1
Education at a Glance 2014
Presentation - press conference in the United
Kingdom (September 9, 2014)
No country has made a greater effort than the UK to invest more current wealth (GDP) into more future wealth (education)…
…but there is still lots of scope to improve educational outcomes
2
Between 2008 and 2011, only six countries cut public expenditure on educational institutions
Impact of the economic crisis on public expenditure on education
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ited
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Po
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Italy
Hu
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ary
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
Change in public expenditure on educational institutions
Change in Gross Domestic Product
Change in expenditure on education institutions as a percentage of GDPIndex of change (2008=100)
Chart B2.3 - T
OECD countries spend USD 9 252 per student per year from primary through tertiary education
Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions, by type of service (2011)U
nite
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tate
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La
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Ind
on
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a
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
12 000
14 000
16 000
18 000
Core services Ancillary services (transport, meals, housing provided by institutions) and R&D Total
In equivalent USD conver-ted using PPPs
Chart B1.1
Chart A9.4
Student performance and equity
051015202530300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
471.131460759248
522.971758192682
409.626613284347
448.859130247605
561.241096454551
520.545521676786518.750335282979
426.737491293011
536.406918234209
478.260635903011
504.150766311123518.078519433354
385.595556395556
538.134494733918
U.A.E. 431.798408505079
492.795697239492
376.4483986347
489.373070348755
413.281466667708
534.96508297892
553.766659143614
485.321181012553
406.999866988793
444.554242787643466.48143014931
513.525055819929
375.114451681748376.488601072821
387.824629620248388.431709907141
391.459888954175
420.512967619053447.984414978955
452.973426858908478.823277433358
490.571021411359Russian Fed.484.319297801971UK
498.95788231768
500.026756625414
501.127422390952
501.497460196644
505.540743249801
511.338207501184
530.931003950396
573.46831429664
612.675536305453
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368
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482487
490
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560
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OE
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av
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OECD average
Percentage of variance in performance explained by ESCS (r-squared x 100)
Me
an
ma
the
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tics
pe
rfo
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nce
Below average mathematics performanceBelow average impact of socio-economic
background
Above average mathematics performanceBelow average impact of socio-economic
background
Below average mathematics performanceAbove average impact of socio-economic background
Above average mathematics performanceAbove average impact of socio-economic background
Relationship between mathematics performance and variation in performance explained by students’ socio-economic status
Expenditure on early childhood education accounts for 0.6% of GDP, on average
Expenditure on early childhood educational institutions (2011) as a percentage of GDP, by funding source
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0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
TotalPublic expenditure on educational institutions in percentage of GDP
% of GDP
Chart C2.3
The ratio of pupils to teaching staff also indicates the level of resources devoted to pre-primary education
Ratio of pupils to teaching staff in early childhood education (2012). Public and private institutions, calculation based on full-time equivalents
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0 2 4 6 8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
Student to teaching staff ratio
Chart C2.4
Countries spend their money differently…
…and many high-performing school systems prioritise the quality of teachers over the size of classes.
8
The salary cost of teachers per student varies widely across countries and depends on salary, class size, and teaching time
Contribution of various factors to salary cost of teachers per student, in upper secondary education (2012) in USDB
elg
ium
(F
l.)
Ge
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Au
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-3 800
-2 800
-1 800
- 800
200
1 200
2 200
3 200
Contribution of teachers' salary Contribution of instruction time
Contribution of teaching time Contribution of estimated class size
difference with OECD averageUSD
Chart B7.4
Students in OECD countries receive an average of 7 475 compulsory hours of instruction during their primary and lower secondary education
Compulsory instruction time in general education (2014)
Australia 10Colombia1 9
Spain 10United States 9
Israel 9Netherlands7 9
Chile 8Mexico 9Ireland 9France 9
Canada 9Luxembourg 9
Denmark 10England 9
Norway 10Iceland 10Portugal 9
OECD average 9Italy 8
Japan 9EU21 average 9
Germany 9Greece 9
Belgium (Fr.) 8Czech Republic 9Slovak Republic 9
Sweden 9Belgium (Fl.) 8
Estonia 9Austria 8Korea 9
Finland 9Slovenia 9
Turkey 8Poland 9China1 9Latvia 9
Hungary 8
0 2 000 4 000 6 000 8 000 10 000 12 000
Primary education Lower secondary educationDuration of primary and lower secondary education, in years
Chart D1.1
Total number of compulsory instruction hours
The number of students per class tends to increase between primary and lower secondary education
Average class size in educational institutions, by level of education (2012)C
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Primary Lower secondary
Nu
mb
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of s
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ts p
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om
Chart D2.2
Only in 7 countries were relative salaries for teachers higher than those of comparably educated workers
Teachers' salaries relative to earnings for tertiary-educated workers aged 25-64 (2012 or latest available year). Lower secondary teachers' salaries, in public institutions
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0
0.5
1
1.5
Ratio
Chart D3.1
Between 2009 and 2012, teachers’ salaries fell, for the first time since 2000, by around 5% at all levels of education
OECD average, for countries with available data for all reference years, of the index of change between 2005 and 2012 (2005 = 100, constant prices), for teachers with 15 years of experience and minimum training.
