ECOLOGICAL PROFILE OF
COASTAL TALUKAS
AROUND GULF OF KHAMBHAT
Gujarat Ecology CommissionGovernment of Gujarat
ECOLOGICAL PROFILE OF
COASTAL TALUKAS
AROUND GULF OF KHAMBHAT
Gujarat Ecology CommissionGandhinagar
2011
Principal Coordinator
E. Balagurusamy IFSPrincipal Chief Conservator of Forests & Member Secretary, GEC
Joint Coordinator
C. H. Pandya IFSConservator of Forest & Director, GEC
Project Inputs
Nischal JoshiLomesh Brahambhatt
Research Personals
Ankur PatelKrupa Jha
Pranav PandyaKamini Patel
Devarshi Bhavsar
Project Consultant
Dr. Arun M. Dixit
Photographs
Ankur Patel, Manoj Dholakia
MESSAGE
There has been a remarkable progress in terms of economic growth which has brought
immense benefits to the people. The poverty has fallen and industrialization has
accelerated. This process, however, creates significant challenges for managing pressures
on natural resources and the environment necessary for sustaining these accomplishments.
Realising these challenges, Government of Gujarat has taken number of steps which
called for a fundamental shift in the priority given to the environment and their regulatory
approach to environmental management.
This report on Ecological Profile of Coastal Talukas along the Gulf of Khambhat is a
contribution to the process of detailing and implementing this strategic vision of the
Government of Gujarat. It is the product of a continuous process of primary data collection
from the field as well as frequent personal contacts with allied sectors for the collection of
secondary data. Efforts have been made to analyse and correlate the available information
with the actual field conditions.
I am sure this document will come in handy to various stakeholders including decision
makers in striking a balance between the economic growths and protecting our biological
heritage in the process of achieving a sustainable development.
I congratulate Gujarat Ecology Commission for publishing this document which would go
a long way in conserving the coastal natural resources in times to come.
Dr. S.K. Nanda, IAS Principal Secretary Forests & Environment Dept., Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar
PREFACE
The state of Gujarat is predominately an arid and semi-arid region. But, due to its
geographical position and topographical variations, it is quite rich in its ecological wealth
ranging from grasslands, forests (thorny scrub to canopy forests), wetlands, saline deserts
and the coastal systems. However, most of these ecological systems are facing threats
of different anthropogenic pressure. Considering the length and width of the state,
and spatio-temporal variability of different resources, development of a computerized
information system is the most appropriate answer for cost- effective planning and
management of various natural resources of the State.
As part of the creation of ecological databank, commission has launched project
entitled preparation of Taluka level Ecological Profile with financial support of Forest &
Environment Department, Govt. of Gujarat. As a part of this exercise GEC had prepared
comprehensive ecological profile of 19 talukas located around Gulf of Khambhat. The
taluka includes Umbergaon, Jalalpore, Chorasi, Olpad, Hansot, Valsad, Jambusar, Vagra,
Dhandhuka, Bhavnagar, Ghogha, Talaja, Mahuva, Rajula, Jafrabad, Una, Kodinar, Gandevi
and Khambhat.
Main objectives of this exercise are, to collect data/ information at taluka level on those
parameters which have certain correlations with the ecological condition of the region from
available secondary sources. Its also aim to analyzed available primary (on biodiversity) &
secondary data to put in GIS domain to prepare digital ecological profile of each taluka.
For the collection of primary data, field survey was undertaken by GEC team as well as
for the secondary data collection, majority of data were collected from offices of various
Government departments and agencies. The data were decided to organize, first into a
simple database, and later be transported into GIS platform.
During the survey of biodiversity in selected coastal talukas around Gulf of Khambhat,
430 plant species were recorded, out of these total species, 91 species were woody,
201 species were herbaceous and 39 species were climbers while faunal diversity have
28 mammalian species, 215 bird species, 32 repti lian species. Parameters like climate,
human populati on, land use, agriculture and irrigati on, livestock which are related with
ecology were also collected by various sources. In the case of secondary informati on,
GEC tried to collect informati on of last 20 years to correlate the primary & secondary
informati on to visualize the trends of ecological changes during last 20 years in each
selected taluka.
To complete the exercises, I dedicate my grati tude to all the departments and agencies for
their help by providing secondary data. The Gujarat Ecological Commission appreciates
the support and cooperati on of Centre for Environment & Social Concern, Ahmedabad
to provide their services in fi nalizati on of appropriate methodology and guidelines to
collect primary data, as well as in conti nuous support throughout the enti re exercise.
I also appreciate the study team of GEC for their eff orts to bring out with this report.
This report is aimed at sensiti zing, apprising and familiarizing laymen and specialists as
well as managers and policy makers alike, the issues of biological diversity and ecological
situati on of Gujarat. I hope this report will be useful in planning for diff erent government
and non government agencies.
E. Balagurusamy (IFS) Principal Chief Conservator of Forest and Member Secretary, Gujarat Ecology Commission,
Gandhinagar
Gujarat Ecology Commission
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This report is an outcome of a proposal of Gujarat Ecology Commission which was
approved by the Forest and Environment Department, government of Gujarat as new
item in the year 2008-09. Since then, this activity continues. The report incorporates areas
falling within 19 Coastal Talukas along the Gulf of Khambhat. I extend my special gratitude
to Dr. S.K. Nanda, IAS, Principal Secretary, Forest & Environment Department for accepting
our proposal and supporting this activity.
Thanks are due to Shri. E.Balagurusamy, IFS, Principal Chief Conservator of Forest and
Member Secretary, GEC for periodically reviewing the progress and giving necessary
guidance.
Collecting secondary data from various Government departments and other agencies was
facilitated by the respective nodal officers. I will remain indebted to all of them.
Dr. Arun Mani Dixit of Centre for Environmental and Social Concern (CESC), Ahmedabad
has put in untiring efforts in designing the methodology, analysing primary and secondary
data and drawing broad inferences. He has been instrumental in giving final shape to this
report. His contribution is sincerely acknowledged.
During field work, our team received necessary support from the Dy. Conservators of
Forests, Valsad, Navsari, Surat, Bharuch, Ahmedabad, Dhari, Bhavnagar, Nadiad & Anand.
I am thankful to all of them.
One of the biggest tasks during this exercise was plant identification. It would have
been very difficult to identify herbaceous plants and grasses but for the assistance from
Dr. A. B. Vora (Retd. Prof.).
Bhaskaracharya Institute for Space Application and Geo - informatics (BISAG) contributed
in digitizing data and preparing maps as and when required.
Contribution of Dr. Indranil Gadhavi, Head of the Department, Dept. of Marine Science,
Bhavnagar University, for guiding our field team during primary data collection.
I will be failing in my duty if I don’t mention GEC team whose painstaking efforts made it
all possible.
C. H. Pandya (IFS) CF & Director Gujarat Ecology Commission, Gandhinagar
Gujarat Ecology Commission
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Due to geographical positioning and distinct physical and oceanographic
characteristics, the 1600 km long coastal tracts of Gujarat can be divided into four
sub-regions. These include (i) Gulf of Kachchh (ii) Saurashrtra Coast (iii) Gulf of Khambhat
and (iv) South Gujarat Coast. Ironically, most of these coastal systems are vulnerable to
various anthropogenic activities including rapid industrialization and coastal infrastructure
development projects (like ports, oil terminals etc.), jeopardizing both ecological as well
as livelihood securities along these regions.
Development of a computerized information system is critical for cost- effective planning
and management of various natural resources of coastal tracts of the State. Keeping
above in view, Gujarat Ecology Commission (GEC) plan to collect and organize ecological
information of all the coastal talukas in the State . As a part of this exercise in first phase
GEC had initiated preparation of ecological profile of 19 coastal talukas adjoining Gulf of
Khambhat. The selected talukas include Umbergaon, Jalalpore, Chorasi, Olpad, Hansot,
Valsad, Jambusar, Vagra, Dhandhuka, Bhavnagar, Ghogha, and Talaja. Thus, this study has
been undertaken with following objectives:
1. To collate data/ information at taluka level on those parameters which have certain
correlations with the ecological condition of the region from available secondary
sources
2. Undertake field surveys in ecologically important sites to collect data on important
biological parameters at taluka level.
3. To organize both primary and secondary data in GIS domain
4. To prepare ecological profile of each taluka
To achieve the above objectives, two pronged approach was adopted: (i) the field surveys
to collect information about flora, fauna and their habitats and, (ii) collation of relevant
secondary data which are required to build up ecological profile from various sources. The
collected data were organized, first into a simple database, and finally be transported into
GIS platform. During field surveys, a total 1339 sample plots were surveyed for recording
vegetation and habitat parameters, while 447 points were surveyed for faunal records.
During the survey, both direct and indirect evidences of wildlife were recorded. Wherever
possible, photographic evidences were also collected for plant and animal species.
A total of 430 plant species were recorded during the survey. With the record of 231 and
221 species, the Una and Mahuva are the two phyto-rich talukas, respectively. Survey also
revealed the presence of 28 mammals, 215 birds and 32 reptile species from the surveyed
coastal talukas.
