Economic Influences Religious InfluencesP
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Social In
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Intellectual Influences
Germanic tribes conquered old Roman Empire Territories
Kingdom of the Franks
• 510 C.E. – Established by Clovis
• Clovis = 1st Germanic ruler to convert to Christianity
Charles Martel defeated the Muslims
** Stopped Muslim conquest of Northern Europe
732 C.E. – Battle of Tours
Carolingian Empire (768 – 814)
• Intelligent,, fierce warrior, strong statesman
• Created Missi Dominici = king’s messengers
• Strengthened Frankish military
Patron of Latin culture Established monastic and palace schools
- Scriptoria = copied Latin texts & the Bible
Charlemagne
800: Crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III
1st Roman Emperor since 476
Symbolized the emergence of the Middle Ages (500-1500)
Blended Roman, Christian, & Germanic elements
A Germanic king was crowned by a Roman pope (spiritual leader of western Christendom)
5th Century = Angles & Saxons, Germanic tribes, invaded England
1066 = Battle of Hastings
William of Normandy defeated King Harold
William gave each knight a fief
Knights swore loyalty to William
French = the language of the Nobility
England
THE BAYEUX TAPESTRY (CIRCA 1070A.D.): CELEBRATING THE NORMAN CONQUEST OF ENGLAND IN 1066
William built the Tower of London
Consolidated Power
Census
Domesday Book
1st census in Rome since the Roman Empire
Henry II (1154 – 1189)
Common Law
Tried to impose his will on the Church
Thomas Becket martyred
1215 – King John signed the Magna Carta
Limited the King’s power
Spelled out king/vassal relationship
1295 – King Edward I established Parliament = 1st representative assembly
1302 French King Phillip IV created the Estates-General
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The Fall of the Western Roman Empire
By 395 AD, the Roman Empire was formally divided into two empires: East and West. With the invasion of Germanic forces from the north, the Western Roman Empire was conquered and further divided. This left the eastern part of the Roman empire to carry on the Greco-Roman tradition.
Glencoe Chapter Transparency 9, Copyright by The McGraw Hill Companies, Inc.• Constantinople was the capital of Byzantium for almost 1,000 years
• Constantinople is called Istanbul today
•The Golden Horn = inlet off of the Bosporus that forms a natural harbor
Byzantine Empire At first, this Empire
controlled only a small area around the eastern Mediterranean, but during the reign of Justinian (527-565), it started to recover much of the territory of the old Roman empire.
Justinian and TheodoraJustinian ruled as
an autocrat with the help of Theodora. Created a huge Christian empire
Empire reached its greatest size
Autocrat – ruler who has Autocrat – ruler who has complete authoritycomplete authority
The Byzantine Empire Under Justinian
This map depicts the Empire at the death of Justinian I, who had reigned from 527 to 565 as sole Emperor, sometimes in concert, and sometimes in conflict, with his powerful wife Theodora.
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The New Rome The Byzantine Empire
was wealthy and produced: gold, silk, grain, olives and wine. It traded these for spices, ivory and precious stones from countries as far away as China and India along the Silk Road trade routes.
The Silk Road
Justinian and TheodoraJustinian ruled as
an autocrat with the help of Theodora. Created a huge Christian empire
Empire reached its greatest size
Built Hagia Sophia
Justinian and Theodora
Justinian ruled as an autocrat with the help of Theodora. Created a huge Christian empire
Empire reached its greatest size
Built Hagia SophiaRebuilt the
Hippodrome
Justinian and TheodoraJustinian ruled as an
autocrat with the help of Theodora. Created a huge Christian empire
Empire reached its greatest size
Built Hagia SophiaBuilt HippodromeCreated Justinian’s
Code – which organized all the laws of ancient Rome.
Justinian’s Code of Laws• Laws were fairer to women. They could own
property and raise their own children after their husbands died.
• Children allowed to choose their own marriage partners.
• Slavery was legal and slaves must obey their masters.
• Punishments were detailed and fit the crime• His work inspired the modern concept and,
indeed, the very spelling of "justice".
Roman Law
Europe
Christianity
Missionaries
Eastern Europe
Christian Art
EuropeArchitectur
eMiddle EastConques
tsEastWest
Constantinople
Trade
Asia Africa
Europe
Classical and Christian Learning
Byzantine Empire
Europe
The End of the Byzantine Empire
• The Byzantine empire drew to a close in 1453 when forces from the Muslim Ottoman Empire surrounded and conquered Constantinople.
• The ancient Christian city was renamed Istanbul and became the capital of the Ottoman Empire.
• 9th & 10th Centuries = Another wave of Barbarian Invasions
Islamic
Germanic tribes from Scandinavia
Raided Northern Europe 9th-11th Centuries
Fierce warriors
Greatly Feared
Called Barbarians
Sacked towns, destroyed churches, raped, and pillaged
• Scandinavia
- Harsh land
- Scarce food
- Clan warfare
• Built long ships = Dragon Ships
• Sailed up European rivers and attacked far inland
• Established settlements
- Kiev = (Rus)
- Normandy (France)
- Jorvik (Britain)
Kievan Rus• Begun by invasion of
Viking tribes – also known as Slavs – from north of the Baltic.
• Both trade partner and sometime enemy of the Byzantine Empire.
Rulers of the Kievan Rus Vladimir I (980)
(980) Vladimir I – Extremely war like ruler of Kiev. Invited missionaries from Judaism, Islam and Christianity to offer reasons for conversion.Married the Byzantine emperor’s sister.Brought Christianity and Greco-Roman civilization to Russia.
Rulers of the Kievan RusYaroslav I (1010 – 1054)
(1010 – 1054) Yaroslav I – 1010 – 1054) Yaroslav I – Created a Russian law code based Created a Russian law code based on Justinian’s Code.on Justinian’s Code.
