Effect of Long-Term ApplicationEffect of Long-Term Applicationof Biosolids onof Biosolids on
Molybdenum ContentMolybdenum Content of Winter Wheat Forageof Winter Wheat Forage
Effect of Long-Term ApplicationEffect of Long-Term Applicationof Biosolids onof Biosolids on
Molybdenum ContentMolybdenum Content of Winter Wheat Forageof Winter Wheat Forage
Nick Basta and Bill RaunNick Basta and Bill RaunDepartment of Plant and Soil SciencesDepartment of Plant and Soil Sciences
Oklahoma State UniversityOklahoma State University
Nick Basta and Bill RaunNick Basta and Bill RaunDepartment of Plant and Soil SciencesDepartment of Plant and Soil Sciences
Oklahoma State UniversityOklahoma State University
Mo ConcernsMo ConcernsMo ConcernsMo Concerns
• Molybdenosis in CattleMolybdenosis in Cattle Biosolids Mo may increase forage MoBiosolids Mo may increase forage Mo May narrow the Cu/Mo ratio.May narrow the Cu/Mo ratio.•High pH soil (liming) may increase concernHigh pH soil (liming) may increase concern
• Molybdenosis in CattleMolybdenosis in Cattle Biosolids Mo may increase forage MoBiosolids Mo may increase forage Mo May narrow the Cu/Mo ratio.May narrow the Cu/Mo ratio.•High pH soil (liming) may increase concernHigh pH soil (liming) may increase concern
Experimental Design: Experimental Design: RCB, 3 RepsRCB, 3 RepsTreatments: Treatments: 1414N Sources: N Sources: Biosolid, Ammonium nitrateBiosolid, Ammonium nitrateN Rates: N Rates: 0, 40, 80, 160, 240, 480 kg N/ha/yr0, 40, 80, 160, 240, 480 kg N/ha/yr Non-factorial treatments:Non-factorial treatments:Lime applied at high N rate (both sources)Lime applied at high N rate (both sources)Norge loam (fine mixed, thermic Udertic Paleustoll)Norge loam (fine mixed, thermic Udertic Paleustoll)Planting: Planting: (October 15, 1998)(October 15, 1998)Forage Sampling: Forage Sampling: Clipped at ground level (1x1m) Feekes Clipped at ground level (1x1m) Feekes 4 (December 9, 1998) 4 (December 9, 1998) Winter Wheat VarietyWinter Wheat Variety: Tonkawa: TonkawaForage Processing: Forage Processing: Samples dried and ground to pass Samples dried and ground to pass 150 uM (100 mesh)150 uM (100 mesh)
Experimental Design: Experimental Design: RCB, 3 RepsRCB, 3 RepsTreatments: Treatments: 1414N Sources: N Sources: Biosolid, Ammonium nitrateBiosolid, Ammonium nitrateN Rates: N Rates: 0, 40, 80, 160, 240, 480 kg N/ha/yr0, 40, 80, 160, 240, 480 kg N/ha/yr Non-factorial treatments:Non-factorial treatments:Lime applied at high N rate (both sources)Lime applied at high N rate (both sources)Norge loam (fine mixed, thermic Udertic Paleustoll)Norge loam (fine mixed, thermic Udertic Paleustoll)Planting: Planting: (October 15, 1998)(October 15, 1998)Forage Sampling: Forage Sampling: Clipped at ground level (1x1m) Feekes Clipped at ground level (1x1m) Feekes 4 (December 9, 1998) 4 (December 9, 1998) Winter Wheat VarietyWinter Wheat Variety: Tonkawa: TonkawaForage Processing: Forage Processing: Samples dried and ground to pass Samples dried and ground to pass 150 uM (100 mesh)150 uM (100 mesh)
Experimental MethodsExperimental MethodsExperimental MethodsExperimental Methods
Treatment structure and grain yield means, 1994-1998, Stillwater, OK.
Trt N rate N Source 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Avg pHkg/ha ---------------------------- bu/ac ---------------------------
1 0 - 6.9 7.4 9.1 16.8 28.8 13.8 6.82 0 - 5.6 7.7 8.6 19.1 23.9 13.03 40 SS 7.8 8.5 10.8 23.2 35.4 17.14 80 SS 9.2 8.5 9.8 22.5 33.4 16.75 160 SS 13.2 8.5 18.4 20.8 45.4 21.26 240 SS 15.4 9.1 13.7 20.7 42.1 20.27 480 SS 22.4 15.3 12.2 21.7 53.6 25.0 6.08 40 AN 26.5 9.2 5.0 20.4 30.6 18.39 80 AN 25.9 13.5 7.6 26.2 42.6 23.110 160 AN 28.6 17.8 9.9 32.4 51.2 28.011 240 AN 38.5 21.1 8.0 35.0 45.2 29.512 480 AN 34.8 19.1 8.3 38.0 46.2 29.2 4.613 480 SS+L 24.8 15.6 13.1 24.2 55.5 26.7 6.614 480 AN+L 32.5 19.7 11.6 42.3 55.2 32.2 4.8
L - lime applied at a rate of 8960 kg/ha (4 tons/acre) in the first year of the study
Treatment structure and grain yield means, 1994-1998, Stillwater, OK.