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
Primary education Lower secondary education Upper secondary education
Index of change2005 = 100
Chart Box D.3.2
Equivalent USD converted using PPPs
The UK is one of the few countries that have figured out a sustainable approach to higher education finance
…and the investments pay off for individuals and taxpayers
14
About 31% of spending on tertiary education comes from private sources, on average
Share of private expenditure on educational institutions (2011)
Chi
le
Kor
ea
Uni
ted
Kin
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Japa
n
Uni
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Sta
tes
Col
ombi
a
Aus
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Isra
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Can
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Latv
ia
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Fed
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Por
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and
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Bel
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Icel
and
Den
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Fin
land
Nor
way
Tur
key
Sw
itzer
land
Luxe
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education
Tertiary education%
Chart B3.1
The share of private expenditure on tertiary institutions increased from 25% in 2000 to 31% in 2011
Share of private expenditure on tertiary educational institutions (2000, 2008 and 2011)
Ch
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Ko
rea
Un
ited
Kin
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Jap
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Un
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De
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No
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y
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
902011 2008 2000%
Chart B3.3 - T
Nearly 22% of public spending on tertiary education is devoted to supporting students, households and other private entities
Public support for tertiary education (2011)
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Slo
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a
Den
mar
k
Italy
Chi
le
Slo
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Rep
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Aus
tria
Ger
man
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Por
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Bel
gium
Latv
ia
Fin
land
Aus
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Net
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and
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Pol
and
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Mex
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Bra
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Indo
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Arg
entin
a
Japa
n
Icel
and
0 5
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75
Scholarships/ other grants to households Transfers and payments to other private entities
Student loans% of total public expenditure on
tertiary education
Chart B5.3. Public subsidies for education in tertiary ed-ucation (2005)
Public subsidies for education to households and other pri -vate entities as a percentage of total public expenditure on
education, by type of subsidy
Chart B5.3
The net public return on investment for a man in tertiary education is over USD 100 000, while the net private return is over USD 180 000
Net private and public returns associated with a man attaining tertiary education (2010)
Tur
key
Den
mar
k
Spa
in
Est
onia
Sw
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New
Zea
land
Gre
ece
Kor
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Japa
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Can
ada
Slo
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Rep
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Pol
and
Nor
way
Isra
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Cze
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Fra
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Aus
tral
ia
Fin
land
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ave
rage
Por
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EU
21 a
vera
ge
Aus
tria
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
Net
herla
nds
Italy
Bel
gium
Slo
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a
Ger
man
y
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Hun
gary
Irel
and 0
50 000
100 000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300 000
350 000
400 000
450 000
500 000Private net returns Public net returns
Eq
uiv
ale
nt U
SD
Chart A7.1
Qualification levels have risen markedly…
…but don’t always translate into strong foundation skills
19
Close to 40% of a cohort now obtain a university degreeAnd almost 60% of today’s school leavers are entering university-level education
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
1995
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)
Cost
per
stu
dent
Graduate supply
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
1995
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate (%)
Cost
per
stu
dent
Graduate supply
United States
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2000
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
United Kingdom
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2001
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2002
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2003
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2004
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2005
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2006
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2007
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2008
