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Chapter 52Chapter 52
An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
PowerPoint® Lecture Presentations for
BiologyEighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
• Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 52-1 Fig. 52-2Organismalecology
Populationecology
Communityecology
Ecosystemcosysteecology
Landscapeecology
Globalecology
Fig. 52-3
TroughPipePipe
“Dry” “Wet” “Ambient”
Fig. 52-4
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• Biotic factors: living factors
• Abiotic factors: nonliving factors
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Fig. 52-5Kangaroos/km2
0–0.10.1–11–55–1010–20> 20Limits ofdistribution
Fig. 52-7
Current
1966
1970
1965 1960
19611958 1943
Dispersal
1958
1951
19431937
1956
1970
Fig. 52-8
RESULTS
Sea urchin
100
80
60Limpetd
cove
r (%
)
Both limpets and urchinsremoved
Only urchinsremoved
40
20
0
Limpet
Seaw
eed
Only limpets removedControl (both urchinsand limpets present)
August1982
August1983
February1983
February1984
Fig. 52-9 Fig. 52-11
Labradorcurrent
Gulfstream
Equator
Cold water
3
Fig. 52-10b
Low angle of incoming sunlight
Sun directly overhead at equinoxes 0º (equator)
30ºN
60ºN
23.5ºN (Tropic ofCancer)
90ºN (North Pole)
Low angle of incoming sunlight
Atmosphere90ºS (South Pole)60ºS
30ºS
23.5ºS (Tropic ofCapricorn)
Fig. 52-10c
March equinox
60ºN30ºN
0º (equator)
30ºSJune solstice
Constant tiltof 23.5º
September equinox
December solstice
Fig. 52-10e
Descendingdry airabsorbsmoisture
Descendingdry airabsorbsmoisture
Ascending
60ºN
30ºN
0º Ascendingmoist airreleasesmoisture
Aridzone
Aridzone
Tropics30º 23.5º 0º 23.5º 30º
0(equator)
30ºS
60ºS
Fig. 52-10f
0º
30ºN
66.5ºN(Arctic Circle)
60ºNWesterlies
Northeast tradesDoldrums 0
(equator)
30ºS
60ºS66.5ºS(Antarctic Circle)
Southeast trades
Westerlies
Fig. 52-12
Warm airover land rises.1
23
4
Air cools athigh elevation.
Cool air over watermoves inland replacing
Coolerair sinksover water.
moves inland, replacingrising warm air over land.
Fig. 52-13
Winddirection
Leeward sideof mountain
direction
Mountainrange
Ocean
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Fig. 52-14
CurrentrangePredictedrangeOverlap
(a) 4.5ºC warming overnext century
(b) 6.5ºC warming overnext century
Fig. 52-15
LakesCoral reefsRiversOceanicpelagic andbenthic zonesEstuariesIntertidal zones
Tropic ofCancer
30ºN
Aquatic biomes
EquatorTropic ofCapricorn
30ºS
Fig. 52-16a
Littoralzone Limnetic
zone
Photiczone
PelagiczoneBenthic
zone Aphoticzone
(a) Zonation in a lake
Fig. 52-16b
Benthic Aphotic
Pelagiczone
Continentalshelf
200 mPhotic zone
0
Oceanic zoneNeritic zone
Intertidal zone
(b) Marine zonation
2,000–6,000 mAbyssal zone
zone zone
Fig. 52-17-5
Winter Spring Summer Autumn
Thermocline (躍溫層)
4º4º
4º
4ºC
4º4º
Thermocline
4º4º
4º
4ºC
4º4º
4º4º
4º4ºC
2º0º
4ºC5º6º
8º18º
20º22º
Turnover (翻轉)
Fig. 52-18a
An oligotrophic lake in GrandTeton National Park, Wyoming
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Fig. 52-18b
A eutrophic lake in theOkavango Delta, Botswana
Fig. 52-18c
Wetland
Okefenokee National Wetland Reserve in Georgia
Video: Swans Taking FlightVideo: Swans Taking Flight
Fig. 52-18d
A headwater stream in the GreatSmoky Mountains
Fig. 52-18e
The Mississippi River far fromits headwaters
Fig. 52-18f
An estuary in a low coastal plain of Georgia
Video: Flapping GeeseVideo: Flapping Geese
Fig. 52-18g
Rocky intertidal zone on the Oregon coast
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Fig. 52-18h
Oceanic Pelagic Zone
Open ocean off the island of Hawaii
Video: Shark Eating a SealVideo: Shark Eating a Seal
Fig. 52-18i
A coral reef in the Red Sea
Video: Coral ReefVideo: Coral Reef Video: Clownfish and AnemoneVideo: Clownfish and Anemone
Fig. 52-18j
A deep-sea hydrothermal vent community
Video: Hydrothermal VentVideo: Hydrothermal Vent Video: TubewormsVideo: Tubeworms
Fig. 52-19
Tropical forest
Savanna
Desert
Chaparral
TemperategrasslandTemperate
30ºNTropic ofCancerEquator
Terrestrial Biome
Temperatebroadleaf forestNorthernconiferous forestTundra
High mountains
Polar ice
EquatorTropic ofCapricorn
30ºS
Fig. 52-20
Tropical forestTemperate grasslandDesert
Temperatebroadleafforestm
pera
ture
(ºC
) 30
15forest
NorthernconiferousforestArctic andalpinetundraAn
nual
mea
n te
m
Annual mean precipitation (cm)
0
0–15
100 200 300 400
Ecotone
Fig. 52-21a
A tropical rain forest in Borneo
Tropical Forest
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Fig. 52-21b
A desert in the southwesternUnited States
Desert
Fig. 52-21c
A savanna in Kenya
Savanna (莽原)
Fig. 52-21d
An area of chaparralin California
Chaparral (夏旱灌叢)
Fig. 52-21e
Sheyenne National Grasslandin North Dakota
Temperate Grassland
Fig. 52-21f
Rocky Mountain National Parkin Colorado
Northern Coniferous Forest
Fig. 52-21g
Great Smoky MountainsNational Park in North Carolina
Temperate Broadleaf Forest
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