Effect of different organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on growth and yield
of brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)A.B. MOHANKUMAR AND N.C. NARASE GOWDA
See end of the article for
authors’ affiliations
Correspondence to :
A.B. MOHANKUMAR
Division of Horticulture,
University of Agricultural
Sciences, G.K.V.K.,
BENGALURU
(KARNATAKA) INDIA
ABSTRACTTreatments with organic manures, inorganic fertilizers and their combinations showed significant
difference for growth and yield of brinjal crop. Application of recommended 25 t/ha of FYM N
through vermicompost and green manure (50% each) + recommended NPK (125:100:50 kg/ha)
recorded maximum plant height, number of leaves and total dry matter of plant. The number of
branches was highest in the treatment of 150% recommended FYM only, while the maximum
Chlorophyll content of the leaves was recorded with application of FYM N through FYM and
green manure (50% each) + recommended NPK. Earliness for first, fifty per cent flowering and
first harvest was observed with 100 per cent recommended FYM alone. Application of
recommended FYM + NPK recorded maximum yield per plot, per hectare and harvest index
during late Rabi season of 2004-2005, these treatments were significantly superior to recommended
inorganic fertilizer treatment, as well as to application different doses of organic manures alone
such as FYM and vermicompost, this indicated that integration of both organic manures and
inorganic fertilizers was important to improve the growth and yield characteristics of the crop.
•HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE•
Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) is one of the most
common tropical fruit vegetable. It is a rich source
of vitamins, minerals and organic acids. For realizing
higher yields and quality produce, soil health is a critical
factor. Therefore, chemical fertilizers must be integrated
with organic manures such as FYM, vermicompost, crop
residues and green manures which are renewable and
eco friendly to achieve sustainable productivity with
minimum deleterious effects of chemical fertilizers on soil
health and environment. The yield per unit area can be
increased along with the improvement of its quality through
the balanced application of organic and inorganic fertilizers
in proper combination, therefore the present investigation
was undertaken to find out the optimum dose and best
combination of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers
for obtaining higher yield of brinjal.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The field experiment was conducted at the
Horticulture Research Station, University of Agricultural
Sciences, Bangalore during late Rabi season of 2004-
2005. The experimental site is located at an altitude of
930m above MSL lying in eastern dry zone of Karnataka
(Zone 5). The soil was red sandy loam having organic
carbon (0.360%), pH (7.12), available N (197.16 kg/ha),
available P (25.00 kg/ha), available K (245.00 kg/ha). The
experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block
Design with three replications at a spacing of 75 x 60
cm. Twelve treatments of organic manures, inorganic
fertilizers and their combinations i.e., T1
- 75 per cent
recommended FYM only, T2 - 100 per cent recommended
FYM only, T3 - 125 per cent recommended FYM only,
T4 - 150 per cent recommended FYM only, T
5 - 75 per
cent of FYM N content was substituted through
vermicompost, T6 -100 per cent of FYM N content was
substituted through vermicompost, T7
-125 per cent of
FYM N content was substituted through vermicompost,
T8 -150 per cent of FYM N content was substituted
through vermicompost, T9- Recommended FYM N was
substituted through FYM and green manure (50% each)
+ recommended level of NPK, T10
- Recommended FYM
N was substituted through vermicompost and green
manure (50% each) + recommended level of NPK, T11
– Recommended FYM + NPK, T12
– Only recommended
Mohankumar, A.B. and Narase Gowda, N.C. (2010). Effect of different organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on growth and yield of
brinjal (Solanum melongena L.), Asian J. Hort., 5 (2) : 444-449.
