Giza Governorate
Agricultural Research Institute (ARI)
2. Preparation of a map to monitor plant and animal diseases associated with climate change
The new desert lands such as the lands of Al-Saff, Atfih, Al-Ayyat, Manshaat Al-Qanater, Kerdasa, Bulaq, Badrashin and Oases.
2.5 – 3 million LE for the first phase
Meteorological Authority (EMA)
Directorate of Agriculture, Giza Governorate
Agricultural Research Institute (ARI)
3. Establishment of an early warning system in the agriculture sector
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Nominated areas for the first phase of the programme
Approximate cost of the first phase
Implementing bodies Programme Name Sector
All districts, but it is proposed to start with Al-Qanater, Al-Saf, and Badrashin.
50 thousand EGP for the first stage (by training 300 farmers in each of the 10 districts)
Directorate of Agriculture, Giza Governorate
Agricultural Guidance authority
Mobile application developers
NGOs sponsoring mobile phone applications
4. Training farmers to use mobile phone applications
Pilot programme: It is preferable to start in 3 regions with a large area and where there is fragmentation of the property (examples: Atfih, Manshaat al-Qanater, Badrashin)
Assuming 500 acres for -pilot programme: 12-20 million EGP + 300 thousand EGP for a study to design the programme at the county level
Giza Governorate
Investors in the agriculture sector
Coordination with the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation
5. Use of solar energy in water pumping systems in agricultural fields
Abu Rawash Industrial zone (a pilot programme including Evergrow Fertilizers, Mobica, Cemex Ready Mix Concrete, Kia Motors companies)
150-200 thousand EGP for the pilot programme
+ 100 thousand EGP for a study to design the programme at the industrial zone level
An initiative from Giza Governorate in cooperation with the Central Administration of Abu Rawash Industrial Zone and ENCPC affiliated to the Ministry of Trade and Industry
6. Technical support for Abu Rawash industrial facilities for water and energy conservation
Industry
All the hospitals and health units in the governorate, especially the public hospitals (in the first stage): Umm Al Masrien, Bulaq Dakrur, Tahrir, Embaba, Um Al-Atbaa, Al Burjil, Embaba hospital for fevers, Embaba hospital for respiratory diseases, Al Warraq Island, Badrasheen, Sheikh Zayed, , Abu Al-Nomros, Al-
No cost It is activated by the Governor or the Deputy Governor
7. Raising the capacity of the medical teams in treating the cases caused by climate change
Health
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Nominated areas for the first phase of the programme
Approximate cost of the first phase
Implementing bodies Programme Name Sector
Hawamdiyah, Al-Ayyat, Al-Saff, Atfah, Al-Wahat, Osim, Badrashin, Ayat, Al-Saff, Meniyat Al-Ayyat, Meniyat Al-Saff, Werdan, Menshat-Al Qanater, Central October Hospital)
Booklets and video presentations: Large government hospitals such as Um El Masrien, Boulaq El Dakrour, Tahrir, Embaba, Badrashin, Central Hospital in October + Health units in Badrashin, Oases and Dokki Female Rural leaders: villages and informal settlements in Ard Al-Lewaa, Embaba, Hawamdiyah, the church in Omraniyah, Osim, al-Warraq, Abu al-Nomros, Al- Saff, Mansheyat Al-Qanater, Sixth District in 6th of October
Booklets: 800 thousand – 1 million EGP to print 500 thousand pamphlets
Video: 10 - 20 thousand EGP + 400 thousand EGP for screens
Female Rural leaders: 35-50 thousand EGP at the governorate level
Directorate of Health, Giza Governorate
The Health Culture Department at the Directorate of Health in Giza
Rural women leaders in rural areas and informal settlements
Companies specializing in advertising
8. Raising citizens' awareness of the health risks of climate change
Al-Saff: Askar, Al-Fawaz, Ghamazi Alkobrah, Al-Dasmi Atfih: Bani Saleh and Kraymant Al Ayat: Jerza and Al-Mutaniyah Oases: Bani Obaid, Guevara, Farafra
Al-Saff, Atfih, and Al-Ayyat: 12 million EGP
Oases: 3 million EGP
Roads and Transport Directorate, Giza Governorate
Specialized contracting companies
9. Rehabilitation of roads near flood spillways
Urban Sector and Infrastructure
Local oases roads, Awlad Mosah road in Atfih, and Wadye road in Al-Saff district
No cost Governor: Issuing the decision
Roads and Transport Directorate, Giza Governorate: Supervision
Private companies: Execution
10. A unified road maintenance plan
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Nominated areas for the first phase of the programme
Approximate cost of the first phase
Implementing bodies Programme Name Sector
Mainly in Urban areas with rural nature (e.g. Bulaq Dakrour, Kerdasa and Al Warraq), with the most sensitive areas being studied and focused.
440 - 500 EGP / square meter not including the cost of scaffolding
Informal Settlement Development Unit in Giza Governorate
Specialized contracting companies
11. Painting of buildings’ facades
‘Al-Diwan Al Aam” governorate building About 200-300 thousand EGP for 600 ceiling lights with 2 bulbs each 120 cm
About 95 - 120 thousand EGP for 350 ceiling lights with 150 cm bulbs
About 4000 - 5500 EGP for the number of 80 spot.
Total: about 300-400 thousand EGP
Electricity and Energy department in the governorate
12. Use of LED lamps for the governorate lighting
1- 230 lamp posts in the road of Al-Libeeny,
2- 230 lamp posts in the Al-Haram street, in Al-Amraniya district,
3- 57 lamp posts in the Al-Haram street, in Al-Haram district,
4- 150 lamp posts in khatem Al-Morseleen street, which is mainly illuminated by LED bulbs,
5- 223 lamp posts of Faisal Street lit up also by LED bulbs,
6- 15 lamp posts in Sakayt Mekky.
1- Total 2-2.5 million EGP for 230 lamp posts in the road of Al-Libeeny
2- Total 2-2.5 million EGP for 230 lamp posts of Al-Haram street, Al-Omraniya district
3- Total 500 - 650 thousand EGP for 57 lamp posts of the Al-Haram street, Al-Haram district
4- Total 1 -1.5 million EGP for 150 lamp posts in the road of Khatem Al-Morsaleen, which is mainly illuminated by LED
Electricity and Energy department in the governorate
Specialized contracting companies
13- Use of solar energy in street lighting
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Nominated areas for the first phase of the programme
Approximate cost of the first phase
Implementing bodies Programme Name Sector
bulbs 5- Total 1.5 - 2 million
EGP for 223 lamp posts of Faisal Street, also illuminated by LED bulbs
6- Total 100 - 200 thousand EGP 15 lamp posts for Sakyet Mekky
Total: 7-9.5 million EGP
Al-Aetamedyah Tunnel, Nahia Tunnel, Kafr El Hanouda Tunnel, Saft El Laban Tunnel, and Orabi Tunnel in the airport direction
Approximate Cost per Tunnel
Lift room: 5 thousand EGP * 2 rooms on both sides of the road = 10 thousand EGP
Lifting water pump: 40 thousand EGP * 2 rooms on both sides of the road = 80 thousand EGP
Pipes: 100 EGP per meter * 150-300 meters long = 15 - 30 thousand EGP
Total cost of the tunnel: 105-120 thousand EGP
Total cost of 5 tunnels: 500 - 600 thousand EGP
Roads and Transport Directorate in Giza
14- Improve drainage systems of main tunnels
Hot spots in Sewage Sector Has not been identified yet Construction Authority For Potable Water and Wastewater (CAPW)
15- Rehabilitation and renewal of wastewater networks
Water Resources, Irrigation,
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Nominated areas for the first phase of the programme
Approximate cost of the first phase
Implementing bodies Programme Name Sector
Water and Wastewater Water Company in Giza
and pumping stations of the wastewater treatment plants in hot spots
Water and Sewage Services
1- Faisal Street 2. Bulaq El Dakrour district / Saft El Laban 3. Al Ayyat / Nasiriyah village 4. Ayyat / Kafr Hamid 5. Al Ayyat / Mait Al Qaed6. Al Ayyat / Kafr Girza
1- About 13 million EGP 2. About 800 thousand EGP 3. About 600 thousand EGP 4. About 11 million EGP 5. About 900 thousand EGP 6. About 2 million EGP
Construction Authority for Potable Water & Wastewater (CAPW)
Water and Wastewater Water Company in Giza
16- Improving the water distribution network to improve service delivery and reduce leakage losses
Throughout the governorate with a focus on the following areas where the existing awareness campaign has not been reached: Mansuriya, Ezbet Abdul Samad, Munira Sharqiya, Abdulla Khalifa, Faisal, Kafr Tahmas, Qusabji, Moneeb, Tersa, Manial Shiha, Shubramant, Bani Yusuf, , Zawiya, Dahshur, Mazgouna, Najwa Arabs, Arabs of Siege, Arab Obeida, Kafr Turki, Kafr Tarkhan, Zawiya Abu Sweilem, Barghouthi, Qaturi, Kafr Jarza, Qababat, Kafr Al-Waselin, Alreka Al-kebliah, Menshat Soilman
Approximately 2 million EGP for the number of 500.000 pamphlets
About 150 thousand EGP for the number of 100,000 coloring books
About 550 thousand EGP for the number of 100,000 picture stories
About LE 1.25 million for 700,000 handbooks
Water and Wastewater Water Company in Giza
17- Raising citizens' awareness about the water consumption conservation
Al-Ahram and Saqqara area One million EGP for 80 devices to monitor the temperature and humidity inside the tombs
100 thousand EGP for 8 devices for cracks
200 thousand EGP for 2 wind measuring device
General Authority for Antiquities
18- Measuring and monitoring the parameters affecting the damage of the monuments
Tourism
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Nominated areas for the first phase of the programme
Approximate cost of the first phase
Implementing bodies Programme Name Sector
40 thousand EGP for 40 devices to monitor the gases inside the tombs
Al-Ahram and Saqqara area 5 million LE for 5 fixed ventilation units
200 thousand EGP for 10 mobile ventilation units
600 thousand EGP for 40 moisture absorption devices, so as to install a device for each cemetery (can reach up to 8 million EGP for some modern technologies)
500 thousand EGP for the two ozone units
General Authority for Monuments
19- Improvement of ventilation, moisture absorption and disposal of biological damage within archaeological tombs
Additional details are displayed in the annexes. Annex 1 presents three examples of monitoring, reporting, verification for three
programmes from three different sectors: agriculture, health and industry. Examples of the preparation of an action plan for the
programmes included in the strategy are also presented in Annex 2 so that the Steering Team of the Governorate can identify the
specific steps required to achieve the objective of each programme. The same programmes considered in Annex 1 were selected
to ensure that they are integrated examples to be used as a guide for other programmes. As for Annex 3, it contains maps of the
districts and “Ahyaa”, indicating the programmes proposed for each city, “Hay” or village. It also contains a combined map of all the
districts together, as well as a map of the governorate as a whole.