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2009 Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2010
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2011
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2011
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
IcelandPoland
UK
Australia
New Zealand
AustraliaAustriaBelgiumCanadaChileCzech RepublicDenmarkEstoniaFinlandFranceGermanyGreeceHungaryIcelandIrelandIsraelItalyJapanKoreaLuxembourgMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwayPolandPortugalSlovak RepublicSloveniaSpainSwedenSwitzerlandTurkeyUnited KingdomUnited States
A world of change – higher education
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 700
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
2011
Expendit
ure
per
stu
dent
at
tert
iary
level
(US
D)
Tertiary-type A graduation rate
US
P
More people benefit from education than ever before
25-34 and 55-64 year-olds, and percentage-point difference between these two groups
Isra
el
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Ge
rma
ny
Bra
zil
Est
on
ia
Au
stri
a
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Fin
lan
d
Ch
ile
Tu
rke
y
Ita
ly
De
nm
ark
Me
xico
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Ca
na
da
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Ice
lan
d
Au
stra
lia
Gre
ece
Sw
ed
en
EU
21
Ave
rag
e
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
No
rwa
y
Hu
ng
ary
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
La
tvia
Po
rtu
ga
l
Be
lgiu
m
Slo
ven
ia
Sp
ain
Fra
nce
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Ire
lan
d
Jap
an
Po
lan
d
Ko
rea
- 10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Difference between the 25-34 and 55-64 year-old population with tertiary education (right axis)Proportion of the 25-34 year-old population with tertiary education (left axis)Proportion of the 55-64 year-old population with tertiary education (left axis)
%
Chart A1.3
Percentage points
Nearly 60% of young adults are expected to enter university programmes
Entry rates into tertiary-type A education (2012)
Au
stra
liaL
atv
iaIc
ela
nd
Po
lan
dN
ew
Ze
ala
nd
No
rwa
yS
love
nia
De
nm
ark
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Ko
rea
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Fin
lan
dN
eth
erl
an
ds
Po
rtu
ga
lS
lova
k R
ep
ub
licS
we
de
nIs
rae
lC
zech
Re
pu
blic
Arg
en
tina
Sa
ud
i Ara
bia
OE
CD
ave
rag
eE
U2
1 a
vera
ge
Ire
lan
dH
un
ga
ryG
erm
an
yA
ust
ria
Sp
ain
Jap
an
Ch
ileIta
lyS
witz
erl
an
dE
sto
nia
Fra
nce
Tu
rke
yG
ree
ceM
exi
coB
elg
ium
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Ind
on
esi
aC
hin
a
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
All students Excluding international students
Chart C3.1
%
Women are more likely than men to earn a university degree, but less likely a doctorate
Percentage of graduas teawarded to women by level of educatio()
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Advanced research qualifications Tertiary-type A first degree
Chart A3_Gender
Women are under-represented in some fields of education
Percentage of tertiary degrees awarded to women, by field of education (2012)P
ola
nd
Est
on
ia
Ice
lan
d
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Slo
ven
ia
Bra
zil
Sw
ed
en
Hu
ng
ary
Italy
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Arg
en
tina
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Fin
lan
d
No
rwa
y
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Po
rtu
ga
l
Ca
na
da
De
nm
ark
Isra
el
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Au
stra
lia
Sp
ain
Ire
lan
d
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Ch
ile
Fra
nce
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Au
stri
a
Be
lgiu
m
Ge
rma
ny
Me
xico
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Tu
rke
y
Ko
rea
Jap
an
0
20
40
60
80
100
Education Health and welfare Science Engineering, manufacturing and construction All fields
Chart A.3 - Field
Qualification levels have risen markedly…
…but don’t always translate into strong foundation skills
40
Literacy proficiency is determined by educational attainment but not in the same way across countries
Mean literacy score, by educational attainment (2012)Ja
pan
Net
herla
nds
Fin
land
Sw
eden
Aus
tral
ia
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Fla
nder
s (B
elgi
um)
Nor
way
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Ave
rage
Pol
and
Aus
tria
Eng
land
/N. I
rela
nd (
UK
)
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Fra
nce
Ger
man
y
Den
mar
k
Irel
and
Kor
ea
Can
ada
Est
onia
Spa
in
Italy
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
Below upper secondary education Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education
Tertiary education
Chart A1.4
The shares of highly literate tertiary graduates are very different across countries
Percentage of adults scoring at literacy proficiency Level 4/5, by educational attainment (2012)
Japa
n
Fin
land
Net
herla
nds
Sw
eden
Aus
tral
ia
Nor
way
Fla
nder
s (B
elgi
um)
Eng
land
/N. I
rela
nd (
UK
)
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
Ave
rage
Pol
and
Can
ada
Aus
tria
Ger
man
y
Irel
and
Fra
nce
Den
mar
k
Est
onia
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Kor
ea
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
Spa
in
Italy
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Below upper secondary education Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education
Tertiary education%
Chart A1.5
The rising tide has not lifted all boats…
…and in some countries educational mobility is slowing down
43
Between 20% and 60% of adults are more educated than their parents
Percentage of 25-64 year-old non-students whose educational attainment is higher than (upward mobility) or lower than (downward mobility) that of their parents
Cze
ch R
ep
u...