Instituted a Golden Age of Instituted a Golden Age of Kievan Russia. Built churches and Kievan Russia. Built churches and a new capital city.a new capital city.
Allied Russia with the restAllied Russia with the rest of Europe by marrying his of Europe by marrying his children to European rulers.children to European rulers.
Rulers of the Kievan RusIvan the Great (1462-1505)
(1462-1505) Ivan I or Ivan the Great – absolute ruler. Took the title of czarCzar – Absolute ruler of Russia: from Roman word – CaesarDefeated the Mongols, who had gained control of RussiaExtended Russian territory
Ivan the Terrible
• (1530-1584) Ivan the Terrible -Centralized royal power
• Introduced new laws that tied Russian serfs to the land
• Used agents of terror to consolidate his power
• Had thousands of people killed because he suspected a plot.
Mongol Empire• Genghiz Khan –
Conquered China in early 1200s
• Kublai Khan – Extended Mongol control over most of Asia, Russia and eastern Europe in Hungary. Traded extensively with the West. Entertained Marco Polo.
• Pax Mongolia – largest empire in the world.
• Superb horsemen
• Covered 120 miles a day
• Cut their horse’s leg and drank the blood if thirsty
• Invented the stirrup• Ride and shoot arrows• Greatly feared• “Barbaric”
Islam
Main result: engendered hate & distrust between Muslims & Christians for centuries
Exposed Crusaders to new goods from Asia & Africa
Crusaders shared these goods with other Europeans
Increased the demand for spices, silk, etc.
Encouraged the Age of Exploration to search for new routes
3rd Crusade = 1204, Crusaders sacked Constantinople
Venetian merchants encouraged the Crusaders Jealous of Constantinople’s economic competition 1261, Byzantines regained control of the city Byzantine empire never regained its former glory “Limped along” until conquered by the Ottomans in 1453
•10th century = Holy Roman Emperor
•Saxon dukes united parts of the eastern Frankish empire
•Modern day Germany
•Contained parts of Germany, Switzerland, Austria, eastern France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Poland, Czechoslavakia, and Italy
• Slavs settled Eastern & Southern Europe
• Western Slavs
• Poland, Hungary, Czechs in Bohemia
• Christians
• Roman Catholics
• Southern Slavs
• Moravians, Croats, Serbs, Bulgarians
• Eastern Orthodox
Barbarian invasions threatened European safety & stability
Led to the development of Feudalism
Characteristic Noblespage 295
Peasantspage 317-319
Monks/Nunspage 325-326
Obligations Vassals –
Knights –
• Serfs -
Rights and Benefits
• Feudal Contract –
• Fief
• Manor
• Manorialism
Protection by the Lord
Lives • Tournaments
• Chivalry
• Aristocratic Women
• Eleanor of Aquitaine
Life of religious service
Inquisition -
heresy -
Feudalism -
Define, page 293
Feudalism -
• Christianity spread throughout Europe by the 4th Century
• Church controlled all aspects of life
• Church hierarchy
• Pope Gregory
- Monasticism
- Nunneries
-Helped spread Christianity to Eastern Europe & the Slavs
• 1054: Schism = Catholic Church split:
Roman Catholic
Eastern Orthodox
• Crusades: 1096-1204
• 1233 - Inquisition
Started in Spain
Reaction to Muslim Rule
1000s accused of heresy
• 1492 – Reconquista = Ferdinand & Isabella defeat the Moors at Granada and end Muslim rule in Spain
Conversion to Christianity made them a part of the European civilization
Feudal structure
Development of the mercantile class
Burghers = bourgeoisie
Trade guilds
High Middle Ages = population doubled
In 1000 C.E., Agricultural Revolution
3-field system
Manorial system
$ economy
1347-1353 = economic crisis
1347-1353
China: killed 35,000,000 = 2/3 population
Southwest Asia: 4,000,000
Europe: 20-25,000,000 = 1/3 population
= Worldwide epidemic
Carried by the Mongol army along the Silk Road
Spread by Italian merchants from Caffa on the Black Sea
• Causes: black rats carried fleas from 1 to another
• Fleas carried the bacillus = Yersinia pestis
• Europeans didn’t bathe = fleas and lice
• People dumped trash & sewage = attracted more rats
Symtoms
Painful swellings = buboes
Usually in the armpits & groin
Purplish or blackish spots on the skin
Extremely high fever, chills, delirium & death
• Anti-Semitism
• Abandoned families
• Loss of religious faith
• Weakened the power of the Church
Social Consequences
• Trade declined
• Labor shortages
• Ended serfdom
Economic Consequences
Civilization both in the East and the West was visited by a destructive plague which devastated nations and caused populations to vanish. It swallowed up many of the good things of civilization and wiped them out... Civilization decreased with the decrease of mankind. Cities and building were laid waste, roads and way signs were obliterated, settlements and mansions became empty, dynasties and tribes grew weak. The entire inhabited world changed.
-Ibn Khaldun, Persian historian
Plague’s effects in Marseilles, France
Peter Bruegel (the elder) "Triumph of Death" (Black Plague)
European painting of the Black Death
Doctor Death
Why is he dressed like this?
Notre Dame
Romanesque & Gothic Churches
Canterbury Cathedral
1. Keep2. Watch Tower 3. Bailey 4. Wallwalk 5. Merlon 6. Crenel 7. Round Tower 8. Machicolation 9. Loophole 10. Hoard 11. Curtain 12. Moat 13. Gate-house 14. Draw-bridge 15. Barbican 16. Postern 17. Breteche 18. Lord’s residence 19. Ditch 20. Square tower 21. Bulwark 22. Embrasure 23. Casemate 24. Palisade
Cowney Castle
Arundel Castle
Rhodes castle
Universities
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