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Programme Classification Summary 5.3.7.2
The following diagram shows the summary of the classification of programme
implementation (local efforts, national efforts, local-national efforts):
Figure 14 – Summary of programme implementation classification
The following is a summary of the classification of the possibility of expanding the
scope of the programme and the percentage of each type (from local to national
level, re-application in other governorates, or from national to local level):
Figure 15 - Summary of programme expansion classification
0%
50% 50% 100% national
100% local
local-national efforts
43%
49%
8%
Programme scope can beexpanded from local level tonational level
Programme scope can beexpandend to othergovernorates
Proposed programme ispart of a nationalprogramme that can beimplemented on a locallevel
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The following table shows the summary of the programme cost classification. In
addition, the following figure shows the percentage of each cost category:
Table 31 - Summary of programme cost classification
Programme No
Cost
Low cost (less than 1 million EGP)
Medium cost (1-5 million
EGP)
High cost (more than 5 million EGP)
Agriculture Sector
1. Risk assessment and identification of the most vulnerable elements in the agricultural sector
2. Preparation of a map to monitor plant and animal diseases associated with climate change
3. Establishment of an early warning system in the agriculture sector
4. Training farmers to use mobile phone applications
5. Use of solar energy in water pumping systems in agricultural fields
Industry Sector
6. Technical support for Abu Rawash industrial facilities for water and energy conservation
Health Sector
7. Raising the capacity of the medical teams in treating the cases caused by climate change
8. Raising citizens' awareness of the health risks of climate change
Female Rural Leaders:
Videos & Brochures:
Urban Sector and Infrastructure
9. Rehabilitation of roads near flood spillways
10. A unified road maintenance plan
11. Painting of buildings’ facades
12. Use of LED lamps for the governorate lighting
13. Use of solar energy in street lighting: 1- 230 lamp posts in Lebiny road 2. 230 lamp posts in Al-Haram street Al-Omraniya district 3. 57 lamp posts of Al-Haram Street, Haram district 4. 150 lamp posts in Khatem Al-Morsaleen Road which is mainly illuminated by LED bulbs 5. 223 lamp posts for Faisal Street also lit by LED bulbs 6. 15 lamp posts for the Saqyet
3 . 6 .
1. 2 . 4 . 5 .
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Programme No
Cost
Low cost (less than 1 million EGP)
Medium cost (1-5 million
EGP)
High cost (more than 5 million EGP)
Mekki
14. Improve drainage systems of main tunnels
Water Resources, Irrigation, Water and Sewage Services Sector
15. Rehabilitation and renewal of wastewater networks and pumping stations of the wastewater treatment plants in hot spots
3
16. Improving the water distribution network to improve service delivery and reduce leakage losses: 1. Replacement of a line parallel to Al-Bakari drain from King Faisal Street to Al Haddad Street 2. Hish Boulak El Dakrour / Saft El Laban 3. Connecting the network of Ezbet Arab Ghneim Al-Sharqwa in the main line of the village of Nasiriyah 4. Pumping station Kafr Hamid 5. Pumping station of the dead commander 6. Pumping station Kafr Girza
2. 3. 5.
6. 1. 4.
17. Raising citizens' awareness about the water consumption conservation
Tourism Sector
18. Measuring and monitoring the parameters affecting the damage of the monuments
19. Improvement of ventilation, moisture absorption and disposal of biological damage within archaeological tombs
3 The cost of rehabilitation and renewal projects in hot spots in the wastewater sector has not yet
been determined until the time this framework was issued
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Figure 16 – Summary of programme cost classification
The above figure shows that most programmes will be of low to medium cost,
while there will only be two programmes at no cost, and high-cost programmes
will account for 15% of the total number of programmes.
Existing National / Local efforts to be Pursued / 5.4
Strengthened by Giza Governorate
As indicated in section 5.2, the study of the nominated programmes shows that
some of these programmes are currently being implemented or studied at the
national level. Therefore, in the current situation, no alternative proposals can be
made. The governorate is committed to monitoring the development of these
programmes/studies, and integrating them into the annual update of the strategy.
At the local level, there are ongoing efforts that the governorate will actively
enhance as it is consistent with its strategic policies. The following sections
provide some details on the existing national and local efforts and the strategic
policy that matches with each.
Multi-Sectoral 5.4.1
1- A National Interactive Map showing the Impacts of Climate Change
on Different Sectors:
Scope of efforts: Efforts at the national level
A project is under implementation at the national level (including Giza
governorate) in cooperation with the Military Survey Authority, the Egyptian
Meteorological Authority (EMA) and the Institute of Climate Change of the
7%
39%
39%
15%
No Cost
Low
Medium
High
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Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation to develop an interactive map
predicting the impacts of climate change (including rise of sea level, heat
waves, floods, storms, wind, and other impacts) on all sectors until 2100.
The main objective of this map is to help decision-makers take the right
decisions, including selecting lands for projects before implementing any new
project.
The duration of the project is 3 years. It is recommended that Giza
Governorate follows up on this project and request that it is included among
the governorates for which a detailed model will be developed.
This project is in line with the strategic policy: Preserve the sources and
assets of the governorate from the impacts of climate change
Health Sector 5.4.2
2- Establishing a Computerized Database in the Health Sector:
Scope of efforts: Efforts at the national level
This programme is currently active in the health sector to record the personal
data and health status of each patient who needs to enter the hospital and
spend time there in a computerized database.
This project is being circulated in all governorates including Giza, and the next
step is to integrate outpatients of the external clinics into this database.
This programme will contribute to the monitoring of climate change related
diseases and thus assess the effectiveness of programme 7 and programme
8 mentioned above.
These efforts are in line with the strategic policy: Protect the citizens from the
health impacts of climate change
Urban Sector and Infrastructure 5.4.3
3- Initiative of the Informal Settlement Development Fund (ISDF) to
improve Living Standards in Unplanned Areas:
Scope of efforts: Efforts at the national level
ISDF is currently collaborating with the United Nations Human Settlements
Programme (UN-Habitat) to classify unplanned areas in Egypt into 6-7 groups
(that have not yet been specified) to identify appropriate intervention
measures in these areas.
Preliminary consultations, however, indicate the inclusion of the legal aspect,
the state of the physical environment, the structural, the proportion of spaces,
the existence of services (water, health systems, etc.) and the
appropriateness of living in such the settlements.
Geographic Information Systems (GIS) will then be used to map these areas
and provide initial indicators of their requirements. Accordingly, the ISDF will
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decide on the required intervention mechanisms, whether this area needs to
be developed or facilities need to be improved, etc.
Giza governorate can benefit from the ISDF's financing if it chooses to work in
an unplanned area listed in the ISDF's list after the classification is completed.
Projects that can be financed by the ISDF in these areas include paving,
façade coatings, improving of water and sewerage systems, and others.
This project is in line with strategic policy: Improve Infrastructure and Services
to adapt to Climate Change
4- Initiative of ISDF to eliminate Unsafe Areas:
Scope of efforts: Efforts at the national level
The ISDF classifies unsafe areas to four degrees in terms of intervention
priority as follows:
1. Areas whose residents are exposed to life-threatening conditions such
as floods, mountain glides, rail accidents as well as encroachment on
state property or private property (this category does not exist in Giza
governorate)
2. Areas consisting of dwellings constructed using waste of building
materials or bricks or on land with unsuitable soil for construction, or
dilapidated or damaged dwellings
3. Areas that threaten public health due to lack of water or sanitation
services, located in high industrial pollution areas, or arose under high
pressure cables
4. Areas that threaten stability due to the lack of stable tenure of
residents, which means that the inhabitant does not have a title to the
property, where Initiative of ISDF interferes to legitimize their status with
the governorate
ISDF works to eliminate unsafe urban areas in 2018 and relocate its residents
to new housing according to the government plan.
For the second classification of the unsafe areas mentioned above (which
includes most insecure areas in Giza governorate), ISDF has contracted with
consultants to develop a detailed outline of these areas including the state of
water, sewerage, electricity and natural gas networks to increase the
efficiency of these networks if necessary. This conservative scheme must be
approved by the governor to ensure that it fits the nature of the governorate.