Ge
rma
ny
Au
stri
a
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Slo
vak
Re
pu
...
Italy
No
rwa
y
De
nm
ark
En
gla
nd
/N. I
...
Sp
ain
Ave
rag
e
Au
stra
lia
Jap
an
Sw
ed
en
Est
on
ia
Ca
na
da
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Po
lan
d
Ire
lan
d
Fra
nce
Fla
nd
ers
(B
e...
Fin
lan
d
Ko
rea
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
...
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100Downward mobility Upward mobility%
Chart A4.3 - Mob
In most countries, upward educational mobility tends to slow down in the younger generations
Proportion of upward mobility across age groups
55-64 45-54 35-44 25-34 15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Average France Germany ItalySpain Sweden United States England/N. Ireland (UK)
Age groups
Up
wa
rd M
ob
ility
Graph Mobility A4
Equitable access to tertiary education and educational mobility are not the same thing
Relationship between the share of upward mobility among 25-34 year-olds and the likelihood of participating in tertiary education (values in reverse order)
012345678910 10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Australia
Austria
CanadaDenmark
Estonia
FinlandFrance
Germany
IrelandItaly
Japan
Korea
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Spain
SwedenUS
FlandersEngland/N. IrelandAverage
Odds ratio
Upward mobility
less equitable accesslow educational mobility
less equitable accesshigh educational mobility
more equitable accesshigh educational mobility
more equitable accesslow educational mobility
Mobility Odds A4
Those who need lifelong learning most get the least of it
Adult participation in formal and/or non-formal education, by employment status (2012)
Fin
lan
d
De
nm
ark
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Sw
ed
en
No
rwa
y
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Ca
na
da
En
gla
nd
/N. I
rela
nd
(U
K)
Au
stra
lia
Ire
lan
d
Est
on
ia
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Ave
rag
e
Ge
rma
ny
Ko
rea
Fla
nd
ers
(B
elg
ium
)
Au
stri
a
Sp
ain
Jap
an
Po
lan
d
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Fra
nce
Italy
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%
Chart C6.3
In 2012, 15% of 15-29 year-olds in OECD countries were neither employed nor in education or training, on average
NEET population among 15-29 year-olds (2012) and change between 2011 and 2012
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Lu
xem
bo
urg
No
rwa
y
Ice
lan
d
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Sw
ed
en
Au
stri
a
Ge
rma
ny
Slo
ven
ia
Au
stra
lia
Fin
lan
d
De
nm
ark
Ca
na
da
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Gre
ece
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Be
lgiu
m
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Isra
el
Est
on
ia
Po
lan
d
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Fra
nce
Po
rtu
ga
l
Ko
rea
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Hu
ng
ary
Bra
zil
Ire
lan
d
Me
xico
Ch
ile
Italy
Sp
ain
Tu
rke
y
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
%
Chart C5.1
Education is internationalising rapidily…
…but not all countries benefit equally from that development.
49
In 2012, more than 4.5 million students were enrolled in tertiary education outside their country of citizenship Chart C4.1
Evolution in the number of students enrolled outside their country of citizenship, by region of destination (2000 to 2012)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 20120
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
3500000
4000000
4500000
5000000
Worldwide OECD G20 countries EuropeNorth America Oceania
Million students
In 2012, more than one in two foreign students were enrolled in Australia, Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom or the United States
Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by country of destination (2012)
United States¹ 16%
United Kingdom¹ 13%
Germany 6%
France 6%Australia¹,³ 6%Canada² 5%
Russian Federation 4%
Japan 3%
Spain 2%China 2%Italy 2%
Austria 2%New Zealand 2%
South Africa 2%Switzerland 1%Netherlands 1%
Korea 1%Belgium 1%
Other OECD countries 8%
Other non-OECD countries 17%
Chart C4.2
New players are emerging in the international education market
Trends in international education market shares (2000, 2012). Percentage of all foreign tertiary students enrolled, by destination
Uni
ted
Sta
te
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
Ger
man
y
Fra
nce
Aus
tral
ia
Can
ada
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
Japa
n
Spa
in
Chi
na
Italy
Aus
tria
New
Zea
land
Sou
th A
fric
a
Sw
itzer
land
Net
herla
nds
Kor
ea
Bel
gium
Oth
er O
EC
D
Oth
er G
0 an
d no
n-O
EC
D
0
5
10
15
20
25
20002012
Market share (%)
OECD countries Other G20 and non-OECD countries
20002012
Chart C4.3
More than half of foreign students in tertiary education come from Asia
Distribution of foreign students in tertiary education, by region of origin (2012)
Asia 53%
Europe 23%
Africa 12%
Latin America and the Caribbean 6%
North America 3%Oceania 1%
Not specified 3%
Chart C4.5
Rising benefits for those who are well educated…
…growing costs for those who are not.