Gujarat Ecology Commission
As part of secondary data collection, time series data on parameters like rainfall, human
population, land use, cropping area, irrigation, livestock etc, which are related with well
being of local ecology were collected. Recent trends indicate a decline in the average
annual rainfall in 10 talukas. Especially, high percentage decline in rainfall was recorded in
talukas like Kodinar (21.3%), Mahuva (18.6%), Jambusar (18.8%) and Rajula (17.5%).
The data were also analyzed to show trends in human and livestock population and other
parameters like area under crop cultivation, irrigation, forest cover etc. Between 1997
and 2003, on overall basis, increase of about 6.4% and 9.4% was observed in cattle and
buffalo population. But, in Jafrabad, Rajula and Gandevi talukas declining trends are
recorded. While, human population was found rising in the study talukas varied growth
trajectories are reported. In terms of poverty, however, Valsad and Umbergaon talukas
are top in the list with 24 and 19.5% of total population as BPL, respectively. The large
BPL population indicate higher degree of dependence on common natural resources like
forests, pasturelands etc.
Among the major landuse categories, while it was found that forest areas get declined in
most of the talukas, the maximum decline was recorded in Una taluka, where between
1980 and 2005 more than 30000 ha forest land was found converted into barren category.
Pasturelands are also declined in a few talukas like Dhandhuka and Rajula. Overall, the
fallow lands in these talukas are also declined. Reasons for such shifts in landuse categories
and their driving forces need to be explored.
During the same period, net sown area in Dhandhuka taluka recorded massive decline
of about 73200 ha. However, in talukas like Bhavnagar, Kodinar and Valsad the same was
found increased, indicating improvement in irrigation infrastructure in these talukas. Data
also suggests that on overall basis, the total area under irrigation was increased over the
years.
During 1991 and 2004 there were major shifts in cropping pattern. Accordingly, area under
traditional food crops like cereal, pulses and oil seeds were declined, while cultivation of
cash crops like sugarcane, tobacco etc. were on rise. Jafrabad, Gogha, Olpad, Mahuva and
Hansot talukas recorded a high percentage increase in cash crop area.
While this report recorded some interesting trends and changes in various land use
categories, cropping patterns, irrigation etc. the data needs further exploration. More
intensive and systematic ecological survey will also help understanding the floral, faunal
abundance and distribution. The report also suggests various measures to improve the
quality of data collection and analysis in second phase of the study.
Gujarat Ecology Commission
CONTENT1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Rationale of study 1 1.2. Scope and limitation of the study 2 1.3. Objectives 3 1.4. Report presentation and important caveats 4 1.5. Overview to Gulf of Khambhat 52. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 7 2.1. Taluka Selection 7 2.2. Collection of Secondary data 7 2.3. Collection of Primary data 93. FLORA FAUNA STATUS 17 3.1. Habitat characteristics 17 3.2. Floral characteristics 22 3.2.1. Species richness 22 3.2.2. Species Abundance 26 3.3. Faunal Characteristics 38 3.3.1. Mammals 38 3.3.2. Birds 51 3.3.3. Reptiles 564. SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL TREND 65 4.1. Climate 65 4.2. Human Population 69 4.3. Landuse 71 4.3.1. Forest 77 4.4. Agriculture and Irrigation 78 4.5. Livestock 91 4.6. Energy 96 4.6.1. Electricity consumption 96 4.6.2. Fuel consumption 100 4.6.2.1. Fuel use pattern 100 4.6.2.2. Gas pipeline 105 4.6.2.3. Biogas 105 4.7. Industry 108 4.8. Road network 111 4.9. Fish Production 112 4.10. Saltwork 1165. CONCLUSION 117
Gujarat Ecology Commission
LIST OF TABLES IN THE REPORT
CHAPTER 2: Approach and Methodology
Table 2.1 List of Selected Talukas during entire study.
Table 2.2 List of Desired and Collected Secondary Data for the Purpose of Study
Table 2.3 Number of sample points in different talukas during entire study.
CHAPTER 3: Flora – Fauna Status
Table 3.1 Number of sample plots in different habitat and terrain types during entire
study.
Table 3.2 State of Different habitat and anthropogenic pressure parameters in different
talukas.
Table 3.3 Taluka wise record of plant species during the survey during entire study.
Table 3.4 Density (No./ha) of Woody Plants in Coastal Mudflat Areas studied during
initial season of sampling.
Table 3.5 Density (No./Ha) of woody plants in terrestrial areas of different talukas
during entire study.
Table 3.6 Summary of Floral Characteristics of all 19 Talukas covered during entire
study.
Table 3.7 Summary of status of mammalian species record in different talukas during
entire study.
Table 3.8 Record of Mammalian Species During the Survey.
Table 3.9 Frequency of report of mammal species in different talukas by local people
during study period.
Table 3.10 Frequency of Direct Sightings of different species in different Talukas during
study period.
Table 3.11 Frequency (no. of records) of indirect records of mammal species in different
talukas during entire study.
Table 3.12 Taluka wise bird species richness & encounter rate during entire study.
Table 3.13 Frequency (%) of Bird Species Record during the Survey.
Table 3.14 Number of species in different population size class recorded during the
survey.
Table 3.15 Taluka wise record of Reptile Species.
Table 3.16 Distribution and Recorded Number of Reptile Species in different Talukas.
Gujarat Ecology Commission
CHAPTER 4: Socio-Ecological Trends
Table 4.1 Rainfall Pattern in the Talukas.
Table 4.2 Total and BPL Population in each Taluka.
Table 4.3a Landuse changes in different talukas.
Table 4.3b Landuse changes in different talukas.
Table 4.4 Extent (Ha.) of Forest Areas and Vidis in Talukas covered during study.
Table 4.5 Change in area under different crop types across talukas.
Table 4.6 Percentage Change in Area Under Different Crops (1991-2004).
Table 4.7a Taluka wise Percentage Change in Cereal and Pulse Crops between 1991 and
2004.
Table 4.7b Taluka wise Percentage Change in Oilseed and Cash Crops between 1991
and 2004.
Table 4.8 Five Year Average Area (in ha) under Irrigation by different Sources.
Table 4.9 Percentage Change in Different Source of Irrigation (1990-2005).
Table 4.10 Change in Livestock population in Different Talukas.
Table 4.11 Overall Electricity Consumption (Units in MUS) in different talukas.
Table 4.12 Sector wise Average Electricity Consumption (units in MUS) in 2000-2004
and 2005-2009 periods.
Table 4.13 Share (%) in Electric Consumption for Different Sectors.
Table 4.14 Change in Share (%) of Electricity Consumption in Different Sectors (Between
2000 and 2009).
Table 4.15 Consumption (in Kilo Litre) of Petrol & Diesel in different Talukas for
transportation purpose.
Table 4.16 Industrial Fuel Consumption (in Kilolitre) in different Taluka.
Table 4.17 Domestic Fuel Consumption in different Taluka.
Table 4.18 Spread of Pipeline for Domestic Cooking Gas in different Talukas.
Table 4.19 Number of Biogas plants in different talukas.
Table 4.20 Number of Medium and Large Industries in Different Talukas.
Table 4.21 Development of Road Network (in km) in different Taluka.
Table 4.22 Landing Centre wise Change in Fish Catch (in Tons).
Table 4.23 Taluka wise Change in Fish Catch (in Tons).
Table 4.24 Change in Scale of Salt Work and their Production in different talukas.
Annexure 3.1: Checklist of Plant Species Recorded During the Survey
Annexure 3.2 Checklist of Bird Species and Their Recorded Numbers
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 1
Introduction
1.1 RationaleofStudy
Integrated resource management approach has been recognized as an important aspect
of planning at the regional level. In any such resource management practice, the first
step would be the accurate and periodic resource base inventories by understanding
the spatial integration of resources in the area. The modern management is basically
a decision science and a resource manager needs periodical evaluation of different
resource attributes to examine the capabilities of a particular land area, before concurring
to any decision. To conduct this evaluation one needs up-to-date data on resources
and an efficient system for storing, retrieving, and analyzing these data. Computerized
Geographical Information System (GIS) is one such system available to effectively handle
the above.
The State of Gujarat is predominately an arid and semi-arid region. But, due to its
geographical position and topographical variations, it is quite rich in its ecological wealth
ranging from grasslands, forests (thorny scrub to canopy forests), wetlands, saline deserts
and the coastal systems. However, most of these ecological systems are facing threats of
different kinds originated from almost all the above-defined pressures of anthropogenic
nature. Considering the length and width of the state, and spatio-temporal variability
of different resources, development of a computerized information system is the most
appropriate answer for cost- effective planning and management of various natural
resources of the State. Keeping this in view, Gujarat Ecology Commission (GEC) is aiming
to prepare spatial and non-spatial database of key ecological parameters that can be used
in better land use planning, wasteland development, environmental and social impact
assessment of developmental projects, conservation of rare and endangered biodiversity
including flora and fauna and their critical habitats, identification of ecologically sensitive
areas, climate friendly energy development etc.
Gujarat, a maritime state, endowed with about 1600 km. long coastline which is
approximately 21% of the entire Indian coastline. Gujarat’s coastline is uniquely
heterogeneous in a sense that within the 1600 km long coastline it has been broadly
divided into four geo-morphologically and oceanographically distinct sub-regions. These
include Saurashtra Coast, South Gujarat Coast and two gulfs viz. Gulf of Kachchh and Gulf
1. INTRODUCTION
2 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Introduction
of Khambhat (or Cambay), covering about 60% of the State’s coastline. Importantly, out
of three Gulfs in the country, two are situated in the Gujarat state. In direct dependency
term, total population of more than one million people in about 550 villages reside along
the coast and extract its resources.