The ISDF then provides technical and financial support to eliminate unsafe
buildings. The ISDF facilitates the necessary procedures for obtaining
demolition permits in agreement with the governorate. The ISDF also pays
license fees, demolition and disposal costs.
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ISDF transfers all funds to the governorate, and the governorate distributes
these funds to areas where citizens need support. The outline should also
include the status of water, sewerage, electricity and natural gas networks to
increase the efficiency of these networks if necessary.
Residents of insecure areas are among the most vulnerable to the adverse
effects of climate change as previously mentioned, and therefore this initiative
is in line with strategic policy: Improve Infrastructure and Services to adapt to
Climate Change.
5- Rainwater Drainage in some Main Tunnels:
Scope of efforts: Efforts at the local level
There are some local efforts to rehabilitate tunnels to resist floods and
rainwater drainage, and are currently being implemented in the following
tunnels in Giza Governorate: Murad Tunnel, Haram Tunnel and the 26th of
July Tunnel. These tunnels were initially set up in vital areas and many
complaints were received.
It is recommended to expand the scope of those efforts (e.g.: programme 14
above) and to maintain continuous maintenance.
These efforts are consistent with the strategic policy: Improve Infrastructure
and Services to adapt to Climate Change.
6- Detailed Plan for Solid Waste Management in the Governorate:
Scope of efforts: Efforts at the national level
In accordance with the Prime Minister's decree in 2015, the Waste
Management Regulatory Authority (WMRA), in cooperation with the National
Solid Waste Management Programme (NSWMP), is developing a detailed
outline for waste management in all governorates.
The outline includes three main phases:
o Assessment of the current situation (number of collection equipment
and landfill status) and current problems
o Alternatives and suggestions for improvement and conservation
requirements including equipment, number of landfills, capacities and
others.
o Financial budget based on the outline
A plan of urgent action to solve problems in all governorates will be
developed.
For Giza governorate, the first phase of the outline has been completed, while
the second phase will be completed in November 2018.
It is recommended to monitor the developments of this outline. In addition, it is
recommended to request allocating a piece of land from the "National Agency
for the Uses of State Land" to be a landfill and a waste recycling plant in the
governorate.
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These efforts are consistent with the strategic policy: Improve Infrastructure
and Services to adapt to Climate Change.
Water Resources Sector, Irrigation and Water and Sanitation 5.4.4
Services
7- Awareness Initiative for Water Conservation:
Scope of efforts: Efforts at the local level
The largest awareness initiative for rationalizing water consumption was
implemented through an agreement between Giza Governorate and the
Water and Wastewater Company in Giza. It was launched in March 2018 for 3
months under the supervision of the Governor. Prior to this campaign, the
Giza Water and Wastewater Company was coordinating with each
governorate directorate separately.
During the initiative, rural female leaders have raised awareness about water
conservation among housewives. For elementary and middle school students,
competitions were organized during the morning queue in schools, and the
winners were given picture stories and coloring books with messages to
encourage water conservation. In addition, school books with water
conservation covers were printed and distributed. The campaign was
mentored on a daily basis by reporting, sending pictures and videos to ensure
that these campaigns took place.
This initiative reached about 2.5 million beneficiaries out of a total of about 8
million citizens in the governorate. It has also contributed to the broadening of
the audience compared to the separate coordination with each Directorate,
which was done before the initiative. For example, the initiative included both
public and private schools and primary and middle school students, rather
than government schools and primary school students only before the
initiative.
In this regard, it is recommended that this initiative be continuously renewed.
This initiative is consistent with strategic policy: Conserve resources.
8- Providing Sewerage services to deprived and Informal Areas:
Scope of efforts: Efforts at the national level
The following wastewater treatment plants are currently being implemented in
the governorate:
o A sewage treatment plant is finalized at Atfih with a capacity of 34,000
m3/day. The plant has been completed and the network works are
under construction.
o Sewage treatment plant with a capacity of 46,000 m3 / day in Al-Saff.
o A sewage treatment plant in Al-Ayat with a capacity of 28,000 m3/day.
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o An expansion of the Abu Rawash plant with a capacity of 400,000
m3/day was agreed upon, with a total capacity of 1,600,000 m3/ day.
In addition, the Construction Authority for Potable Water & Wastewater
(CAPW) is currently doing some efforts to provide sewerage services to the
deprived and informal areas. The following table shows the projects currently
under way.
As a result of the shortage of sewerage facilities in Giza governorate, due to
the inability of the Construction Authority for Potable Water & Wastewater
(CAPW) to provide financial resources to implement all required projects, it is
recommended that the governorate also contribute to the financing of some
investment plan projects if funding is available. As was recommended in
Programme 15 regarding coordination with the Water and Wastewater
Company in Giza, it is recommended here to have coordination with the
Construction Authority for Potable Water & Wastewater (CAPW) at the
beginning of the fiscal year, to identify projects that do not have funding in
their budget.
These efforts are consistent with the strategic policy: Improve Infrastructure
and Services to adapt to Climate Change.
Table 32 - Projects currently being implemented by the Construction Authority for Potable Water &
Wastewater (CAPW) for deprived areas in Giza governorate
No. Project Name Expected End date
Total Completion Percentage
Expected Cost (million EGP)
1 Sewage in Wardan, Berkash and Abu Ghaleb (additional works on the order of support of the villages of Bartos, Sikil and Caratine at a cost of 60 million for the original support order)
30-6-2019 Berkash 50% Wardan 10% Ghaleb 8%
100
2 Sewage Nqla, Al-Akksas and Kafr Hegazi (Manshat Al-Qanater and its neighborhood)
30-6-2018 Kafr Hegazi 99% Al-Akksas 85%
90
3 Sewage of deprived areas in Nqla
For available networks 10%, 1.5 Km were implemented from total of 4 km with 37% completion percentage
52
4 Sewage of city of Al- Ayat 30-6-2018 86% 150
5 Sewage of villages of Tahma and Mait Al Qaed with high groundwater level
30-6-2019 40% 50
6 Sewage of Atfih 30-6-2018 100% 435
7 Tree forests in Atfih 30-6-2019 98% of original order, remaining works were offered and choosing implementing companies is done and currently
100
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No. Project Name Expected End date
Total Completion Percentage
Expected Cost (million EGP)
finalizing contracts
Complete the work of the tree forest in Atfih
Currently signing contract
8 Sewage of Nazlat al-Ashtar and Zawiya Abu Muslim (Nazlat al-Ashtar 15 million + Zawiya Abu Muslim 18 million according to the order of attribution)
30-6-2019 85% of the available value of the support order
41.4
Completing the sewage works of Nazlat al-Ashtar and Zawiya Abu Muslim
120
9 Sewage of Manial Shiha and Tamwah
30-6-2019 65% construction 90% supplying electrical
82
10 Sewage of Bani Yusuf 30-6-2019 60% 15
11 Investment Zone Facilities 30-6-2018 30% 220
12 Improving Sewage in Andalusia Tarsa
30-12-2018 69% of the contract 17
13 Sewage in Arab Tal Village 30-6-2018 65% 24
14 Sewage in disadvantaged areas in Giza (3) contract
30-6-2018 80% 24.8
15 Sewage in deprived areas in Kerdasa, Giza (4)
30-12-2018 95% 5
16 Sewage in deprived areas of Abu Rawash in Giza (5)
30-12-2018 80% 6.2
17 Sewage Giza (8) in Faisal district
14-12-2018 1% 9.1
18 Sewage Giza (9) in Al-Haram district
30-6-2019 1% 11.4
19 Sewage in deprived areas in Bulaq district of Giza (Giza 01)
30-6-2019 Saft Al-Laban area: 100% of available Al-Ngoom area 12% of available Teraah zanin % Hamfras 10% Embaba Airport area: 100% of available
9.3
20 Sewage in deprived areas of Bulaq district of Giza (Giza 11)
30-6-2019 Embaba Airport area: 100% of available Ashrafieh Basin area: 65% Abdullah Al Nubi area: 95% available
7.8
21 Sewage Nahya village 30-6-2019 90% 110
22 Sewage project City of Al-Saff
31-3-2019 96.2% implemented percentage of the direct order
693
23 Trees forest project in Al-Saff
30-6-2018 50% according to suitable area for cultivation (1000 acres)
30
24 Drainage project in Minya 30-6-2018 98% 200
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No. Project Name Expected End date
Total Completion Percentage
Expected Cost (million EGP)
and Al Sharafa villages
25 Integrated Sewage of Arab Abu Sa'ed village
30-6-2018 98% 22.9
26 Sewage of Al-Hay village 30-6-2018 75%
27 Sewage of Al-kadabh, Kababat and Al-Salhyah
30-6-2019 Total completion rate 10%
300
28 Sewage of Shubak West, Mazgouna, Abu Rajwan and Dahshur Treatment Plant (civil works)
30-6-2018 partial for
waste treatment plant and
Mazgouna, remaining
works by 30-6-2019
Treatment 92% Mazgouna 99% Shubak (main) 85% (side) 25% Abu Rajwan 25%
237
Electromechanical works of Dahshour treatment plant
90% 50
29 Dakhshour sewage - Saqqara – Meit Rahina
90% 131.6
30 Integrated sewerage project for streets and new areas in Bashtil village
25-5-2019 5% 91.5
31 Sewage Umm Henan - and Sheikh Othman
30-6-2019 65% 43.7
32 Sewage of the Sagerah area of Osim
19-2-2019 2% 95.4
33 Sewage of the village of Masjid Musa
15-5-2018 The work drawings are underway and permits are issued for work
100
34 Al-Ayaat Treatment Station with a capacity of 30/60 thousands m
3/day (Al
Rahawi) (Loan)
23-8-2019 8% 385
9- Improve Drinking Water Services for Hot Spots:
Scope of efforts: Efforts at the national level
Construction Authority for Potable Water & Wastewater (CAPW) is currently
making some efforts to improve drinking water services for hot spots. The
following table shows the projects currently under way
As recommended in Programme 16, it is also recommended for the
governorate to coordinate with the Construction Authority for Potable Water &
Wastewater (CAPW) at the beginning of the fiscal year to identify projects that
do not have funding in their budget
These efforts are consistent with the strategic policy: Improve Infrastructure
and Services to adapt to Climate Change.