54
The employment benefit of tertiary education is significant, but varies across countries
Employment rates among 25-64 year-olds, by educational attainment (2012)
Icel
and
Nor
way
Sw
itzer
land
Sw
eden
Ger
man
y
Net
herla
nds
Aus
tria
Den
mar
k
Latv
ia
Bra
zil
Slo
veni
a
Isra
el
Luxe
mbo
urg
Pol
and
Bel
gium
Aus
tral
ia
Fra
nce
Fin
land
Chi
le
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
New
Zea
land
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
OE
CD
ave
rage
EU
21
aver
age
Rus
sian
Fed
erat
ion
Est
onia
Por
tuga
l
Can
ada
Mex
ico
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Irel
and
Japa
n
Hun
gary
Italy
Spa
in
Kor
ea
Tur
key
Gre
ece
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Below upper secondary education Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education Tertiary education%
Chart A5.1
Adults with a tertiary degree will earn 75% more than those with only upper secondary education
Relative earnings of workers, by educational attainment and gender (2012); upper secondary education = 100
Hu
ng
ary
Gre
ece
Slo
ven
ia
Tu
rke
y
Ire
lan
d
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Au
stri
a
Po
lan
d
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Fra
nce
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Ge
rma
ny
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Lu
xem
bo
urg
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Po
rtu
ga
l
Isra
el
Fin
lan
d
Ca
na
da
Italy
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Sp
ain
Ko
rea
Au
stra
lia
Jap
an
Sw
ed
en
De
nm
ark
Be
lgiu
m
Est
on
ia
No
rwa
y
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d 100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
Men Women
Tertiary-type A or advanced research pro-grammes
Index
Chart A6.1 - T
Adults with below upper secondary education will earn around 22% less than those with upper secondary education
Relative earnings of workers, by educational attainment and gender (2012); upper secondary education = 100
Be
lgiu
m
Fin
lan
d
Est
on
ia
Fra
nce
Ge
rma
ny
Ca
na
da
Po
lan
d
Au
stra
lia
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Sw
ed
en
Gre
ece
Hu
ng
ary
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Ire
lan
d
Sp
ain
Slo
ven
ia
De
nm
ark
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
No
rwa
y
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Italy
Ko
rea
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Jap
an
Au
stri
a
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Po
rtu
ga
l
Tu
rke
y
Isra
el
Ch
ile
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Bra
zil
- 60
- 50
- 40
- 30
- 20
- 10
0
Men Women
Below upper secondary education
Index
Chart A6.1 - B
…and its about more than money.