Ironically, all these coastal sub-regions are facing inherent challenges of economic
development and associated environmental degradation. They are vulnerable to various
developmental activities including rapid industrialization and coastal infrastructure
expansion projects (like ports, oil terminals etc.) as part of strategic economic development
policies (like promotion of SEZ, SIR etc). These seriously alter the land-use system of the
region which in turn influence related sub-systems like soil, agriculture, livestock, fishery,
hydrology, bio-diversity etc., jeopardizing both ecological as well as livelihood securities
along these regions.
Keeping above concerns in view, Gujarat Ecology Commission (GEC) plans to collect and
organize ecological information of all the coastal talukas in the State. As a matter of fact,
explicit goal of this exercise is to facilitate creation of a decision support system through
up-to-date inventorying of different parameters that are associated with the health of
coastal ecology, their analysis and feedback. Thus, diverse sets of data compiled and
outputs generated of this exercise will be useful to various stakeholders including policy
makers, planners, researchers and civil society organizations.
1.2. Scope&LimitationsoftheStudy
As described above, GEC explicitly aims to prepare an environmental decision support
system for promoting sustainable development in coastal regions of Gujarat. The first
step towards the achievement of above goal was, however, initiated for the coastal region
along the Gulf of Khambhat. Thus, in the initial phase of this program, 19 talukas along
the Gulf of Khambhat were chosen for preparation of their ecological profile. Considering
the enormity of the task, the above were attempted and achieved in two contiguous
years viz. 2008-2009 and 2009-2010.
It is important to mention here that internet search reveals that there is no any formal
definition of “ecological profile” available, and the term is used differently in different
contexts. Simply, therefore, in the present context, the term ecological profiling is used
to present the state of different parameters which had some linkages with the ecology/
environment of the coastal talukas. In a sense this exercise of “ecological profiling” is
providing baseline data of some of the prioritised indicative parameters of sustainable
coastal development (like climate, flora/fauna, land use changes, developmental
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 3
Introduction
scenarios like industries, energy demands etc.). The baseline data is mostly of different
time period (in other words the time-series data), collected from different existing
sources (secondary data).
In view of above, this study simply attempts to (i) collate relevant data from various
agencies and also by undertaking limited primary field surveys, and (ii) analyse collated
data to record key spatial and temporal trends in them. However, considering the fact
that the secondary data were coming from various sources and thus are not matching in
their periods and, in many cases, in their administrative scales (like talukas and district),
the framework for integrated analysis was quite restrictive. Thus, in most of the cases,
the analysis is limited to single parameter. Actually, in a broad sense, this work is a kind
of scoping study, which aspires for knowing approximate trends in various parameters
and aims to identify critical talukas along the Gulf of Khambhat. Contextually, this study
neither attempts to record the “proximate and root/policy causes” of above trends nor
it explores various “ecological/environmental and socio-economical effects” of those
trends. Considering the limited time and financial resources available for the study, no
detailing of data/information had been attempted below the taluka level. Therefore, in
order to gain deeper insight on various “causes and effects”, series of follow-up case
studies need to be separately initiated.
On the aspects related to flora and fauna, despite constraints of time to undertake
statistically rigorous data gathering system (that include sufficiently large sampling and
covering different seasons) as well as non-availability of studies on flora and fauna at taluka
level, the study attempts primary field surveys in each taluka. The information generated
through such surveys need to be considered as representative not as comprehensive.
1.3. Objectives
Based on above understanding and to achieve the overall agenda of sustainable coastal
development, the present study defines following major objectives:
1. To collate data/ information at taluka level on those parameters which have certain
correlations with the ecological condition of the region from available secondary
sources
2. Undertake field surveys in ecologically important sites to collect data on important
biological parameters at taluka level.
3. To organize both primary and secondary data in GIS domain
4. To understand the trends and the state of different indicative parameters of
sustainable development in coastal talukas
4 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Introduction
1.4. ReportPresentationandImportantCaveats
The report is mainly consisting of five sections. Following this introductory chapter,
a detailed description of approach and methodology, adopted during the study, is
presented. The taluka wise data presentation and their analysis is actually divided into
two separate chapters. Chapter 3 provide detailed account of status of flora and fauna
and their habitat in each taluka. Chapter 4, however, presents summaries and trends
in various climatic and socio-ecologically linked parameters. Using these parameters,
this chapter actually identifies key socio-ecological changes occurs in coastal talukas
(needless to say, without exploring the causes and the effects) along Gulf of Khambhat.
The last section briefly presents key conclusions of this entire exercise. Relevant raw as
well as analysed data are presented in the Annexures, at the end of the document.
While the report is prepared with an aim to use it by wider section of the society, yet it is
important to highlight here the key limitations of this exercise. It is important for avoiding
inappropriate use and interpretation of different data sets and their trend etc. Thus,
following qualifications are required to bear in mind before using this report for various
planning and research needs:
1. Most of the data are collected from different Government Department/ Agencies,
using official channels. While the care has been taken to check the authenticity of
the data values, the final responsibility of the data lies with the concerned agency/
department.
2. In many instances, the data are not up-to-date, and thus the derived trends and
other summaries need to be used carefully.
3. The time-series data provided by different agencies does not able to disaggregate
the values, keeping the reorganization of talukas in perspective. This is considered
important especially in the situations where sudden changes are recorded in the
values and thus the trends. User of this report need to identify and highlight this
fact before using it.
4. The primary data on floral and faunal assemblages is not complete and /or
comprehensive. As a matter of fact, a taluka level inventory of biodiversity is
quite an ambitious task. Due to resource limitations, the study did not explore the
previous records and studies and thus not able to generate complete range of floral
and faunal assemblage for each taluka. Also, seasonal variations in floral and faunal
status also not explored. Nevertheless, the data presented in this report need to
be seen in conjunction with other existing knowledge about key species as well as
sites.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 5
Introduction
5. It is important to reiterate that the data and their trends may not be used directly
for drawing conclusions about various “causes” and “effects”. Rather, the trends
need to be used for indicating some interesting ‘happenings’ in some parameters
and/or talukas.
1.5. OverviewtoGulfofKhambhat
India is bestowed with three gulfs viz. Gulf of Kahchchh, Gulf of Khambhat and Gulf of
Mannar. Gujarat, one of the longestest maritime states of India prides of taking up two
gulfs, Gulf of Kachchh and Gulf of Khambhat respectively within its boundaries. Both
the gulfs owe their own picularities in terms of physiography, hydrography, biodiversity
and the surrounding coinfluences. Gulf of Khambhat is oriented with its tail towards the
north and mouth towards the south.
The Gulf of Khambhat, covering about 3,120 sq km, is situated between 21°00’
N and 22°18’ N latitudes and 72°15’ E and 72°45’ E longitudes. Gulf of Khambhat
owes its own peculiarities in terms of tis geomorphology, hydrodynamics and high
tidal amplitude. The funnel like structure of gulf with wide mouth and narrow
head (width 200 km at mouth of Gulf terminating to ~6 km at the tail). This feature
makes the Gulf second in the world in terms of tidal amplitude. Several reivers including
major rivers of Gujarat like Narmada, Tapi, Sabarmati and Mahi opens in Gulf draining
down water and alluvium to the gulf and coastal area.
The wide range of variation in population density and growth reflects the heterogenous
status of natural resource base, agriculture and other economic activities/ development.
Gulf, withing its adjoining talukas supports an approximate population of 4.3 million as
per the 1991 census.
6 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Introduction
Since histories, Gulf of Khambhat has marked its presence in terms of prosperity
depending on the glorious ports and development based humansettlements. Gulf of
Khambhat, covering 400 km long coastline forms about one fourth of the total coastline
of the state. Dahej and Ghogha has been one of the important ports since histories
marking their presence in Gulf of Kahmbhat.The area around Gulf of Kahmbhat different
spreads over 19189 sq.km in nighteen talukas. The adjoining area has been emerging as
industrial development zone. The region from Vadodara to Vapi has been considered as
a ‘Golden corridor’ in terms of industrial leap. The ports and transportation facilitation
of Gulf has attracted various industries to develop on the fringe. No doubt, the same has
changed the socio-economics of the area as well as the direct or indirect changes in the
landuse pattern.
Looking to these piculiarities of Gulf, the study was aimed to build up a baseline preliminary
stutus on ecological data with the correlated data in the 19 talukas surrounding the Gulf
of Khambhat.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 7
Approach and Methodology
Considering the above objectives in view and juxtaposed those with the availability of time and resources, following approach was adopted which involved Taluka selection, Collection of secondary data and collection of Primary data.
2.1 TalukaSelection
The aim of the study was to outline the biotic status of talukas bordering Gulf of Khmabhat. During entire phase of the study, a total of 19 talukas along the Gulf of Khambhat belonging to 09 districts were selected (Table 2.1, Fig. 2.1).
Table2.1:ListofSelectedTalukasduringentirestudy.