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Table 33 - Projects being implemented by the Construction Authority for Potable Water & Wastewater
(CAPW)to improve drinking water services for the hot spots in Giza governorate
No. Project Name Expected End date
Total Completion Percentage
1 Expansion of Gezirat Al-Arab station and its networks with capacity 160 thousand m
3/day
30-6-2018 2%
2 The completion of 8 iron and manganese removal units
No information Available
70%
3 Ground tank and crane in the district of Bulaq Dakrour
No information Available
80%
4 Al Qanater Water Station 30-6-2018 1% - turbid water lines with a length of 600 meters, 0% water treatment station, 95% civil work, 52% mechanical
5 Launching of the Kiratine water treatment Plant
30-6-2018 80%
6 Launching of the Kiratine water treatment Plant (Ousim district)
30-6-2018 Network and storage number 1: 100%, Storage number 2: 100%. Additional post: 20%
7 Quick completion of networks of Berak el Khyam and Al-Esaili 40 thousand m
3/day
wells of Abar Banhaya
30-6-2018 95% (Connection works remaining)
8 Nahia networks, ground reservoir and 200 m
3/day crane. 40 thousand m
3/day
Abar Banhaya
30-6-2018 87%
9 Quick completion of the Hawamdiyah station
30-6-2018 61%
10 Expansion of Atfih Station 30-6-2018 60%
11 The quick completion of the implementation of the cranes in the Ghamaza Al-Kobra and Nego Al-Arab
No information Available
No information Available
10- Use Water-Saving Parts in Sanitary Ware:
Scope of efforts: Efforts at the local level
The Water and Wastewater Company in Giza presented a complete proposal
to the governorate regarding the installation of water-saving parts in sanitary
ware, starting with governmental departments and mosques in one of the
districts. The experiment will be then evaluated and the idea of expanding the
project to reach houses will be assessed.
In this regard, it is recommended that this proposal be implemented.
These efforts are consistent with strategic policy: Conserve resources
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Recommendations from the Local Level to the National 5.5
Level
As indicated in Section 5.2, during the assessment of the nominated
programmes, it was noted that some recommendations need to be delivered to
the ministries concerned in order to overcome obstacles to the
implementation/success of those programmes. These recommendations also
contribute to raising the adaptive capacity of citizens at the country level. The
following table illustrates these recommendations.
Table 34 - Giza governorate recommendations for concerned ministries
No. Recommendation Authority
implementing recommendation
Advantages of Implementing the recommendation
Strategic policy in line with the
recommendation
1) Agriculture Sector
1 Unify cultivated crops, especially in the new desert lands, and provide incentives to farmers to encourage them to do so.
Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation
Facilitate combating plant pests and diseases
Facilitate the use of solar energy in agricultural land
Preserve the sources and assets of the governorate from the impacts of climate change
Achieve low-emission development
2) Health Sector
2 Add health risks from climate change impacts to the health database currently being prepared
Ministry of Health and Population
Monitor cases of diseases related to climate change and thus evaluate the effectiveness of programmes designed to prevent the spread of these diseases.
Protect citizens' from the health effects of climate change
3 Add the health risks posed by climate change impacts to the list of diseases recorded in the records of the registry
Ministry of Health and Population
Record the number of cases and personal data of patients diagnosed with diseases related to climate change through regular visits by the surveillance officer to hospitals and health units. This will enrich the databases currently being prepared by the Ministry
Protect citizens' from the health effects of climate change
4 Coordination between the Ministry of Health and Population with
Ministry of Health and Population
Raise awareness of citizens about the expected
Protect citizens' from the health effects of climate change
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No. Recommendation Authority
implementing recommendation
Advantages of Implementing the recommendation
Strategic policy in line with the
recommendation
the Department of Information at the national level in spreading health awareness about the health risks resulting from the impacts of climate change and how to deal with them in the news on television.
health risks and how to deal with them.
Reduce mortality rates and reduce pressure on hospitals and health units
3) Urban Sector and Infrastructure
5 Monitoring the quality of asphalt produced by refineries and complying with national standards.
Ministry of Petroleum
Reduce the rate of road cracking resulting from high temperature
Reduce resulting traffic accidents
Reduce the cost of continuous maintenance of these roads
Improve infrastructure and services to adapt to climate change
Protect citizens' health from the effects of climate change
6 Study the division of Egypt into regions, and identify and change the specifications of asphalt used according to the temperature in each region.
General Authority for Roads, Bridges and Land Transport
Reduce the rate of road cracking resulting from high temperature
Reduce resulting traffic accidents
Reduce the cost of continuous maintenance of these roads
Improve infrastructure and services to adapt to climate change
Protect citizens' from the health effects of climate change
7 A law to be issued to obligate each apartment to install a water meter
Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities
Increase citizens' awareness to rationalize water consumption.
Conserve resources
8 Complying with white and light colors that reflect sunlight for building paints by incorporating them into the building code.
Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities
Maintaining the health of citizens most affected by climate change, especially those who spend a lot of time indoors, such as the elderly, infants, patients and young children (in schools).
Protect citizens' from the health effects of climate change
9 Activation of the Green Building Code
Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities
Rationalize water and energy consumption and expand the use of renewable energy in the country
Conserve resources
10 The quick implementation of
Ministry of Housing, Utilities
Solve the problems of water shortage in
Improve infrastructure and services to adapt
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No. Recommendation Authority
implementing recommendation
Advantages of Implementing the recommendation
Strategic policy in line with the
recommendation
the second phase of the water line of 6
th of October (100
thousand cubic meters / day)
and Urban Communities
the center of the governorate.
to climate change
11 Coordination with the Ministry of Housing to overcome the barriers to the construction of a sewage treatment plant in “Tersa El Balad”, which is scheduled to reach 600,000 m
3/day in
two phases (should be preceded by a decision by the governor to allocate land to the station)
Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Communities
Reduce the proportion of areas deprived of sewerage services
Improve infrastructure and services to adapt to climate change
12 Coordinate with the governorate and conduct environmental impact assessment studies and involve the citizens in public consultation sessions before starting the implementation of new sewage treatment plants projects in deprived areas.
Construction Authority for Potable Water and Wastewater
Raise awareness of citizens about the benefits of the new sewage treatment plant projects and the means of mitigation (so as not to repeat the experience of the tertiary sewage treatment plant at the Qanater facility which was approved financially but stopped due to residents’ refusal), in order to reduce the proportion of areas deprived of sanitation services .
Improve infrastructure and services to adapt to climate change
Recommendations on the Local Level 5.6
During studying the nominated programmes, it was found out that the
governorate should sponsor some recommendations to assist in the achievement
of strategic policies. Those recommendations are characterized by their cross-
sectoral benefits. The following table illustrates these recommendations.
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Table 35 - General recommendations that should be sponsored by Giza governorate
No. Recommendation Advantages of Implementing the Recommendation
Strategic Policy Matching with the
Recommendation
1 Designing and implementing a greening programme in the governorate. Prior to that, one of the departments of the governorate should be assigned to follow up on that vital issue. The programme should work on determining the type of trees that will be cultivated in each region according to the specific climatic characteristics. It is recommended to coordinate that with the Egyptian Meteorological Authority.
Protecting citizens from the direct negative impacts of climate change such as extreme heat waves (and the associated increase in the urban heat island effect in urban areas). For example, use of shade trees such as “Poinciana” help ensure street shading during the summer and reduce direct exposure to solar radiation. In addition, wood trees such as camphor, pine and others can act as wind breakers on the governorate’s borders (in the exact areas recommended by climate studies) and can accordingly limit the exposure of the governorate to the impacts of dust and sand storms.
Protect citizens' health against the impacts of climate change
2 Coordination with the Egyptian Meteorological Authority concerning the increase in the number of meteorological stations in urban areas and other areas
To increase the accuracy of meteorological forecasts at the governorate level and thereby ensure greater efficiency in plans to address extreme weather fluctuations in all sectors
Preserve the sources and assets of the governorate from the impacts of climate change
Protect citizens' health from the health effects of climate change
3 Cooperation between the governorate, research institutions and universities to enhance the role of scientific research in finding the causes of problems (such as the emergence of snakes in some villages or how to reduce the effects of urban heat islands in densely populated areas) and finding appropriate solutions. This includes identifying some of the priority research points and directing the students of the Masters and Ph.D.