Trt N rate N Source 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Avg pHkg/ha ---------------------------- bu/ac ---------------------------
1 0 - 6.9 7.4 9.1 16.8 28.8 13.8 6.82 0 - 5.6 7.7 8.6 19.1 23.9 13.03 40 SS 7.8 8.5 10.8 23.2 35.4 17.14 80 SS 9.2 8.5 9.8 22.5 33.4 16.75 160 SS 13.2 8.5 18.4 20.8 45.4 21.26 240 SS 15.4 9.1 13.7 20.7 42.1 20.27 480 SS 22.4 15.3 12.2 21.7 53.6 25.0 6.08 40 AN 26.5 9.2 5.0 20.4 30.6 18.39 80 AN 25.9 13.5 7.6 26.2 42.6 23.110 160 AN 28.6 17.8 9.9 32.4 51.2 28.011 240 AN 38.5 21.1 8.0 35.0 45.2 29.512 480 AN 34.8 19.1 8.3 38.0 46.2 29.2 4.613 480 SS+L 24.8 15.6 13.1 24.2 55.5 26.7 6.614 480 AN+L 32.5 19.7 11.6 42.3 55.2 32.2 4.8
L - lime applied at a rate of 8960 kg/ha (4 tons/acre) in the first year of the study
Chemical Characteristics of soil (0-30 cm) prior to treatment application__________________________________________________________________
pH Organic C Total N NH4-N NO3-N K P CEC--------g kg-1-------- -----------------mg kg-1---------------- cmol kg -1
6.4 11.9 1.1 7.0 5.0 25.3 30.2 13.05___________________________________________________________________
Chemical Characteristics of soil (0-30 cm) prior to treatment application__________________________________________________________________
pH Organic C Total N NH4-N NO3-N K P CEC--------g kg-1-------- -----------------mg kg-1---------------- cmol kg -1
6.4 11.9 1.1 7.0 5.0 25.3 30.2 13.05___________________________________________________________________
Biosolids Applied (480 kg N/ha)Biosolids Applied (480 kg N/ha)Biosolids Applied (480 kg N/ha)Biosolids Applied (480 kg N/ha)
•City of StillwaterCity of Stillwater•Anaerobic-digestionAnaerobic-digestion•City of StillwaterCity of Stillwater•Anaerobic-digestionAnaerobic-digestion
Year1993199419951996199793-7EPA
median
Year1993199419951996199793-7EPA
median
Cu (ppm)928756684454507600
741
Cu (ppm)928756684454507600
741
Mo (kg/ha)0.470.170.260.150.150.18
Mo (kg/ha)0.470.170.260.150.150.18
Mo (ppm) 50.2
9.325.716.716.417.0
9
Mo (ppm) 50.2
9.325.716.716.417.0
9
Forage CollectionForage CollectionForage CollectionForage Collection
Feekes 4 (tillering)Feekes 4 (tillering)Split forage samples: Split forage samples: washed and unwashedwashed and unwashed
Feekes 4 (tillering)Feekes 4 (tillering)Split forage samples: Split forage samples: washed and unwashedwashed and unwashed
Growth Stages in Growth Stages in CerealsCereals
Growth Stages in Growth Stages in CerealsCereals
TilleringTilleringTilleringTillering
Stem ExtensionStem ExtensionStem ExtensionStem Extension HeadingHeadingHeadingHeadingRipeningRipeningStageStageRipeningRipeningStageStage
Chemical AnalysisChemical AnalysisChemical AnalysisChemical Analysis
Wet digestion (HNOWet digestion (HNO33/HClO/HClO44))
ICP analysisICP analysis TJA IRIS ICP, 202.0 nmTJA IRIS ICP, 202.0 nm LOQ 10 ppb Mo (0.2 ppm forage)LOQ 10 ppb Mo (0.2 ppm forage)
Wet digestion (HNOWet digestion (HNO33/HClO/HClO44))
ICP analysisICP analysis TJA IRIS ICP, 202.0 nmTJA IRIS ICP, 202.0 nm LOQ 10 ppb Mo (0.2 ppm forage)LOQ 10 ppb Mo (0.2 ppm forage)
ResultsResultsResultsResults
02468
10121416
0 100 200 300 400 500
N rate, kg/ha
Cu
, mg
kg
-1
AN-w
SS-w
AN-uw
SS-uw
CopperCopperCopperCopper
00.20.40.60.8
11.21.41.6
0 100 200 300 400 500
N rate, kg/ha
Mo
, mg
kg
-1
AN-w
SS-w
AN-uw
SS-uw
MolybdenumMolybdenumMolybdenumMolybdenum
020
4060
80100
120140
160
0 100 200 300 400 500N rate, kg/ha
Cu
/Mo
AN-w
SS-w
AN-uw
SS-uw
Cu/MoCu/MoCu/MoCu/Mo
CopperCopperCopperCopper
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
AN-w SS-w AN-uw SS-uw
Cu
, mg
/kg
480
480L
MolybdenumMolybdenumMolybdenumMolybdenum
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
AN-w SS-w AN-uw SS-uw
Mo
, m
g/k
g
480
480L
Cu/MoCu/MoCu/MoCu/Mo
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
AN-w SS-w AN-uw SS-uw
Cu
/Mo
480
480L
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