District Taluka
Ahmedabad Dhandhuka
Anand Khambhat
Amreli Jafrabad, Rajula
Bharuch Hansot, Jambusar, Vagra
Bhavnagar Bhavnagar, Gogha, Mahuva, Talaja
Junagadh Kodinar, Una
Navsari Gandevi, Jalalpor
Surat Choryasi, Olpad
Valsad Umbargaon, Valsad
2.2 CollectionofSecondaryData
Collection of secondary information is critical for the desired outcome of the study. Accordingly, relevant secondary data/information those are required to build-up ecological profile of coastal talukas was pre-identified through round of brain storming sessions (Table 2.2). The data were decided to organize, first into a simple database, and later be transported into GIS platform. For collecting the data which can easily be exported into GIS, detailed formats for each of the data sets were developed. Majority of data were collected from offices of various Government Departments and Agencies. During the course of this study, however, out of comprehensive list, data/information was able to collect only on certain parameters (Table 2.2)1.
2. APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
1 It is important to mention here that taluka like Jalalpur was recently carved out from existing talukas of Valsad district. Therefore, most of the available government data are yet not been updated for the taluka.
8 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Approach and Methodology
Table2.2:ListofDesiredandCollectedSecondaryDataforthePurposeofStudy
Parameter Data Type Collected Data
Climate Total Annual Rainfall 1980 to 2002
Rainy Days 1990-2002
Vegetation Open, Dense, Mangrove 1991 to 1997
Reserved, Protected, Unclassified 1960- 1996
Reserved, Protected 2000 to 2009
Livestock No. of Livestock Species 1997, 2003
Fish Taluka wise, Centre wise marine
production
1998 to 2009
Water Irrigation by source Oil Engine + electric motors
(1975, 1980, 1990, 1995)
Ground water draft & development 1978 (the aquifer
information); only one year
Agriculture Crop wise Area 1991 to 2004
Irrigation by source 1991 to 2005
Ecological Forest area (RF/PF/ Unclass/ PAs, Vidis,
plantation area)
Socio-Economic Census details 1991, 2001
BPL Families 2001
Basic Amenities 2001
Fisheries (fishing village/ population) At district level
Fisheries Production (marine & inland) At district level
Livestock Census 1997, 2003
Landuse Area under different landuse type 1970 to 2005
Salt Work No. of Salt pan under lease 1991 to 2009
Area under salt pan lease 1991 to 2009
Total production of salt 1991 to 2009
Industries No. of medium and large industries 1983 to 2010
Drinking water No. of villages with different sources of
drinking water
2000 to 2009
Energy No.of villages electrified 2000 to 2009
Electricity Consumption in different
sectors (Domestic, Industrial etc.)
2000 to 2009
Fuel consumption in different sectors 2000 to 2009
Road Network Length of different types of Roads 2000 to 2009
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 9
Approach and Methodology
The data thus collected were tried to analyse for the trends over the years. For better
comprehension, the analysed data are presented in tabular forms and also depicted
through GIS maps.
2.3. CollectionofPrimaryDataonBiologicalParameters
It was well understood that while there are many information on various aspects of
environment that can be collected from various Government Departments and Agencies,
data on floral and faunal elements and their habitats at taluka level is almost non-
existent. Thus as part of this exercise it was decided to undertook rapid field surveys
to make inventories of key floral and faunal elements in each taluka. Based on round of
discussions with the team members, approach & methodology has been finalized.
In each taluka, field surveys were conducted to make an inventory of flora and fauna (the
birds, reptiles and mammals) and also recorded key habitats attributes. For this, sample
points were identified through a two stage process. Initially, the areas of ecological
importance (e.g. hills, forests, wetlands, river beds, reservoirs etc.) in each taluka
were marked on 1:50,000 scale topo-sheets. Later, in each of these identified areas,
sample points were located based on obvious variations in the vegetation, topography,
disturbances etc. The sample points were identified using field judgment of project team.
While in this method there was obvious risk of biasness in selecting sample points, but by
selecting more number of sample points, this biasness get nullified, to a certain extent.
Actually, the project team looked for different habitat conditions while moving from one
location to another and once observed any such visually different habitat was observed
it was sampled to account the floral and faunal diversity.
Circumstantially the entire study was done in two parts in different seasons wherein the
first part of the survey was carried out between 22nd November 2008 and 20th February
2009 in winter season. It is important to mention here that, while vegetation and habitat
inventories were covered in all the 12 talukas, the faunal inventories were possible only
in 9 talukas2. During initial part of the study a different approach of survey and primary
data collection was employed by using sample points for floral and faunal component. In
each sample point, a circular plot of 17.85 m radius (i.e. 0.1 ha size) were employed for
recording different parameters related with vegetation and habitats. While above plots
were used for search and record of reptilian species, for bird and mammals, the survey
was conducted beyond the plot and thus covered larger areas.
2 The faunal inventories were restricted mainly due to not finding suitable field researcher having experience in field based faunal inventories.
DiscussionwithforestofficialsandlocalstakeholdersbyGECofficials
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 11
Approach and Methodology
During second season of sampling a slight modification in the approach was done. The field work was conducted between October 2009 and February 2010. Based on field experience and quality of recorded data on flora and fauna in the first round of field surveys (in 12 talukas), it was strongly felt that there is a need to adopt a scientifically rigorous approach for sampling and data recording for the second phase of the study. Thus, in order to do a systematic data collection on floral and faunal elements, sampling approach was modified and also adopted in the field. Thus during this phase, data were recorded for only winter season.
Thus, in order to make the sampling approach ecologically more representative of the ground reality, stratified random sampling approach was adopted. For this, printed copies of landuse/ land cover map (1:250000 scale) of each taluka was procured from BISAG (Bhaskaracharya Institute for Space Applicationa and Geoinformatics). Subsequently, on these landuse /landcover map (like forest, grasslands, scrub lands etc), grids of 1km x 1km size were overlaid. Total number of grids under each landuse/landcover category was enumerated and of each category, between 10-15% grids were randomly selected for sampling purpose. Furthermore, to ensure that the grids are distributed evenly, the entire taluka was also divided into three equal vertical zones and almost equal number of grids was selected from each of the zones (Fig. 2.1). In this approach, transect sampling was taken in consideration in faunal and floral sampling in selected talukas.
During entire studies, both direct and indirect evidences of wildlife were recorded. In each
plot, many habitat parameters (like topography, surface, vegetation cover, anthropogenic
pressure, etc.) were also recorded to derive some correlations with faunal and floral
elements. Wherever possible, photographic evidences were also collected for plant and
animal species.
12 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Approach and Methodology
For collecting the information in the field, data formats had been prepared separately
for recording various habitat parameters and also different elements of plant and animal
species. A total of seven different formats were developed for the above purpose (See
Annexure 2.2).
The collected data were analysed for different ecological parameters like density,
frequency, species richness etc.
Overall, 1339 sample points were surveyed for making vegetation and habitat inventories,
only 447 points were surveyed for faunal records during entire study (Table 2.3). The
locations of all the sample points in different talukas were presented in Fig. 2.2.
Table2.3:Numberofsamplepointsindifferenttalukasduringentirestudy.
# Taluka No.ofSamplePointsVegetation&Habitat/
Sample Points
FaunalInventories/
Transects1 Bhavnagar# 15 332 Chorasi 18 73 Dhandhuka 11 04 Ghogha 42 55 Hansot 13 06 Jalalpore 21 47 Jambusar 15 08 Olpad 13 79 Talaja 32 2610 Umbergam 16 611 Vagra 9 512 Valsad 25 1013 Gandevi 81 3014 Jafrabad 161 5115 Khambhat 102 2916 Kodinar 87 2817 Mahuva 171 5618 Rajula 207 6319 Una 300 87
TOTAL 1339 447
# No floral survey and faunal survey were taken during different seasons.
The schematic representation of the entire methodology and approach employed in
present study can be represented by the flow chart in Fig. 2.3.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 13
Approach and Methodology
Fig.
2.2
. Map
sho
win
g 19
talu
kas
surv
eyed
dur
ing
the
entir
e st
udy
peri
od.
Del
inea
ted
poin
ts re
pres
ents
the
tran
sect
s/sa
mpl
e po
ints
in re
spec
tive
talu
kas.
14 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Approach and Methodology
FLOW CHART
Fig. 2.3. A flow-chart representing the methodology and approach adopted in the entire
study.
Hyphaene indica Becc. (Ravan Tad, Diu Tad)
Asiatic Lion
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 17
Flora-Fauna Status
3.1. HabitatCharacteristics
During the survey of both the phase, data were collected from 1339 sample plots of 447 transects were taken. These plots represent different types of habitats in different proportions. A total of 15 different habitat types were sampled during the entire survey (Table 3.1). Riverine Open and Dense Scrubs and Shrub Savannas were the most frequently sampled types. A total of 19 mangrove sites were also surveyed along with 107 other sites representing aquatic bodies as well as salt pans. Furthermore, these sites were also sampled from different terrain types. Being the coastal talukas, majority of the sample sites were found in flatter terrain followed by undulating and hilly areas.