Finding appropriate solutions to the problems facing the governorate related to climate change
Preserve the sources and assets of the governorate from the impacts of climate change
Protect citizens' from the health effects of climate change
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No. Recommendation Advantages of Implementing the Recommendation
Strategic Policy Matching with the
Recommendation
degrees in universities within the governorate to carry out their research
4 Construction of a solar power station with sufficient capacity to illuminate the streets of the governorate instead of adding a solar panel to each lamp post separately
Expand the use of renewable energy in the governorate and reduce the load on the national network
Conserve resources
5 Review contracts related to infrastructure projects to ensure that they take into account resources conservation and waste reuse
To rationalize the consumption of the governorate’s resources and reduce the amount of waste generated from the infrastructure projects
Conserve resources
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6. Barriers Expected to be Encountered in Implementing
the Strategy Framework and Recommended Solutions
Section 4.2 explained the barriers that may face the adoption of the proposed
strategic policies by the Governorate. Accordingly, different policy tools have
been proposed to address those barriers and different programmes have been
designed as discussed in Section 5. In this section, the barriers that may face the
efficient implementation of the strategy framework are presented. Accordingly,
some solutions will be proposed to overcome those barriers.
Barriers Expected to be Encountered in the 6.1
Implementation of the Strategy Framework
The Strategy Implementation Manager is not defined: Programmes
included in the strategy framework contain many stakeholders, and most
programmes focus on a particular sector. Therefore, the absence of a specific
director responsible for implementing the overall strategy framework in
accordance with the timeframe and the connection between all sectors may
lead to the disruption of programme implementation with the required
efficiency.
Additional burdens for governorate staff: The listed programmes may be a
burden on the governorate staff as additional work.
Several non-affiliated stakeholders: Some programmes include different
entities (e.g. Egyptian Meteorological Authority, Agricultural Research
Institute, General Authority for Antiquities, etc.). Therefore, there may be
some inconsistencies in the responsibilities between these agencies and the
governorate in implementing the programmes.
Problems of effective monitoring and follow-up of programmes: The
overall strategy framework contains a variety of interdisciplinary programmes.
Without a strict system of monitoring and follow-up of various programmes
and implementing entities, it is difficult to ensure effective communication
between the governorate and the different parties, which will inevitably lead to
poor implementation efficiency.
Ensuring sustainability: In the case of transfer of some governorate
employees who have experience and knowledge about the strategy from their
positions, or in the case of their pre-occupation with other burdens, this may
cause a loss of a large part of the knowledge and experience. This threatens
the continuity of the implementation of the strategy with the required
efficiency. In addition, since most of the proposed programmes are short-term
programmes, there may be some barriers to proposing an integrated image of
the new programmes on an ongoing and sustainable basis.
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Recommended Solutions 6.2
The following table shows the proposed solutions for the barriers discussed
above:
Table 36 - Proposed Solutions to address the barriers that may face efficient implementation of the
strategy framework
Barrier Recommended Solutions
The strategy Implementation Manager is not specified
Identify a member of the governorate’s senior management to oversee the implementation of the Strategy Framework (e.g. Deputy Governor)
Appointing an executive director of the strategy to oversee the daily tasks involved
Additional burdens for governorate staff
Raise the capacity of the staff of the governorate in the field of time management and project management
Provide financial and moral incentives and facilities to the team to encourage them to perform their strategy-related tasks in addition to their daily tasks
Several non-affiliated stakeholders
Prior to the start of the implementation of each programme, a coordination meeting should be held involving all the implementing agencies, in which it is agreed to determine who is responsible for the leadership of the programme
Prior to the commencement of each programme, and at the coordination meeting, clear roles and responsibilities must be defined for all participants
Effective monitoring and follow-up of programmes
Prior to the start of the programme, monitoring and reporting reports should be designed by which stakeholders will be kept informed of the implementation of the programme
Other short forms should be designed for presentation to senior management of the governorate
Raise the capacity of governorate staff in the field of time management and project management Annex I provides examples for these forms
Ensure sustainability
Issuing a decree by the governor mentioning that the governorate will implement the Strategy Framework and officially assigning the steering team
Strengthening the current steering team in the governorate with an additional staff from each relevant directorate / department / unit and involving them in all details of programme implementation.
Raise the capacity of governorate staff in the field of time management and project management
Encourage the steering team in particular and the governorate staff in general to propose new programme ideas and give them the opportunity to lead the implementation of these programmes when they are approved.
In the annual report of the steering team members on the results of existing projects/programmes, ideas for new programmes should be proposed
Conduct periodic meetings between the directorates to exchange experiences and discuss the obstacles encountered and discuss the possibility of joint cooperation between them if necessary
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In addition to previous solutions, and to ensure that bureaucratic barriers are
overcome, it is recommended to expand the use of e-mail in the daily activities of
the team and to adopt it as a formal method of communication. It is also
recommended to make electronic copies of all reports on the implementation of
the strategy as an essential step in enhancing the institutional memory of the
governorate.
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7. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification System (MRV)
for the Implementation of the Strategy Framework
As noted in the previous section, the existence of a monitoring, reporting and
verification system (MRV) is a key element of the strategy's success. This section
outlines the main features of the proposed system, including the different levels
of monitoring and performance indicators at the sector and programme levels.
This section also clarifies the national monitoring, reporting and verification
system that the governorate is committed to follow.
Linking the MRV System of the Strategy to the National 7.1
MRV System
Figure 17 shows the framework for the national MRV system for climate change
relevant-data in Egypt. As shown, the system relies on four tracks: greenhouse
gas inventory, mitigation actions, adaptation actions, in addition to required
support and external support received by the country. The national MRV system
aims to integrate climate change data collection into the periodic work of relevant
ministries and agencies, making it easier for the country to gather efforts and limit
the support measures required to address climate change and document it in
official international reports.
Giza governorate will ensure that the MRV system for its strategy framework is in
line with the national system in Egypt. This will be more evident in the mitigation
and adaptation processes, where they will maintain the documentation of their
mitigation and adaptation programmes and send reports annually to the Climate
Change Central Department at the Ministry of the Environment. The following
sections describe more details about this.
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Figure 17 - National Monitoring, Reporting and Verification System for Climate Change Information in Egypt
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Key Features of the MRV System for the Climate Change 7.2
Strategy in the Governorate
Figure 18 shows the proposed MRV framework for climate change programmes
in Giza Governorate. The framework is divided into multiple levels: the first level
is the senior management level of Giza governorate, the second level is the level
of the executive director of the strategy, the third level is the sectoral level, and
the fourth level is the level of the programme. The Climate Change Central
Department (CCCD) under the Ministry of the Environment also plays a
consultative role for the governorate.
As illustrated in Figure 18, and to ensure effective monitoring of the strategy
implementation at all levels, the district staff will receive quarterly reports from
programme implementers within each sector. In each sector, the team will then
submit a semi-annual report to the Executive Director of the strategy. In these
two steps, reports should be reviewed; comments and questions should be sent
to programme implementers for a clearer picture of the exact status. An annual
progress report is then prepared for all programmes in all sectors to be presented
to the senior management of the governorate. As explained in Section 6.2, it is
proposed that the annual report include ideas for new programmes as well as an
assessment of the progress of existing programmes, which will be discussed
annually within the senior management of the governorate. This is followed by an
annual coordination meeting with the CCCD, where the annual report is
presented, the programmes are discussed and ways of overcoming the barriers
are agreed upon. The most important outcomes of this meeting will be reported to
the steering team within each sector, especially regarding improving the
performance of the programmes.
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Sector 1 (6 months) Sector 2 ( 6 months)
Entity
representing Programme
1 (3 months)
Entity
representing Programme
2 (3 months)
Entity
representing Programme
3 (3 months)
Entity
representing Programme
4 (3 months)
Entity
representing Programme
1 (3 months)
Entity
representing Programme
2 (3 months)
Entity
representing Programme
3 (3 months)
Entity
representing Programme
4 (3 months)
Figure 18 - MRV System for Climate Change Programmes in Giza Governorate
Governorate’s Senior Management (1 year)
Strategy Executive Director (6 months)
Climate
Change
Central
Department
(CCCD)
Legend
Coordination
Reporting
Monitoring and Evaluation
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Performance Indicators 7.3
The implementation of the various programmes can be measured by
performance indicators, which should be well chosen to have the following
characteristics (31):
Valid: Valid for expressing the progress of the programme
Reliable: The same measurement results can be obtained from different
people
Precise: practically defined in clear terms
Measurable: Measurable using available tools and methods
There are two main types of indicators that can be used to assess the progress of
the strategy, sector indicators and programme indicators, as described in the
following sections. These sectoral indicators will be used in the reports referred to
in Section 7.2.
Sector Performance Indicators 7.3.1
Sectoral indicators are derived from the direct impacts of climate change such as
extreme weather events (e.g. drought and heavy rainfall), sea level rise and high
average temperature. Table 37 shows some examples of sectoral performance
indicators that can be used to monitor the overall implementation effectiveness of
the strategy without going into the details of programmes.
Table 37 - Examples for sectoral performance indicators
Sector Example for Indicators
Health Number of the following cases: sunstrokes, lymphatic filariasis, dengue fever, rift valley fever, schistosomiasis (schistosomiasis) and respiratory diseases
Water Resources, Irrigation, Water and Sewage Services
Number of villages suffering from water supply problems
Urban Sector and Infrastructure
Number of tunnels subjected to traffic paralysis due to heavy rainfall
Agriculture Quantity of damaged crops
Tourism Temperature and humidity levels within tombs compared to optimum values
Performance Indicators at the Programme Level 7.3.2
To accurately assess the progress of work in programmes, performance
indicators for each programme should be defined separately and agreed upon
with all operational parties. The following table shows some examples of
performance indicators at the programme level.