58
Education and skills both contribute to better social outcomes
Proportion of adults reporting that they are in good health
Below upper secondary education
Upper sec-ondary or post-sec-
ondary non-tertiary educa-
tion
Tertiary ed-ucation
All 50
60
70
80
90
100Level 1 or below Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 or 5
Chart A8.1 - H
%
Below upper secondary education
Upper sec-ondary or post-sec-
ondary non-tertiary educa-
tion
Tertiary ed-ucation
All 10
20
30
40
50
60Level 1 or below Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 or 5%
Below upper secondary education
Upper sec-ondary or post-
secondary non-tertiary education
Tertiary educa-tion
All 5
10
15
20
25
30Level 1 or below Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 or 5
%
Below upper secondary education
Upper sec-ondary or post-
secondary non-tertiary education
Tertiary educa-tion
All 5
10
15
20
25
30 Level 1 or below Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 or 5%
Proportion of adults reporting that they believe they have a say in government
Proportion of adults reporting that they volunteer at least once a month
Proportion of adults reporting that they can trust others
60
60 Thank you
Find out more about our work at www.oecd.org/eag/eag2014– The publication– The methodologies– The complete database
Email: [email protected]: SchleicherEDU
and remember:Without data, you are just another person with an opinion
Some 80% of current expenditure goes to compensating education staff
Distribution of current expenditure by educational institutions for primary, secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education (2011)M
exic
o
Arg
entin
a
Por
tuga
l
Col
ombi
a
Bel
gium
Tur
key
Japa
n
Luxe
mbo
urg
Isra
el
Sw
itzer
land
Uni
ted
Kin
gdom
Net
herla
nds
Spa
in
Irel
and
Italy
Ger
man
y
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
Fra
nce
Nor
way
OE
CD
ave
rage
Slo
veni
a
Can
ada
Bra
zil
Aus
tral
ia
Aus
tria
Icel
and
Latv
ia
EU
21 a
vera
ge
Indo
nesi
a
Hun
gary
Kor
ea
Den
mar
k
Sw
eden
Slo
vak
Rep
ublic
Fin
land
Cze
ch R
epub
lic
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Compensation of all staff Other current expenditure
% of current expenditure
Chart B6.1
The proportion of young people who work part time or full time while studying has increased since 2006 Chart C5.4 -
IE
OECD average proportion of 15-29 year-olds employed part time or full time, in education (2006-2011)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
25.0
30.0
35.0
40.0
7.43 7.66 8.02 7.69 7.73 7.84 8.17
In education, employed PT
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
5.07 5.34 5.44 5.33 5.12 5.24 5.56
In education, employed FT
%
%
Among those not in education, full-time employment decreased between 2005 and 2011, only partially offset by an increase in part-time employment Chart C5.4 -
NE
OECD average proportion of 15-29 year-olds employed part time or full time, not in education (2006-2011)
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
4.82 4.75 4.69 4.88 5.13 5.24 5.49
Not in education, employed PT
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 20110.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.0034.34 34.86 35.17
32.85 31.33 31.52 30.22
Not in education, employed FT %
%
Prevalence of part-time work among young people differs significantly among countries
Proportion of 15-29 year-olds employed who are employed part time (2012)
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Hu
ng
ary
Est
on
ia
Po
lan
d
Tu
rke
y
Gre
ece
Ko
rea
Lu
xem
bo
urg
Ch
ile
Au
stri
a
Fra
nce
Sw
itze
rla
nd
Ge
rma
ny
EU
21
ave
rag
e
Be
lgiu
m
Slo
ven
ia
Sp
ain
Italy
OE
CD
ave
rag
e
Isra
el
Fin
lan
d
Un
ited
Kin
gd
om
Sw
ed
en
Ire
lan
d
Me
xico
Ne
w Z
ea
lan
d
Un
ited
Sta
tes
No
rwa
y
Ca
na
da
Au
stra
lia
Ice
lan
d
Jap
an
De
nm
ark
Ne
the
rla
nd
s 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Chart C5.4 - PT
%
More than 50% of adults participate in formal and/or non-formal education in a given year
Adult participation in formal and/or non-formal education (2012)
Fin
lan
d
De
nm
ark
Sw
ed
en
No
rwa
y
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Ca
na
da
En
gla
nd
/N. I
rela
nd
(U
K)
Au
stra
lia
Ge
rma
ny
Est
on
ia
Ave
rag
e
Ire
lan
d
Ko
rea
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Fla
nd
ers
(B
elg
ium
)
Au
stri
a
Sp
ain
Jap
an
Fra
nce
Po
lan
d
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Italy
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
66 66 66 64 6459 58 56 56 53 53 51 51 50 50 49 48 47
4236 35 33
2520
%
Chart C6.1
About 51% of adults participate in formal and/or non-formal education, on average
Participation in formal and/or non-formal education (2012)
Jap
an
Fra
nce
Ko
rea
Cze
ch R
ep
ub
lic
Italy
Slo
vak
Re
pu
blic
Ru
ssia
n F
ed
era
tion
Au
stri
a
Ge
rma
ny
Po
lan
d
Fla
nd
ers
(B
elg
ium
)
Est
on
ia
Ave
rag
e
Sp
ain
Sw
ed
en
De
nm
ark
Ne
the
rla
nd
s
Ca
na
da
Un
ited
Sta
tes
Ire
lan
d
Fin
lan
d
En
gla
nd
/N. I
rela
nd
(U
K)
No
rwa
y
Au
stra
lia
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Formal education only Both formal and non-formal education Non-formal education only No participation%
Chart C6.6
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