Table3.1:Numberofsampleplotsindifferenthabitatand
terraintypesduringentirestudy
Habitat Type Terrain Type Total
Flat Hilly Undulating
Agriculture 239 3 1 243
Dense Scrub 31 10 24 65
Grassland 6 14 9 29
Mangrove 19 0 0 19
Open Scrub 105 21 202 328
Open Scrub with Water body 7 0 1 08
Riverine Dense Scrub 3 0 1 04
Riverine Open Scrub 1 1 2 04
Riverine 327 0 8 335
Riverine Shrub Savanna 1 0 0 01
Salt Pan 110 0 0 110
Shrub Savanna 12 28 10 40
Shrub Savanna with Salt Pan 7 0 00 07
Tree Savanna 9 10 8 27
Water Body 113 0 0 113
Grand Total 990 87 266 1333
Source: BISAG(Bhaskaracharya Inst.of space application & Geo informatics, Gandhinagar)
3. FLORA-FAUNA STATUS
18 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Flora-Fauna Status
Wetland
Salt Pan
Hilly Terrain - Shrub Savannah
Agriculture
Grassland
Coastal Area
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 19
Flora-Fauna Status
During the field survey, at every sample point, information was collected on different parameters of habitat and anthropogenic pressures. For this, the conditions were evaluated occularly and given a score between 0 and 5. A total of 1333 sample points were surveyed during the study. A pie chart represents the overall habitat types coveredduring the surveys and sampling suggesting open scrub, agriculture and riverine to be the majorly surved sites (Fig. 3.1). For better comprehension about each of these habitats and anthropogenic pressures, the average value of given score for all the sample plots in each Taluka was presented (Table 3.2, Fig. 3.2). Thus, it is quite clear that among the talukas, Valsad had best tree canopy cover followed by Khambhat and Gandevi talukas. However, grass and herbaceous cover was found best in Bhavnagar followed by Mahuva, Ghogha, Hansot and Valsad talukas. In anthropogenic pressure terms, the Mahuva taluka had highest number of cattle dung pats, suggesting high degree of grazing pressure.
Fig. 3.1. Pie chart representing sampling plots/transects in different type of habitats.
20 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Flora-Fauna Status
Table3.2:StateofDifferenthabitatandanthropogenicpressure
parametersindifferenttalukasTaluka AverageRankingScore(0to5)* Avg.
Number ofDung
Pats
N
Tree Canopy Cover
Shrub Cover
(<50 cm)
Shrub Cover
(>50 cm)
Grass/Herba- ceous Cover
Tree Cutting
Pressure
Lopping Pressure
Bhavnagar 2.50 1 1.4 3.7 0 0 3.1 15Chorasi 1.80 1.8 2.7 1.2 0.1 0.3 3.8 18Dhandhuka 0.70 1.7 2.6 2.3 1 0.8 11.6 11Ghogha 2.30 2.1 1.8 2.9 1 0.7 2.7 42Hansot 0.80 1.1 2 2.8 0.1 0.1 5.5 13Jalalpor 2.10 2 2.9 1.4 0.4 0.6 9.7 21Jambusar 1.40 1.4 1.7 2.1 0.1 0.4 3.9 15Olpad 1.60 2.2 2.5 1.9 0 0 9 13Talaja 1.30 1.6 2.2 2.5 0.5 0.6 3.9 33Umbergaon 2.60 2.1 2.4 1.4 0 0 7.3 16Vagra 2.40 2 2.7 2.7 0.2 0.3 8.8 10Valsad 3.80 2.2 2.2 2.8 0.6 0.6 8.2 25Gandevi 3.10 2.1 2.4 2.2 0.5 0.5 8.6 81Jafrabad 2.40 2.4 2 2.7 0.8 0.6 8.9 161Khambhat 3.20 2.2 2.1 1.6 0.7 0.5 5.9 102Kodinar 2.20 1.7 1.7 2.2 0.8 0.7 21 87Mahuva 2.30 2.6 2.3 3.5 0.3 0.1 31.2 171Rajula 2.40 2.3 1.9 2.4 0.9 0.7 7.6 207Una 2.70 2 1.8 1.8 1.3 0.9 3.3 300Overall 2.19 1.92 2.17 2.32 0.49 0.44 11.2 1109
* 0 means no cover or absence of pressure; 5 means dense cover or very high degree of pressure
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 21
Flora-Fauna Status
Fig.
3.2
. Sho
win
g di
ffere
nt h
abita
t per
cent
age
and
anth
ropo
geni
c pr
essu
re le
vel
22 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Flora-Fauna Status
3.2. FloralCharacteristics
3.2.1. Species Richness
During the field survey, floral species were recorded at two levels: one within the
sample plots and other from outside sample plots and were finally used for preparing
the checklist for each taluka. During the entire phase of the study, a sum total of 430
species were recorded wherein a total of 331 were recorded in first part of the survey
of 12 talukas while 302 speccies were reported in second phase of the study covering
remaining seven talukas (Table 3.3). From overall 430 plant species were recorded from
19 talukas, 145 species were woody in nature, 236 species were herbaceous and 49
species were climbers (Table 3.3). A complete checklist of all the recorded species is
presented in Annexure 3.1.
Table3.3:Talukawiserecordofplantspeciesduringthesurvey
duringentirestudy.
Taluka Sample
points/
Transects
Woody
species
Herbaceous
species
Climber
Species
Total
Species
Species
Encounter Rate
(Sps per sample
point)
Bhavnagar 15 51 79 4 134 8.93
Chorasi 18 52 54 10 116 6.44
Dhandhuka 11 30 22 3 55 5
Ghogha 42 55 67 15 137 3.26
Hansot 13 54 43 12 109 8.38
Jalalpore 21 53 62 13 128 6.1
Jambusar 15 55 47 14 116 7.73
Olpad 13 45 36 10 91 7
Talaja 33 59 65 19 143 4.33
Umbergam 16 73 81 6 160 10
Vagra 10 40 38 10 88 8.8
Valsad 25 67 97 12 176 7.04
Gandevi* 30 66 100 14 180 6
Jafrabad* 51 71 91 19 181 3.55
Khambhat* 29 35 109 21 165 5.69
Kodinar* 28 61 104 19 184 6.57
Mahuva* 56 77 126 18 221 3.95
Rajula* 63 79 92 19 190 3.02
Una* 87 85 129 17 231 2.66
Overall 576 145 236 49 430 6.02
* Talukas during second season where transect sampling was used and the species encounter rate was calculated per transect.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 23
Flora-Fauna Status
Anethum graveolens L. (Suwa)
Gloriosa superba L.
Solanum indicum L. (Ubhi Ringni, Vad Ringni)
Barleria cristata L.
Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth. (Kaladana)
Blepharis maderaspatensis (L.) Roth. (Untigan)
24 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Flora-Fauna Status
Borassus flabellifer L. (Tad)
Cassia auriculata L. (Aval, Avali)
Cyperus Sp.
Butea monosperma (Lam.) Taub. (Kesudo, Khakhro)
Chrysopogon Sp.
Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. (Sisam)
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 25
Flora-Fauna Status
In fl oristi c terms, with the record of 231 and 221 species, the Una and Mahuva are the two
richest talukas, respecti vely followed by Rajula (190 sp.) and Kodinar (184 sp.) (Fig. 3.3).
It is generally observed that the record of species is determined mainly by the sampling
eff orts. However, to negate this eff ect, average number of species encountered in unit
sampling eff ort was measured. Thus Umbergaon recorded 160 species in just 16 sample
points i.e. an average of 10 species per sample point (Table 3.3). On the contrary, from 42
sample points in Ghogha, 137 species were recorded with an average of 3.26 species per
sample point. In above context, therefore, talukas like Umbergaon, Bhavnagar, Vagra and
Hansot are supporti ng rich fl oral diversity, while in comparison, the talukas like Ghogha,
Talaja, and Dhandhuka are poor in species diversity.
Fig. 3.3. Shows diversity of fl oral species in diff erent talukas
studied in both seasons.
Other factors, which could infl uence the fl oral species diversity, include the
geo-morphological diversity and rainfall regime. However, due to inadequate informati on,
the relati onships could not be established further.
Overall 430 fl oral species were recorded from 19 talukas. From obtained record
of species, 145 species were woody in nature, 236 species were herbaceous and
49 species were climbers.
26 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Flora-Fauna Status
3.2.2 Species Abundance
For the purpose of recording the abundance of different plant species in different
talukas, the density of each species was measured, initially for each sample point and
subsequently extrapolated for the entire taluka. However, the same was used only for
the woody plant species (i.e. trees and shrubs). It is important to state here that being
the coastal talukas, the sampling efforts was also made in the coastal mudflats (including
the patches of mangrove). The result is, therefore, presented separately for terrestrial
areas and coastal mudflat areas.
A total of 19 sample plots were surveyed in coastal mudflat areas. The coastal mudflat
areas are predominantly covered by Avicennia marina (a mangrove species). Rhizophora
mucronata, another mangrove species was also found in Umargaon and Jalalpor talukas.
A few other terrestrial species also associated with these species on fringe, drier and
higher areas of the mudflats. In terms of density of total plants (mature as well as the
saplings) of these species, A. marina had higher density of plants (Table 3.4).
Table3.4.:Density(No./ha)ofWoodyPlantsinCoastalMudflatAreasstudiedduring
initialseasonofsampling.