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Table 38 - Examples of performance indicators at programme level
Sector Programme Name Example of Indicators
Agriculture Training farmers to use mobile phone applications
Number of farmers trained on mobile phone applications in the governorate
Use of solar energy in water pumping systems in agricultural fields
Number of active solar powered pumps in Governorate
Industry Technical support for Abu Rawash industrial facilities for water and energy conservation
Number of industrial facilities participating in the programme
Health Raising the capacity of medical teams in treating the cases caused by climate change
Number of trained physicians
Raise citizens' awareness of the health risks of climate change
Number of brochures distributed in hospitals
Urban Sector Rehabilitation of roads near flood spillways
Number of roads that have been rehabilitated
Water Resources, Irrigation, water and Sewage Services
Rehabilitation and renewal of wastewater networks and pumping stations of the wastewater treatment plants in hot spots
Number of households provided with sanitation services
Tourism
Improvement of ventilation, moisture absorption and disposal of biological damage within archaeological tombs
Number of tombs supplied with moisture absorbing devices
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8. Conclusion
The framework of the climate change strategy of Giza Governorate has been
designed to conform to the nature of the governorate. The first step was the
identification of the hot spots in the governorate according to a scientific
methodology, and accordingly the appropriate strategic policies and programmes
have been selected to solve the problems of these hot spots. The programmes to
be implemented are divided into four levels: programmes that can be
implemented or supervised by the governorate, existing national/local efforts to
be pursued / strengthened by the governorate, recommendations from local to
national level, and recommendations on the local level. The barriers to the
adoption and implementation of the proposed strategic policies and the barriers
to the effective implementation of the strategy framework in general have been
studied, and accordingly, some solutions have been proposed to overcome these
barriers.
Giza is the first governorate in the Arab Republic of Egypt to develop a strategy
for climate change and is also one of the pioneers in the Middle East. This
document (the framework of the climate change strategy in the governorate) is an
important stage in integrating the issue of climate change into project planning at
Giza governorate level. The document is intended to form the basis for a more
comprehensive climate change strategy for the governorate to be developed in
the upcoming years.
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4. Ministry of Environment, GIZ and Giza Governorate. Outline-Giza Climate
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5. UN-Habitat. THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE: UN-Habitat, 2012.
6. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (Un-Habitat). Global report
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http://www.prepared-fp7.eu/.
10. Impacts of climate change on the municipal water management system in the
Kingdom of Bahrain: Vulnerability assessment and adaptation options. K., Al-
Zubari W., A., El-Sadek A. and A., Al-Aradi M. J. and Al-Mahal H.: Climate
Risk Management, 2018.
11. Climate change, water, and wastewater in cities. Major DC, Omojola A,
Dettinger M, Hanson RT, Sanchez-Rodriguez R. : In: Rosenzweig C, Solecki
WD, Hammer SA, Mehrotra S (eds) Climate change and cities: first assessment
report of the urban climate change research network. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, pp 113–143, 2011.
12. FAO. Climate change and food security: risks and responses : FAO, 2016.
13. EEAA . Environmental profile of Giza governorate. Cairo : EEAA, 2007.
Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate
Framework Document 107
14. Guide to climate change adaptation in cities. World Bank. [Online] World
Bank, 2018. [Cited: May 27, 2018.] http://www-
esd.worldbank.org/citiesccadaptation/index.html.
15. World Bank. Adaptation to a Changing Climate in the Arab Countries. 2011.
16. International Panel on Climate Change. Towards New Scenarios For
Analysis of Emissions, Climate Change, Impacts, and Response Strategies. The
Netherlands : 2007.
17. GIZ. Protecting Health From Heat Stress in Informal Settelments in the
Greater Area Region. Bonn : 2017.
18. Eissa, Yara. A Study on Climate Change in the Greater Cairo Region
(Flagship Report I), GIZ PDP : European Union and German Government.
19. National Geographic. National Geographic. [Online] [Cited: October 16,
2018.] https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/urban-heat-island/.
20. ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TOURISM. USAID. [Online] USAID, 2017.
[Cited: March 1st, 2018.] https://www.usaid.gov/egypt/economic-growth-and-
tourism.
21. Giza Governorate . Giza Governorate. [Online] 2018. [Cited: March 1st,
2018.] http://www.giza.gov.eg/Default.aspx.
22. GIZA MONUMENTS AND LOCAL CLIMATE CHANGE. S, Robaa M. Giza :
Cairo University, 2000.
23. Torraca, Giorgio. International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and
Restoration of Cultural Propertyation. International Center for the Study of the
Preservation and Restoration o, 2005.
24. Dudley, N. Guidelines for applying protected area management categories.
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), 2008.
25. Ministry of Environment. Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency. [Online]
[Cited: October 16, 2018.] http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/portals/0/eeaaReports/N-
protect/qubahasana.pdf.
26. Protected Areas and Climate Change. Lee, Hannah. VA : The New York
Academie For Science, 2008.
27. Climate, climate change and range boundaries. Thomas, Chris. 3, UK :
Wiley online library, 2010, Vol. 16.
28. Climate Change, the Indoor Environment and Health : National Academies of
Sciences Engineering Medicine, 2011.
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Framework Document 108
29. Prasad, N., Ranghieri, F., Shah, F., Trohanis, Z., Kessler, E., & Sinha, R.
Climate resilient cities: A primer on reducing vulnerabilities to disasters : The
World Bank, 2008.
30. UNEP/SETAC Life Cycle Initiative - Flagship- Project 3a (Phase 1) : UNEP,
2014.
31. Giza Portal. [Online] [Cited: November 8, 2018.]
http://www.giza.gov.eg/HaykalTanzemy/default.aspx.
32. The organizational structure of the Directorate of Agriculture, Giza
Governorate. Giza Portal. [Online] [Cited: November 8, 2018.]
http://www.giza.gov.eg/moderyat/Agriculture/Haikl.aspx.
33. The organizational Structure of the road and transportation sector in Giza
Governorate. [Online] [Cited: November 8, 2018.]
http://www.giza.gov.eg/moderyat/Roads/Haikl.aspx.
34. Indicators. United Nations Women. [Online]
http://www.endvawnow.org/en/articles/336-indicators.html.
35. IPCC. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Working
Group II: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. [Online] [Cited: October 16,
2018.] http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/wg2/index.php?idp=650.
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10. Annexes
As already mentioned, there are three annexes for the Giza Climate Change
Strategy Framework Document:
Annex (1): Examples on Monitoring, Reporting and Verification.
Annex (2): Examples on preparing action plans for programmes.
Annex (3): Map distribution for programmes on districts and “Ahyaa” level
Each of these annexes contains the following:
Annex (1) - Examples on Monitoring, Reporting and Verification.
o Three Examples on Monitoring, Reporting and Verification for three
programmes from three different sectors: agriculture, health, and
industry.
o Examples for forms that should be filled after the opening meeting
for every programme to determine the role of entities participating in
programmes implementation.
o Examples on monitoring criteria that should be agreed on at the
beginning of each programme.
Annex (2) - Examples on preparing action plans for programmes.
Three examples on preparing action plans for programmes listed in the
strategy. The same examples used in Annex 1 have been used to ensure
having comprehensive examples that can be used as guide for other
programmes.
o The work plan is in the form of a Work Breakdown Structure. The
steering team should determine the timeline for every step based
on the opening meeting corresponding to each programme
Annex (3) - Maps of programmes distribution at the level of districts and
“Ahyaa”.
o Districts and “Ahyaa” maps showing the suggested programmes to
implement on city, “hay”, or village level.
o A combined map with all districts.
o Governorate map, indicating the proposed locations for the
implementation of the first phase of each programme.
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Annex (1): Examples on Monitoring, Reporting, and
Verification (MRV)
1 Introduction
Figure 1 presents the Monitoring, Reporting and Verification system for
programmes associated to Climate Change Strategy framework in Giza
governorate.
Figure 1 - Suggested Monitoring, Reporting and Verification system for climate change
programmes
As illustrated in Figure 1, there are four different levels for preparing the reports.
These levels are (from bottom to up):
The Programme level
The Sectoral level
The Executive Director of the Strategy level
The Governorate’s Senior management level
Governorate’s Senior Management (1 year)
Strategy Executive Director (6 months)
Climate
Change
Central
Department
(CCCD)
Legend
Coordination
Reporting
Monitoring and Evaluation
Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate
Framework Document 111
In addition, The Climate Change Central Department (CCCD) at the Ministry of
the Environment also plays a consultative role for the governorate.
Also, as indicated in Figure 1, the monitoring levels are (from top to bottom):
The Governorate’s Senior management level
The Executive Director of the Strategy level
The Sectoral level
The Programme level
In addition to presenting examples of reporting templates that can be used, this
Annex also presents some examples for templates to be filled (following the
opening meeting of each programme) to determine the role of the different
entities involved in the implementation of the programme. This Annex also
provides examples for monitoring criteria that can be agreed upon at the
beginning of each programme.
This Annex illustrates three examples of programmes from three different
sectors. These examples can be used as a guide for other programmes included
in the strategy framework.
2 Agriculture
Programme Name: Risk assessment and identification of the most
vulnerable elements in the agricultural sector
2.1 Information about Representatives Participating in
Programme Implementation
2.1.1 Information about programme’s manager
Manager’s name
Affiliated organization
Position in the affiliated entity
Contact information
Defined jobs and
responsibilities for
programme’s implementation
……………… ………………. Example: Agricultural Research Institute (ARI)
……………….
……………… Example: email, address, fax, phone number
………………
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2.1.2 Information about stakeholders participating in programme
implementation
Name Affiliated
organization Position in the affiliated entity
Contact information
Defined jobs and responsibilities for
programme’s implementation
……………… ………………. Example: Directorate of Agriculture in the Governorate
………………. Example: agricultural engineer
…………… Example: email, address, fax, phone number
………………. Example: regularly following up with project implementation, facilitating required logistic matters…...