Key words : Vermicompost, FYM, NPK, Dry matter, Chlorophyll, Harvest index
The Asian Journal of Horticulture; Vol. 5 No. 2; (December, 2010) : 444-449
Received : August, 2010; Accepted : November, 2010
Research Paper
445
[Asian J. Hort., Vol. 5 (2); Dec., 2010] •HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE•
NPK were tried on brinjal variety BPLH-1 which is high
yielding, purple colored one, resistant to bacterial wilt
disease. All the recommended cultural practices were
followed during experiment. In order to make the plants
grow vigorously in FYM and vermicompost (i.e.,T1 to T
8)
treated plots, a boosters spray was given by soaking 5kg
of groundnut cake and 5kg of vermicompost in 50 l of
water each separately for two days. The supernatant
liquid from both the organic sources were filtered and
mixed. The mixing was sprayed on plants at 45, 60 and
75 days after planting (common for all the treatments T1
to T8). No serious diseases were observed during the
experimental period. The major pests found attacking the
crop were shoot and fruit borers. Shoot and fruit borer
affected shoots and fruits were removed and burnt as
and when noticed. And to repel the insects, fresh ground
neem kernel powder was placed in heaps of 500 g at
each spot in all the plots including the NPK applied plots.
This was repeated twice during the crop growth period
at an interval of 30 days after earthing up operation. Neem
powder heaps were covered by dried grass or leaves. In
addition to the above sprays of neem soap were given at
the rate of 10 g per litre at 15 days interval. The data on
growth and yield were recorded from 10 randomly
selected plants of each treatment and data analyzed
statistically as per standard procedure given by Panse
and Sukhatme (1967).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Analysis of variance revealed that significant
differences were found among the treatments for all the
traits under study. In general it was observed that
irrespective sources of organic manures along with
inorganic fertilizers increased the plant height and number
of leaves per plant at early and later stages of crop growth.
Among the different organic manures application of
recommended FYM ‘N’ through vermicompost and green
manure (50% each) + full NPK registered maximum plant
height and number of leaves (Table 1 and 2), this might
be due to synergic effect of organic manures along with
inorganic fertilizers
Application of 150 per cent recommended FYM to
brinjal had conspicuously increased the number of
branches per plant (Table 3) it may be due to the steady
and adequate supply of nutrients from FYM.
Chlorophyll content of leaves increases with the
growing stage of the crop and after it reaches the final
stage chlorophyll content decreases gradually. In the
present experiment also chlorophyll content of leaves
increased up to 75 DAP and decreased as the age of
crop increased i.e., at 105 DAP (Table 4). The highest
chlorophyll content was recorded with the treatment of
recommended FYM N substituted through FYM and
green manure (50% each) + full NPK at all stages of
growth. The increase of chlorophyll might be due to
increased N availability from both organic and inorganic
Table 1: Plant height of brinjal as influenced by different sources of organic manures and in combination with NPK at different
stages of plant growth
Plant height (cm) at
Treatments 45 DAP 75 DAP 105 DAP
Final stage
of the crop
T1 - 75 per cent of recommended FYM only 25.00 72.53 80.13 82.56
T2 - 100 per cent of recommended FYM only 22.13 71.93 78.00 80.56
T3 - 125 per cent of recommended FYM only 21.60 76.60 81.46 84.40
T4 - 150 per cent of recommended FYM only 20.66 61.40 71.40 74.86
T5 - 75 per cent of FYM N substituted through VC 19.13 65.13 73.66 77.33
T6 - 100 per cent of FYM N substituted through VC 20.93 71.46 77.26 80.86
T7 - 125 per cent of FYM N substituted through VC 22.73 75.20 79.66 82.93
T8 - 150 per cent of FYM N substituted through VC 20.46 73.73 79.46 82.93
T9 - Recommended FYM N through FYM and GM (50 % each) +
recommended NPK
26.33 77.20 82.93 86.26
T10 - Recommended FYM N through VC and GM (50 % each) +
recommended NPK
27.00 82.66 91.00 89.86
T11 - Recommended FYM + NPK 26.26 77.20 85.80 87.86
T12 - Only recommended NPK 26.73 82.53 89.06 92.06
F-test * * * NS
S.E.± 1.14 3.31 1.06 -
C.D. (P=0.05) 3.36 9.71 3.11 -
DAP = Days after planting; * Significant; NS = Non - significant; GM=Green Manure; VC = Vermicompost
A.N. MOHANKUMAR AND N.C. NARASE GOWDA
•HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE•
446
[Asian J. Hort., Vol. 5 (2); Dec., 2010]
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ORGANIC MANURES & INORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH & YIELD OF BRINJAL
447
[Asian J. Hort., Vol. 5 (2); Dec., 2010] •HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE•
sources and since N is a constituent of chlorophyll. Similar
results were also reported by Krishna and Krishnappa
(2001).