Species
Chor
asi
Han
sot
Jala
lpor
Jam
busa
r
Olp
ad
Tala
ja
Um
berg
aon
Vagr
a
Avicennia marina
2535.5 5400.1 576.0 6440.1 6091.6 682.8 1053.5 4620.0
Aegle marmelos 419.0
Acacia nilotica 29.0
Calotropis gigantia
78.1
Prosopis juliflora
92.3 140.4
Peltophorum pterocarpum
14.2
Rhizophora mucronata
261.4 554.0
Salvadora oleoides
92.0 1020.0
Zizyphus jujuba 63.9 4.8
# Note: Though the above given information do not exist for all Talukas with presence of mangroves, few of the talukas with mangrove species is incorporated in Table 3.5.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 27
Flora-Fauna Status
In the terrestrial areas, the woody plant density varies a lot across the talukas. Thus, while
talukas like Valsad and Vagra had the highest density of plants, the Rajula, Kodinar and
Jafrabad recorded lowest density of woody plants (Table 3.5, Fig. 3.4). Importantly, within
the sampling areas, only four species viz. Acacia niloti ca, Azadirachta indica, Prosopis
julifl ora and Zizyphus jujuba were recorded from all the talukas. Cassia auriculata,
Calotropis procera, Capparis sepiaria, Derris indica and Salvadora oleoides were the
other commonly recorded species. In terms of density of plants, values varied greatly
for diff erent species across the talukas. Needless to say, Prosopis julifl ora was found with
average maximum density followed by Acacia niloti ca and Bambusa bambos (Table 3.5).
Prosopis Julifl ora, is one of the important invasive species belonging to family
Fabaceae and subfamily Mimosoideae. An invasion of this species is now
expanding in its area in desert and semi desert, arid ecosystems. Gujarat being
one of the coastal states, the species has its strong foothold in coastal areas and
is conti nuously expanding. Present study showed Prosopis Julifora as one of the
dominant species in terms of density (5160.28 No./ha) in all surveyed talukas.
The plant and its pods are one of the important food for the livestock and the
wild ungulate and other herbevores. The main reason for its fast invasion is
att ributed to the role of livestock, people and wildlife in dispersal of seed.
Calotropis gigantia (L.) R. Br. (Akado)
Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) P. Beauv.
Chloris virgata Sw.
Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) W. & A. (Mor Dhundhiyu)
Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms (Kanphutti)
30 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Flora-Fauna Status
Table3
.5.D
ensit
y(No
./Ha)ofw
oody
plantsinterre
stria
lareasofd
ifferen
ttaluk
asduringe
ntirest
udy.
SPEC
IES N
AME
Bhavnagar
Chorasi
Dhandhuka
Ghogha
Hansot
Jalalpor
Jambusar
Olpad
Talaja
Umbergaon
Vagra
Valsad
Gandevi
Jafrabad
Khambhat
Kodinar
Mahuva
Rajula
Una
TOTAL
Acac
ia q
uricu
late
phor
mis
6.
6
141
38
8.4
53
6.00
Acac
ia ca
tech
u
0.3
5.5
46.5
18
9.8
3.83
0.37
0.
464.
50.
632.
925
4.79
Acac
ia fe
rnes
iana
1.
12
0.46
15.3
80.
634.
0321
.62
Acac
ia fe
rrugi
nea
1.
6
0.
7
7.16
0.06
0.
115.
670.
145.
921
.34
Acac
ia le
ucop
hloe
a
2.
591.
37
0.57
1.
36.
111
.93
Acac
ia n
ilotic
a27
.223
7.2
2097
.325
.476
.629
.425
8.2
90.6
42.3
103.
833
59.
8820
.99
17.9
414
.48
24.9
714
.117
.54
1462
.9
Acac
ia se
nega
l17
1.1
75.8
42.5
5.
3
1.
12
0.92
4.15
0.14
40.4
334
1.46
Achr
as sa
pota
1.
18
0.57
1.64
0.92
4.6
8.91
Adan
soni
a di
gita
ta
0.7
10
.8
11.5
0
Aegl
e mar
melo
s
1.
814
.1
0.
371.
06
1.26
1.
1110
29.7
0
Aila
nthu
s exc
elsa
0.7
1.
360.
750.
98
1.17
0.77
6.1
11.8
3
Alan
gium
salvi
foliu
m
1
0.
4
0.
31
0.34
0.
1920
.27
22.5
1
Anac
ardi
um o
ccid
enta
le
25.7
25
.70
Anno
na re
ticul
ata
4.22
4.22
Anno
na sq
uam
osa
0.
56
0.46
0.06
0.97
8.27
10.3
2
Anog
eissu
s lati
folia
0.
5
2.
220.
93
1.03
3.63
0.19
26.8
335
.33
Anog
eissu
s pen
dula
0.
3
1.
230.
43
0.
120.
4820
.83
23.3
9
Anth
ocep
halu
s ind
icus
0.25
1.06
0.
460.
120.
296.
778.
95
Avice
nnia
mar
ina
0.
50.
78
0.53
6.
28.
01
Azad
irach
ta in
dica
6.6
24.2
1.2
13.1
11.5
2.9
21.8
10.2
14.6
181.
651
.335
.816
.05
11.0
615
.210
.57
13.8
8.26
33.7
348
3.47
Bala
nite
s aeg
yptic
a33
34
.913
.9
8.
7
28.4
3.
330.
93
0.46
10.3
51.
541
.97
177.
44
Bam
busa
bam
bos
37
.716
.118
5.1
0.37
0.99
2.
412.
161.
8414
.926
1.57
Barle
ria p
rioni
tis
1.6
4.3
15.8
21
.70
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 31
Flora-Fauna Status
SPEC
IES N
AME
Bhavnagar
Chorasi
Dhandhuka
Ghogha
Hansot
Jalalpor
Jambusar
Olpad
Talaja
Umbergaon
Vagra
Valsad
Gandevi
Jafrabad
Khambhat
Kodinar
Mahuva
Rajula
Una
TOTAL
Bauh
inia
pur
pure
a
18.9
0.25
0.75
0.
112.
810.
9720
.444
.19
Bom
bax c
eiba
15
.51.
48
1.
151.
290.
4812
.03
31.9
3
Bora
ssus
flab
ellife
r
67.8
0.
3
1.5
0.
065.
392.
53
0.72
10.3
388
.63
Bosw
ellia
serra
ta
0.8
1.98
1.68
1.
953.
220.
480.
9711
.08
Brey
nia
retu
sa
1.
361.
55
1.49
0.
825.
4710
.69
Brid
ellia
retu
sa
0.
491.
18
1.15
1.
2111
.37
15.4
Bute
a m
onos
perm
a
37.8
66.4
17
.41
2.73
6.
5515
.25.
9946
.919
8.98
Cada
ba in
dica
4.44
1.3
2.
76
1.01
11.9
21.4
1
Caes
alpi
nia
pulch
errim
a
9.5
11
16.1
118.
92.
96
3.92
1.
87
31.0
719
5.32
Calo
tropi
s gig
antia
6.6
0.5
0.
573.
570.
24
11.4
8
Calo
tropi
s pro
cera
0.7
10.6
11.2
10.5
0.
7
7.3
12.4
84.1
58
.16.
911.
5522
.65
16
.84
0.87
30.6
727
5.09
Capp
aris
decid
ua5.
15.
810
5.2
7.6
29
.8
4.69
0.87
2.
533.
11.
1610
.87
86.7
2
Capp
aris
sepi
aria
5.1
5.8
1.
3
34.3
4.4
7.
586
13.7
1.
730.
62
0.34
3.8
0.1
10.3
317
5.02
Caris
sa co
nges
ta
1
0.5
5.
8
49.3
0.
81
0.34
2.75
0.39
6.7
67.5
9
Cass
ia a
uricu
lata
5.1
104.
5
62.1
4.
42.
229
.265
.7
6.
16.
915.
844.
517.
0145
.79
3.29
53.3
405.
95
Cass
ia fi
stula
0.
3
2.
840.
31
0.8
1.05
0.82
20.7
326
.85
Casu
arin
a eq
uise
tifol
ia58
20
4.4
73
.429
.593
.9
0.
41
27
9.61
Ceib
a pe
ntan
dra
0.
48
0.48
Cerio
ps ta
gal
1.27
1.27
Cler
oden
drum
mul
tiflor
um
14.5
6.5
5.
930.
813.
921.
155.
32
31.1
69.2
3
Cocu
s nuc
ifera
32
.1
88.3
1.
613.
923.
10.
581.
4522
.03
153.
09
32 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Flora-Fauna Status
SPEC
IES N
AME
Bhavnagar
Chorasi
Dhandhuka
Ghogha
Hansot
Jalalpor
Jambusar
Olpad
Talaja
Umbergaon
Vagra
Valsad
Gandevi
Jafrabad
Khambhat
Kodinar
Mahuva
Rajula
Una
TOTAL
Com
mip
hora
wig
htii
0.
5
0.
860.
12
0.11
0.18
0.14
11.7
313
.64
Cord
ia d
ichot
oma
20.2
720
.27
Cord
ia g
hara
f
5
1.5
4.4
1.5
2.8
40.8
2.22
1.68
5.69
0.57
5.09
22
.894
.05
Cord
ia m
yxa
0.
7
50.7
51
.40
Dalb
ergi
a sis
soo
49
.33.
58
0.
110.
29
10.6
63.8
8
Delo
nix e
lata
8.7
1.18
0.
230.
820.
7716
.428
.10
Dend
roca
lam
us st
rictu
s
0.25
0.
14
0.39
Derri
s ind
ica6.
610
.61.
21.