………………. ………………. Example: Agricultural extension, Directorate of Agriculture in the Governorate
………………. Example: agricultural extension engineer
…………… Example: email, address, fax, phone number
………………. Example: Leading teams during filed visits to agricultural lands and facilitating taking samples from agricultural lands
………………. ………………. Example: Agricultural Research Center
………………. Example: a specialist in plants
…………… Example: email, address, fax, phone number
………………. Example: Assessing the current situation of agricultural land and collecting data on wheat and maize
………………. ………………. Example: Agricultural Research Center
………………. Example: a specialist in animals
……………… Example: email, address, fax, phone number
………………. Example: assessing the current situation and collecting data on cows and poultry
2.2 Monitoring Parameters for the Programme
Criteria Objective
Districts to be studied ………………. (Example: Al-Saf, Atfih, Al Ayat)
Plants to be studied ………………. (Example: wheat, Cucumber, Banana)
Number of lands to be studied ………………. (Example: 10 lands in each district)
Scope of plant research results ………………. (Example: effect of the temperature on the appearance of the disease….. on plant……..)
Scope of animal research results ………………. (Example: effect of the temperature on the appearance of the disease….. on animal……..)
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2.3 Reporting Templates
2.3.1 Reporting template for the first level (programme level)1
2.3.1.1 Summarized table
Programme Name Risk assessment and identification of the most vulnerable elements in the agricultural
sector
Programme start date : (Day / month / year)
……………….
Expected programme completion date: (Day / month / year)
……………….
Previous dates of sent reports (Day / month / year)
Report 1: ………………. Report 2: ………………. Report 3: ……………….
Monitoring Parameters
Districts to be studied
Actual value up to date Target value
………………. ……………….
Plants to be studied
Actual value up to date Target value
………………. ……………….
Number of lands to be studied
Actual value up to date Target value
………………. ……………….
Scope of plant research results
Actual scope performed up to date
Target scope
………………. ……………….
Scope of animal research results
Actual scope performed up to date
Target scope
………………. ……………….
The current obstacles encountered during the Implementation of the project
……………….
……………….
……………….
Solutions proposed to overcome current barriers
……………….
……………….
……………….
Next steps ……………….
……………….
……………….
Main results up to date ……………….
1 The report shall be sent from the Programme Implementation Manager to the representative of
the Agriculture Directorate in the team responsible for the implementation of the governorate’s climate change strategy framework
Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate
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……………….
……………….
2.3.1.2 Attachments
A) Logistic details
Number District Name
The name of the city and the
village where the visited
agricultural land is located
Address of the
agricultural land
Area of the agricultural
land Visits dates
1 Al-Saf Ghamaza el Kobra …………… …………. ……………
2
3
4
B) Please attach the detailed technical report on work progress and
details of the results up to date
2.3.2 Reporting template for the second level (sectoral level)2
Programme Name Risk assessment and identification of the
most vulnerable elements in the agricultural sector
Programme start date : (Day / month / year)
……………….
Expected programme completion date: (Day / month / year)
……………….
Previous dates of sent reports (Day / month / year)
Report 1: ………………. Report 2: ………………. Report 3: ……………….
Monitoring Parameters
Districts to be studied
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
2 The report shall be sent by the representative of the Directorate of Agriculture to the Executive
Director of the Strategy
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Plants to be studied
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Number of lands to be studied
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Scope of plant research results
Actual scope performed up to date
Target scope
………………. ……………….
Scope of animal research results
Actual scope performed up to date
Target scope
………………. ……………….
The current obstacles encountered during the Implementation of the project
……………….
……………….
……………….
Solutions proposed to overcome current barriers
……………….
……………….
……………….
Next steps ……………….
……………….
……………….
Main results up to date ……………….
……………….
……………….
2.3.3 Report sample on the third level (Executive Director of
Strategy)3
Programme Name Risk assessment and identification of the
most vulnerable elements in the agricultural sector
Programme start date : (Day / month / year)
……………….
Expected programme completion date: (Day / month / year)
……………….
Previous dates of sent reports (Day / month / year)
Report 1: ………………. Report 2: ………………. Report 3: ……………….
3 The report is sent by the Executive Director of the Strategy to the Senior Management of the
Governorate
Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate
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Monitoring Parameters
Districts to be studied
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Plants to be studied
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Number of lands to be studied
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Scope of plant research results
Actual scope performed up to date
Target scope
………………. ……………….
Scope of animal research results
Actual scope performed up to date
Target scope
………………. ……………….
The current obstacles encountered during the Implementation of the project
……………….
……………….
……………….
Solutions proposed to overcome current barriers
……………….
……………….
……………….
Next steps ……………….
……………….
……………….
Main results up to date ……………….
……………….
……………….
3 Health sector
Programme Name: Raising citizens' awareness of the health risks of
climate change
3.1 Information about Representatives Participating in
Programme Implementation
3.1.1 Information about programme’s manager
Manager’s name
Affiliated organization
Position in the affiliated entity
Contact information
Defined jobs and responsibilities
for programme’s implementation
……………… ………………. Example: Preventive Medicine Department
……………….
……………… Example: email, address, fax, phone number
………………
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3.1.2 Information about stakeholders participating in programme
implementation
Name Affiliated
organization Position in the affiliated entity
Contact information
Defined jobs and responsibilities for
programme’s implementation
……………… ………………. Example: Health Culture Unit in Giza Governorate Directorate
………………. Example: a doctor at the Health Culture Department
…………… Example: email, address, fax, phone number
………………. Example: Follow-up with the Health Culture Unit at the Ministry of Health to prepare the scientific content for the flyers that will be distributed for diseases that do not have approved publications.
………………. Example: Preventive Medicine Department
………………. Example: a doctor at the Preventive Medicine
……………… Example: email, address, fax, phone number
………………. Follow-up to verify the validity of the scientific content of the flyers before distribution
………………. ………………. Example: Rural leaders supervisor
………………. Example: Ministry of Health
…………… Example: email, address, fax, phone number
………………. Example: Following up and supervising rural leaders
………………. ………………. Example: Central Health Culture Unit
………………. Example: a doctor at the Health Culture Unit
…………… Example: email, address, fax, phone number
………………. Example: Preparation of the scientific content of the flyers to be distributed for diseases that do not have approved publications
3.2 Monitoring Parameters for the Programme
Criteria Objective
Name and number of hospitals to be studied
……………….
Name and number of health centers to be studied
……………….
Number of brochures to be distributed in each hospital/health center
……………….
Name and number of hospitals where videos will be presented
……………….
Name and number of health centers where videos will be presented
……………….
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Number of screens to be installed in each hospital
………………. (Example: 4 screens in Bulaq Dakrur Hospital, 6 screens in Imbaba Hospital, etc.)
The number of villages and neighborhoods to be visited by rural leaders
……………….
Number of families to be visited in each village / neighborhood by rural leaders
……………….
3.3 Reporting Templates
3.3.1 Reporting template for the first level (programme level)4
3.3.1.1 Summarized table
Programme Name Raising citizens' awareness of the health
risks of climate change
Programme start date : (Day / month / year)
……………….
Expected programme completion date: (Day / month / year)
……………….
Previous dates of sent reports (Day / month / year)
Report 1: ………………. Report 2: ………………. Report 3: ……………….
Monitoring Parameters
Name and number of hospitals to be studied
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Name and number of health centers to be studied
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Number of brochures to be distributed in each hospital/health center
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Name and number of hospitals where videos will be presented
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Name and number of health centers where videos will be presented
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
4 The report shall be sent from the Programme Implementation Manager to the representative of
Health Directorate in the team responsible for the implementation of the governorate’s climate change strategy framework
Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate
Framework Document 119
Number of screens to be installed in each hospital
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
The number of villages and neighborhoods to be visited by rural leaders
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Number of families to be visited in each village / neighborhood by rural leaders
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
The current obstacles encountered during the Implementation of the project
……………….
……………….
……………….
Solutions proposed to overcome current barriers
……………….
……………….
……………….
Next steps ……………….
……………….
……………….
Main results up to date ……………….
……………….
……………….
3.3.1.2 Attachments
A) Logistic details
Number District Name
The name of the city and the village where
the visited hospital/health center is
located
Address of the hospital/health
center Visits dates
1 Badrashin, Met rahina …………… ……………
2
3
4
B) Please attach the detailed technical report on work progress and
details of the results up to date
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3.3.2 Reporting template for the second level (sectoral level)5
Programme Name Raising citizens' awareness of the health
risks of climate change
Programme start date : (Day / month / year)
……………….
Expected programme completion date: (Day / month / year)
……………….
Previous dates of sent reports (Day / month / year)
Report 1: ………………. Report 2: ………………. Report 3: ……………….
Monitoring Parameters
Name and number of hospitals to be studied
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Name and number of health centers to be studied
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Number of brochures to be distributed in each hospital/health center
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Name and number of hospitals where videos will be presented
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Name and number of health centers where videos will be presented
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Number of screens to be installed in each hospital
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
The number of villages and neighborhoods to be visited by rural leaders
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Number of families to be visited in each village / neighborhood by rural leaders
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
The current obstacles encountered during the Implementation of the project
……………….
……………….
……………….
Solutions proposed to overcome current barriers
……………….
……………….
……………….
5 The report shall be sent by the representative of Health Directorate to the Executive Director of
the Strategy
Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate
Framework Document 121
Next steps ……………….