Recommended FYM N substituted by FYM + green
manure (50% each) + recommended NPK delayed first
flower in (55.86 days), 50% flowering (66.00 days) and
first harvest (67.00 days) due to extended vegetative phase
of the plant by availability of inorganic nitrogen (Table 6).
Table 4 : Chlorophyll content of brinjal as influenced by different sources of organic manures, and in combination with NPK at
different stages of plant growth
Chlorophyll content of leaves at (mg/g) Treatments
45 DAP 75 DAP 105 DAP
T1 - 75 per cent of recommended FYM only 0.037 1.491 0.268
T2 - 100 per cent of recommended FYM only 0.053 1.562 0.255
T3 - 125 per cent of recommended FYM only 0.036 1.574 0.292
T4 - 150 per cent of recommended FYM only 0.038 1.545 0.327
T5 - 75 per cent of FYM N substituted through VC 0.036 1.533 0.243
T6 - 100 per cent of FYM N substituted through VC 0.036 1.556 0.289
T7 - 125 per cent of FYM N substituted through VC 0.040 1.578 0.283
T8 - 150 per cent of FYM N substituted through VC 0.035 1.560 0.359
T9 - Recommended FYM N through FYM and GM (50 % each) + recommended NPK 0.056 1.605 0.369
T10 - Recommended FYM N through VC and GM (50 % each) + recommended NPK 0.043 1.540 0.310
T11 - Recommended FYM + NPK 0.045 1.550 0.300
T12 - Only recommended NPK 0.056 1.553 0.289
F-test * * *
S.E.± 0.0019 0.0053 0.0044
C.D. (P=0.05) 0.0055 0.0155 0.0128
DAP = Days after planting; * Significant; GM = Green Manure; VC = Vermicompost
The results are in agreement with the findings of Bhatnagar
and Pandita (1979), Singh and Singh (1992), Renuka and
Ravisankar (2001), and Rao and Sankar (2001). The yield
attributes such as yield per plot and per hectare (54.39
kg and 48.347 t, respectively) were significantly highest
in the treatment of recommended FYM + NPK compared
to other organic sources and levels (Table 5). It has also
been observed that in most of the harvests the same
A.N. MOHANKUMAR AND N.C. NARASE GOWDA
Table 5 : Harvest index, fruit yield plot and per hectare of brinjal as influenced by different sources of organic manures and in
combination with NPK
Treatments Total yield per
plot (kg)
Harvest
index
Fruit yield per
hectare (t ha-1)
T1 - 75 per cent of recommended FYM only 37.80 0.759 33.599
T2 - 100 per cent of recommended FYM only 37.70 0.744 33.518
T3 - 125 per cent of recommended FYM only 31.62 0.704 28.110
T4 - 150 per cent of recommended FYM only 30.16 0.702 26.814
T5 - 75 per cent of FYM N substituted through VC 32.54 0.695 28.925
T6 - 100 per cent of FYM N substituted through VC 34.91 0.693 31.036
T7 - 125 per cent of FYM N substituted through VC 36.01 0.700 32.014
T8 - 150 per cent of FYM N substituted through VC 27.54 0.649 24.481
T9 - Recommended FYM N through FYM and GM (50 % each) +
recommended NPK
47.33 0.766 42.073
T10 - Recommended FYM N through VC and GM (50 % each) +
recommended NPK
44.00 0.758 39.111
T11 - Recommended FYM + NPK 54.39 0.779 48.347
T12 - Only recommended NPK 40.37 0.775 35.896
F-test * * *
S.E.± 1.72 0.00 1.57
C.D. (P=0.05) 5.19 0.02 4.62
* Significant ; GM = Green Manure; VC = Vermicompost
•HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE•
448
[Asian J. Hort., Vol. 5 (2); Dec., 2010]
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ORGANIC MANURES & INORGANIC FERTILIZERS ON GROWTH & YIELD OF BRINJAL
Table 6 : Days taken for first flowering, 50 per cent flowering and first harvest of brinjal as influenced by different sources of
organic manures and in combination with NPK
Treatments Days taken for
first flowering
Days taken for
50 per cent
flowering
Days taken
for first
harvest
T1 - 75 per cent of recommended FYM only 49.60 59.93 67.66
T2 - 100 per cent of recommended FYM only 49.13 59.26 67.00
T3 - 125 per cent of recommended FYM only 53.46 63.30 69.00
T4 - 150 per cent of recommended FYM only 53.33 63.60 69.66
T5 - 75 per cent of FYM N substituted through VC 53.06 63.40 68.33
T6 - 100 per cent of FYM N substituted through VC 55.33 65.33 67.66
T7 - 125 per cent of FYM N substituted through VC 53.00 63.66 67.66
T8 - 150 per cent of FYM N substituted through VC 54.26 65.06 68.33
T9 - Recommended FYM N through FYM and GM (50 % each) +
recommended NPK 55.86 66.00 67.00
T10 - Recommended FYM N through VC and GM (50 % each) +
recommended NPK 52.80 63.20 67.00
T11 - Recommended FYM + NPK 52.53 62.80 67.00
T12 - Only recommended NPK 55.00 65.73 69.66
F-test * * *
S.E.± 0.31 0.39 0.40
C.D. (P=0.05) 0.92 1.16 1.19
DAP = Days after planting; * Significant; GM = Green Manure; VC = Vermicompost
Fig. 1 : Total yield per hectare of brinjal as influenced by different sources of organic maures, and in combination with NPK
treatment has excelled in recording higher number and
yield of fruits per plant and yield per plot. The higher
yield attributes in recommended FYM + NPK may also
be attributed to satisfactory nutrient availability and
increased plant metabolism which ultimately lead to more
carbohydrates accumulation. Besides, there was
increased vegetative growth at peak growth stages of
the crop as observed in the study might have resulted in
efficient production of photosynthates and ultimately
promoted higher yield and yield attributes. Similar
observation on the increase in the fruit yield with high
ratio of both organic and inorganic fertilizers in chilli var.
To
tal
yie
ld p
er
hec
tare
(t/
ha)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0T
1 T
2 T
3 T
4 T
5 T
6 T
7 T
8 T
9 T
10 T
11 T
12
Treatments
T1
– 75 (%) FYM
T2 – 100 (%) FYM
T3 – 125 (%) FYM
T4 – 150 (%) FYM
T5 – 75 (%) FYM through VC
T6 – 100 (%) FYM through VC
T7 – 125 (%) FYM through VC
T8 – 150 (%) FYM through VC
T9 – Recommended (%) FYM
and GM (50% each) +
recommended NPK
T10
– Recommended (%) FYM
and GM
449
[Asian J. Hort., Vol. 5 (2); Dec., 2010] •HIND AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE•
KAU cluster was reported by Nair (1988), Chavan et al.
(1997).
Authors’ affiliations:
N.C. NARASE GOWDA, Division of Horticulture,
University of Agricultural Sciences, G.K.V.K.,
BENGALURU (KARNATAKA) INDIA
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A.N. MOHANKUMAR AND N.C. NARASE GOWDA
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