8
10
.9
2.5
126.
5
91.9
11.1
12.
8614
.86.
786.
673.
778.
5730
6.56
Dich
rosta
chys
cine
ria
6.
2
50.3
356
.53
Dios
pyro
s mela
noxy
lon
48
.1
0.7
2.47
5.
61
32.5
389
.41
Dura
nta
repe
ns
80.8
20
.9
101.
70
Ehre
tia a
sper
a
15
.815
.80
Embl
ica o
fficin
alis
26.9
0.
25
2.35
4.
390.
1930
.83
64.9
1
Eryt
hrin
a in
dica
1.36
1.74
1.
61
1.35
10.5
316
.59
Euca
lyptu
s glo
bulu
s
5.
311
6.6
17
.6
0.37
0.2
1.
170.
2922
.116
3.63
Euph
orbi
a ne
riifo
lia
9.7
2.
1
33.2
38
.511
.48
0.81
5.1
2.64
15.5
2.42
54.7
176.
15
Euph
orbi
a tir
ucal
li
7.
281.
370.
784.
022.
511.
444
.261
.56
Ficus
ben
ghal
ensis
3.
41.
2
0.4
62.5
6.
16.
05
5.78
1.
580.
1947
.97
135.
17
Ficus
dru
pace
a
0.3
0.7
1.00
Ficus
race
mos
a
1.8
0.7
56
7.4
4.02
2.
980.
1931
.310
4.39
Ficus
relig
iosa
4.94
2.
84
0.82
32
40.6
0
Gmeli
na a
rbor
ea
30.8
18.9
3.29
2.
180.
71.
310
.77
67.9
4
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 33
Flora-Fauna Status
SPEC
IES N
AME
Bhavnagar
Chorasi
Dhandhuka
Ghogha
Hansot
Jalalpor
Jambusar
Olpad
Talaja
Umbergaon
Vagra
Valsad
Gandevi
Jafrabad
Khambhat
Kodinar
Mahuva
Rajula
Una
TOTAL
Grew
ia te
nax
10
.6
0.3
9.8
1.
411
6
0.
62
6.37
30
.27
175.
36
Guaz
uma
tom
ento
sa
0.46
0.06
0.14
33.6
334
.29
Gym
nosp
oria
mon
tana
80.8
3.9
6.5
43.8
1.8
230.
991.
3
0.46
9.3
1.98
21.8
195.
63
Helic
tere
s iso
ra
3.4
3.
40
Hibi
scus
rosa
-sine
nsis
0.62
1.99
1.
26
1.45
1.33
6.65
Hola
rrhen
a an
tidys
ente
rica
3.95
2.
28
34.6
40.8
3
Hyph
aene
indi
ca
0.
41
0.
41
Jatro
pha
curc
as
19
.514
1.5
24.2
104
5.68
4.16
0.49
1.95
3.8
325
.533
3.78
Kige
lia p
inna
ta2.
9
2.
90
Kirg
aneli
a re
ticul
ata
2.
9
3.
577
.37.
613
.1
9.5
11
3.90
Lant
ana
cam
era
48.5
59
5.2
81
.7
9.
613
3.6
64
.27.
412.
5519
.71
3.22
16.1
44.
0653
.650
8.49
Laws
onia
iner
mis
45
.9
1.
70.
29
47.8
9
Leuc
aena
leuc
ocep
hala
3.7
19.7
4.
40.
411
.7
4.7
2.35
0.05
11.1
58.1
0
Mad
huca
indi
ca
2.9
0.4
28.2
6.
11.
851.
932.
250.
920.
641.
0110
.456
.60
Man
gife
ra in
dica
1.98
5.34
4.
142.
056.
1823
.03
42.7
2
Man
ilkar
a he
xand
ra
0.7
0.12
1.86
1.37
1.03
0.18
1.59
21.8
728
.72
Meli
a az
adira
chta
0.
12
0.
53
0.
65
Mim
osa
ciner
aria
14
.53.
7
14.2
8.8
51
2.96
0.31
12.5
5
6.9
0.77
11.7
127.
39
Mim
usop
s elen
gi
0.06
0.
39
0.45
Mitr
agyn
a pa
rvifo
lia
1.
23
1.
030.
180.
0529
.33
31.8
2
Mor
inga
conc
anen
sis
0.7
0.
70
34 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Flora-Fauna Status
SPEC
IES N
AME
Bhavnagar
Chorasi
Dhandhuka
Ghogha
Hansot
Jalalpor
Jambusar
Olpad
Talaja
Umbergaon
Vagra
Valsad
Gandevi
Jafrabad
Khambhat
Kodinar
Mahuva
Rajula
Una
TOTAL
Mor
inga
olei
fera
5.
8
0.5
6.
30
Mur
raya
koen
igii
10
.8
1.
980.
62
0.46
0.
4310
.17
24.4
6
Neriu
m in
dicu
m
0.
740.
31
0.23
0.
439.
3311
.04
Opun
tia el
atior
1.
6
94.8
88
.5
0.12
2.87
0.05
18
7.94
Park
inso
nia
acul
eata
20
0.4
1.
852.
55
1.03
0.53
1.79
33.3
761
.52
Pelto
phor
um p
tero
carp
um
8.7
154.
4
75
.21.
4
1.
230.
1
106.
03
Phoe
nix s
ylves
tris
11
.6
1.5
1.
5
84.6
10
2.7
0.35
0.1
20
2.35
Pith
ecell
obiu
m d
ulce
1.1
95.8
4.
1
0.
53
10
1.53
Polya
lthia
long
ifolia
0.86
0.19
0.2
1.03
0.
1912
.83
15.3
0
Pros
opis
julifl
ora
240.
890
3.2
628.
988
.435
9.8
305.
875
0.1
628.
616
3.4
26.5
804.
593
.95.
1914
.41
23.3
314
.25
39.0
612
.27
57.8
751
60.2
8
Rhizo
phor
a m
ucro
nata
0.
49
0.49
Salva
dora
oleo
ides
47
.476
.1
226
55.4
7.6
169.
2
59
.111
.51.
61.
31.
371.
72
0.72
19.4
367
8.44
Salva
dora
per
sica
3.7
15.5
1.
6
8.
7
26.9
0.
120.
931.
960.
57
0.58
32.1
392
.69
Sant
alum
alb
um
1.5
1.
50
Sapi
ndus
laur
ifoliu
s
0.06
0.23
0.43
0.
72
Simon
datia
chin
ensis
24
.5
24
.50
Ster
culia
ure
ns
0.3
1.36
0.8
0.64
12
.615
.70
Syzy
gium
cum
ini
24
.9
19.6
0.
931.
86
2.11
0.87
50
.27
Tabe
rnim
onta
na d
ivaric
ata
5
5.
00
Taco
ma
undu
lata
6.
10.
12
13.1
319
.35
Tam
arin
dus i
ndica
4.
1
14.9
0.53
0.14
19
.67
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 35
Flora-Fauna Status
SPEC
IES N
AME
Bhavnagar
Chorasi
Dhandhuka
Ghogha
Hansot
Jalalpor
Jambusar
Olpad
Talaja
Umbergaon
Vagra
Valsad
Gandevi
Jafrabad
Khambhat
Kodinar
Mahuva
Rajula
Una
TOTAL
Tam
arix
aphy
lla
60
19.7
24
3.6
12
.2
335.
5
Tam
arix
dioi
ca
5.8
5.
8
Teco
mell
a un
dula
ta
0.
12
10.9
711
.09
Tect
ona
gran
dis
10
.9
151.
8
4.7
2.59
0.5
0.
340.
580.
3961
.63
233.
43
Term
inal
ia a
rjuna
0.
5
5.1
0.
461.
93
27.9
35.8
9
Term
inal
lia b
elliri
ca
0.
490.
12
0.1
34.1
334
.84
Thes
pesia
lam
pas
0.
06
0.1
0.
16
Vite
x neg
undo
1.4
29
20.9
1.11
1.93
4.9
0.
290.
8236
.897
.15
Wrig
htia
tinct
oria
0.
3
0.
742
.3
58.8
2.16
24
.312
8.56
Zizyp
hus j
ujub
a36
57.1
13.7
143.
48.
134
.350
.27.
315
5.2
68.9
37.6
107.
49.
5112
.48
10.2
98.
6229
.65
7.87
66.1
863.
72
Zizyp
hus m
auriti
ana
0.
232.
630.
2936
.83
39.9
8
Zizyp
hus x
ylopy
ra
5.8
64
.2
5.8
5.
814
560
.1
0.
12
30.3
317.
12
TOTA
L DEN
SITY/
TALU
KA73
7.8
1693
.885
3.3
588.
565
0.5
1006
.899
8.6
1432
.573
1.8
2428
.914
99.8
2597
.621
7.02
136.
5520
7.03
130.
5538
6.34
114.
7219
25
Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz.
Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth. (Kalam, Kadamb)
Capparis grandis L. f. (Thikari, Dumro)
Eragrostis Sp.