……………….
……………….
Main results up to date ……………….
……………….
……………….
3.3.3 Report sample on the third level (Executive Director of
Strategy)6
Programme Name Raising citizens' awareness of the health
risks of climate change
Programme start date : (Day / month / year)
……………….
Expected programme completion date: (Day / month / year)
……………….
Previous dates of sent reports (Day / month / year)
Report 1: ………………. Report 2: ………………. Report 3: ……………….
Monitoring Parameters
Name and number of hospitals to be studied
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Name and number of health centers to be studied
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Number of brochures to be distributed in each hospital/health center
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Name and number of hospitals where videos will be presented
Actual value up to date
Target scope
………………. ……………….
Name and number of health centers where videos will be presented
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Number of screens to be installed in each hospital
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
The number of villages and neighborhoods to be visited by rural leaders
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
6 The report is sent by the Executive Director of the Strategy to the Senior Management of the
Governorate
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Number of families to be visited in each village / neighborhood by rural leaders
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
The current obstacles encountered during the Implementation of the project
……………….
……………….
……………….
Solutions proposed to overcome current barriers
……………….
……………….
……………….
Next steps ……………….
……………….
……………….
Main results up to date ……………….
……………….
……………….
4 Industrial sector
Programme Name: Technical support for Abu Rawash industrial facilities
for water and energy conservation
4.1 Information about Representatives Participating in
Programme Implementation
4.1.1 Information about programme’s manager
Manager’s name
Affiliated organization
Position in the affiliated entity
Contact information
Defined jobs and responsibilities
for programme’s implementation
……………… ………………. Example: Ministry of Trade and industry
……………….
……………… Example: email, address, fax, phone number
……………….
4.1.2 Information about stakeholders participating in programme
implementation
Name Affiliated
organization Position in the affiliated entity
Contact information
Defined jobs and responsibilities for
programme’s implementation
……………… ………………. Example: Central Administration Unit of Abou Rawash Industrial Area
………………. Example: Engineer
…………… Example: email, address, fax, phone number
………………. Example: Following up with the process of notifying the industrial plants about the programme
………………. ………………. Example: Ministry of Trade and Industry
……………… Example: an engineer in the Ministry of
…………… Example: email, address, fax,
………………. Example: Following up with programme
Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate
Framework Document 123
Trade and Industry
phone number
implementation based on the defined time schedule
………………. ………………. Example: Environmental department in the governorate
………………. Example: Manager
…………… Example: email, address, fax, phone number
………………. Example: Following up with project implementation and identifying obstacles
4.2 Monitoring Parameters for the Programme
Criteria Objective
Sub-sectors to be studied ………………. (Example: chemical industries , the textile sector, food sector, reinforced concrete factories )
Number of industrial plants to be visited ………………. (Example: 20 plants )
Resources to be studied ………………. (Example : water , electricity and fuels )
Number of technical reports issued for industrial plants (and containing recommendations)
………………. (Example: 20 plants )
Percentage of savings in resources ………………. (Example: 10% water consumption, 10% electricity consumption, 5% fuel consumption)
4.3 Reporting Templates
4.3.1 Report sample for the first level (programme level)7
4.3.1.1 Summarized table
Programme Name Technical support for Abu Rawash
industrial facilities for water and energy conservation
Programme start date : (Day / month / year)
……………….
Expected programme completion date: (Day / month / year)
……………….
Previous dates of sent reports (Day / month / year)
Report 1: ………………. Report 2: ………………. Report 3: ……………….
7 The report shall be sent from the Programme Implementation Manager to the Environmental
department representative in the team responsible for the implementation of the governorate’s climate change strategy framework
Climate Change Strategy in Giza Governorate
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Monitoring Parameters
Sub-sectors to be studied Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Number of industrial plants to be visited Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Resources to be studied Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Number of technical reports issued for industrial plants (and containing recommendations)
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Percentage of savings in resources Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
The current obstacles encountered during the Implementation of the project
……………….
……………….
……………….
Solutions proposed to overcome current barriers
……………….
……………….
……………….
Next steps ……………….
……………….
……………….
Main results up to date ……………….
……………….
……………….
4.3.1.2 Attachment
A) Logistic details
Number District Name Address of the industrial plant
Visits dates
1 Industrial Area / Abu Rawash
…………… ……………
B) Please attach the detailed technical report on work progress and
details of the results up to date
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4.3.2 Report template for the second level (sectoral level)8
Programme Name Technical support for Abu Rawash
industrial facilities for water and energy conservation
Programme start date : (Day / month / year)
……………….
Expected programme completion date: (Day / month / year)
……………….
Previous dates of sent reports (Day / month / year)
Report 1: ………………. Report 2: ………………. Report 3: ……………….
Monitoring Parameters
Sub-sectors to be studied Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Number of industrial plants to be visited Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Resources to be studied Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Number of technical reports issued for industrial plants (and containing recommendations)
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Percentage of savings in resources Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
The current obstacles encountered during the Implementation of the project
……………….
……………….
……………….
Solutions proposed to overcome current barriers
……………….
……………….
……………….
Next steps ……………….
……………….
……………….
Main results up to date ……………….
……………….
……………….
8 The report shall be sent by the Environmental department representative to the Executive
Director of the Strategy
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Framework Document 126
4.3.3 Report sample on the third level (Executive Director of
Strategy)9
Programme Name Technical support for Abu Rawash industrial facilities for water and energy
conservation
Programme start date : (Day / month / year)
……………….
Expected programme completion date: (Day / month / year)
……………….
Previous dates of sent reports (Day / month / year)
Report 1: ………………. Report 2: ………………. Report 3: ……………….
Monitoring Parameters
Sub-sectors to be studied Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Number of industrial plants to be visited Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Resources to be studied Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Number of technical reports issued for industrial plants (and containing recommendations)
Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
Percentage of savings in resources Actual value up to date
Target value
………………. ……………….
The current obstacles encountered during the Implementation of the project
……………….
……………….
……………….
Solutions proposed to overcome current barriers
……………….
……………….
……………….
Next steps ……………….
……………….
……………….
Main results up to date ……………….
……………….
……………….
9 The report is sent by the Executive Director of the Strategy to the Senior Management of the
Governorate
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Annex (2): Examples on Preparing Action Plans for
Programmes
This Annex provides examples of action plans for the programmes listed in the
Strategy so that the governorate’s steering team can identify the specific steps
required to achieve the objective of each programme. This Annex presents the
action plan in the form of a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS). The governorate’s
steering team should define the time frame for each step/activity based on the
kick-off coordination meeting of each programme.
This Annex presents three examples of programmes from three different sectors.
The same programmes considered in Annex 1 were selected to ensure that these
examples will be used as a guide for other programmes included in the
governorate’s climate change strategy framework.
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1. Agriculture sector
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2. Health sector
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3. Industry sector
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Annex (3): Maps of Programmes Distribution at the Level
of Districts and “Ahyaa”
This annex includes maps for districts and “Ahyaa”, indicating the
programmes that must be implemented in each city, “Hay” or village. It
also contains a combined map of all the districts together, as well as a
map of the Governorate as a whole.
Because there is a set of common programmes in different villages /
cities at the same district, and to ensure easy reading of the map, the
common programmes were included under a certain code instead of
repeating the programme numbers in each village / city. Moreover, in the
case of specific programmes in villages / cities, the numbers of these
programmes were added in these villages / cities on the map. The
meaning of each code and programme number is explained in map key
of each district / “Hay”. The following table shows an example:
Table 1 - An example illustrating how maps are designed for districts
Explanation Map
Symbol only: Example
When this symbol is found alone in a village at the center of Kerdasa, this indicates that the programmes to be implemented in this village (e.g. Kafr Hakim) are:
Programme No.(1): Risk assessment and identification of the most vulnerable elements in the agricultural sector
Programme No.(2): Preparation of a map to monitor plant and animal diseases associated with climate change
Programme No.(3): Establishment of an early warning system in the agriculture sector
A number only: Example 6
The number “6” refers to:
Programme No. (6): Technical support to Abu Rawash industrial facilities for water & energy conservation.
When the number 6 is found alone, this indicates that this programme will be implemented in this village or district (e.g. industrial zone)
A symbol and number or more than one number:
When this symbol is present and with one or more numbers in one of the villages of the center of Kerdasa, this indicates that the programmes to be implemented in this village are the programmes under this code
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Example
14,15
besides the programmes that are represented by the other numbers. Example (Saft Village): The following programmes will be implemented in the village of Saft because of this code:
Programme No. (1): Risk assessment and identification of the most vulnerable elements in the agriculture sector
Programme No. (2): Preparation of a map to monitor plant and animal diseases associated with climate change
Programme No. (3): Establishment of early warning system for agriculture sector
Programme No. (14): Improve drainage systems of main tunnels and
Programme No. 15: Replacing and Renewing Sewerage Systems and Wastewater Treatment Plant in Hotspot Areas, since the numbers 14 and 15 are in the same Village.
Table 2 shows the color code used in the maps for the programmes of
each sector:
Table 2 - Color code used for the programmes of each sector
Color used Sector
Agricultural
Industry
Health
Urban and Infrastructure
Water Resources, Irrigation, Water and Sewage Services
Tourism
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Mansha’et El Qanater District
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Kerdasa District
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Ousim District
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Ahyaa
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Abu El Nomros District
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Hawamdeya District
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El-Badrasheen District:
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El-Ayyat District
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Saff District-El
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Atfeeh District
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Oases District:
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Source: Gizapyramidsinn.com
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