Erythrina indica Lam. (Pangaro, Pangara)
38 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Flora-Fauna Status
The summary of species richness, diversity and density of woody plants for all the
surveyed talukas is presented in Table 3.6. The same is also presented in Fig. 3.1
Table 3.6: Summary of Floral Characteristics of all 19 Talukas covered during entire study
Sample Area
Type
Taluka No. of Species Woody
Species
Diversity
(H’)
Woody
Plant
Density
(Plants/
ha)
Woody Herba-
ceous
Climbers Total
Coastal
Areas*
Hansot 1 9 1 11 0 5400
Jambusar 1 1 0 2 0 6440
Vagra 3 3 1 7 0.92 7720
Talaja 1 1 0 2 0 683
Jalalpor 6 21 5 32 1.26 1104
Chorasi 7 15 3 25 1.05 3757
Olpad 1 3 1 5 0 6092
Umbergaon 1 12 1 14 0 1054
Terrestrial*
Dhandhuka 14 22 3 39 1.12 853
Hansot 8 44 12 64 1.07 650
Jambusar 19 49 14 82 1.19 999
Vagra 16 38 10 64 1.53 2997
Bhavnagar 18 80 4 102 2.11 738
Ghogha 38 68 15 121 2.27 588
Talaja 34 66 19 119 2.39 732
Jalalpor 32 63 13 108 2.00 1528
Chorasi 24 58 10 92 1.82 1694
Olpad 15 36 10 61 1.62 1432
Umbergaon 40 82 6 128 3.08 1577
Valsad 45 98 12 155 3.10 2597
Terrestrial /
Coastal
Gandevi 66 100 14 180 3.64 217
Jafrabad 71 91 19 181 3.47 137
Khambhat 35 109 21 165 3.02 207
Kodinar 61 104 19 184 3.42 131
Mahuva 77 126 18 221 3.42 386
Rajula 79 92 19 190 3.51 115
Una 85 129 17 231 3.78 171
* The species record in coastal areas is from the sample areas. However, in case of terrestrial
areas, the species records also include those species which were found outside sample areas.
The woody species diversity and density are estimated based on sampling areas.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 39
Flora-Fauna Status
Fig. 3.4. Graph showing density of woody plant species in terrestrial/coastal habitat.
IUCN Red List of Threatened species menti oned
Commiphora wighti i as data defi cient Dalbergia
lati folia as VU (vulnerable) and Hyphane indica is
also classifi ed VU. These species were analysed in
1998 by IUCN and these species are present in the
state. These species were reported during the fi eld
survey.
Hyphane indica or “Ravan Tad” is branched palm,
which belongs to coastal areas of Saurashtra and
South Gujarat. It shows higher regenerati on in and
around Una and Diu in Saurashtra, and central as well
South Gujarat. It was introduced in Central Gujarat,
where it shows natural regenerati on at few places.
IUCN has assessed it as Vulnerable in 1998.
Of late, Dalbergia lati folia is also considered in VU
category which needs to be conserved.
The IUCN Red List Categories (IUCN 2001)
Commiphora wighti i
(Arn.) Bhandari
40 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Flora-Fauna Status
Many of the coastal talukas of Gujarat shows presence of diverse mangrove species.
During the present study Mangrove species were reported from different talukas as
presented below;
Sr. No. Species name Name of talukas having species
1 Acanthus illifolius Umargaon, Jalalpore, Valsad, Gandevi,
Chorasi, Olpad2 Avicennia marina Umargaon, Jalalpore, Jafrabad, Gandevi,
Ghogha, Mahuva, Talaja, Kodinar, Chorasi,
Olpad 3 Avicennia officinalis Umargaon, Valsad, Hansot4 Aegiceras corniculatum Umargaon, Valsad5 Bruguiera cylindrica Umargaon,Jalalpore, Gandevi6 Ceriops tagal Umargaon, Jalalpore, Gandevi7 Excoecaria agallocha Umargaon8 Sonneratia apetala Umargaon, Valsad, Jalalpore, Gandevi, Olpad9 Rhizophora mucronata Jalalpore, Gandevi, Umargaon
10 Ceriops decandra Umargaon11 Kandelia candel Valsad12 Bruguiera gymnorhiza Jalalpore, Gandevi
Source: Mangrove Atlas, Gujarat Ecology Commission as well as on field study for selected talukas.
MangrovesofGujaratCoast
Mangroves: One of the most important plant communities situated throughout the
coastal region. They are found only in the tropical and subtropical regions. Mangroves
are trees or shrubs, often clustered together. Trees can grow to a height of 25 metres.
Large groups of mangroves and other plants found here are called mangrove swamps,
mangrove forests or mangals.
Mangrove forests are among the most productive ecosystems on land. They are natural
marvels not only due to their adaptations, but also for the important role they play in our
environment. In India, there are 34 species of true mangroves. Bhitarkanika (Orissa) has
31 species, the Sundarbans have 27 and the Andaman & Nicobar islands have 24 species
of mangroves. As compared to the above mentioned status, in Gujarat, total 14 species
of mangroves have been recorded. Total 12 species are recorded from 19 talukas of the
Gulf of Khambhat during the field survey and other secondary data source.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 41
Flora-Fauna Status
Sr. No. Species name IUCN categories
1 Acanthus illicifolius LC
2 Avicennia marina LC
3 Avicennia officinalis LC
4 Aegiceras corniculatum LC
5 Bruguiera cylindrica LC
6 Ceriops tagal LC
7 Excoecaria agallocha LC
8 Sonneratia apetala LC
9 Rhizophora mucronata LC
10 Ceriops decandra Near threatened
11 Kandelia candel LC
12 Bruguiera gymnorhiza LC
*LC: Least concern
Threatstomangroves:
The increasing human population is exerting tremendous stress on the mangroves, with
land reclamations and discharge of waste causing their degradation.
Shrimp farming is a major reason for t\he destruction of mangroves. These forests are
the natural habitat of shrimps. Large areas of mangroves are cleared to create artificial
ponds for shrimps. This has also led to the loss of habitat for other fish.
Rising temperature and rising seas: Rising sea levels due to climate change and the
consequent rising temperatures pose a grave threat to mangroves. Large areas of coastal
mangroves could be lost if sea levels continue to rise due to the expansions of the oceans
and melting of polar ice caps
Development activities:Developmental activities near coastal area are also a major
threat to mangroves. Building of ports and jetties is another reason for cutting down
mangroves.
42 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Flora-Fauna Status
3.3. FaunalCharacteristics
As discussed earlier, efforts were being made to make inventories of three major groups
of fauna: the mammals, birds and reptiles. Due to logistic and manpower related issues,
the faunal inventory work was covered in two different parts whereinin first phase only
in nine talukas were covered and therefore few of the same is proposed to be repeated in
the second part of the study3. Nevertheless, later year’s sampling efforts indicated some
interesting aspects of species diversity and their distribution.
3.3.1. Mammals
Overall, 28 mammalian species were found from 19 surveyed talukas during entire study
covering attempts of both the seasons. During the survey, presence of a total of 10
mammalian species was recorded from 32 sample locations of five talukas (out of total
71 surveyed locations in nine talukas). Obviously, the sampling effort is not adequate to
derive some measures of diversity and abundance. Out of 32 sample sites covered, 22
were from Talaja and needless to say 9 out of 10 species were recorded from this taluka
(Table 3.7). In terms of species richness, Una (19 sp.) and Bhavnagar (18 sp.) showed
maximum richness followed by khambhat, Mahuva and Rajula (Fig. 3.5). Looking logically
to the mammalian species encounter rate, Bhavnagar and Khambhat represented
highest values of 0.55 while the same for Ghogha, Chorasi and Vagra can be suppressed
considering the less number of transects for the talukas compared to other talukas
(Table 3.7).
The braod context of presence and absence of different mammalian species in studied
talukas can be represented in Table 3.8. Further, Table 3.9 shows the frequency record
of different species in different talukas by local people during the interaction with local
public on field. Five stripped squirrel was the most commonly encountered species
directly during the field surveys in different talukas followed by Bluebull (Table. 3.10).
Moreover, Khambhat and Bhavnagar showed high rate of frequency of mammals as on
indirect records as represented in Table 3.11.
3 It is important to understand that inventory of bird, mammal, reptile and amphibian species is a specialist’s job. Therefore, to find out a single field researcher with sufficient experience and expertise on all above taxa is very difficult task. Project, however, did not get a any good student for the job for quite a long part of the project. This sufficiently delayed the field work. Therefore, compared to the plants, the total numbers of talukas covered for faunal inventory are less. Also, a total of 71 sample points were surveyed for faunal species records. Clearly, this is not adequate to record the faunal species diversity. Thus it needs to substantiate in the next phase of the study.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 43
Flora-Fauna Status
Blackbuck
Leopard
Sambar
Chinkara
Nilgai
Striped Hyena
44 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Flora-Fauna Status
Jungle Cat
Indian Wild Boar
Common Mongoose
Indian Fox
Indian Hare
Indian Gerbille
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 45
Flora-Fauna Status
Fig 3.5. Showing total no. of mammalian species recorded from different talukas during entire study.
Table3.7:Summaryofstatusofmammalianspeciesrecordin differenttalukasduringentirestudy
Taluka No.ofTransects No.ofSpecies Mammal Species
Encounter Rate(Avg.
Species per transect)
No Records
ofMammal
Records of
Mammal
Total Direct Sighting
Indirect Evidence
Total
Bhavnagar 1 32 33 12 15 18 0.55Gandevi 12 18 30 5 8 10 0.33Jafrabad 12 39 51 8 5 11 0.22Khambhat 1 28 29 10 12 16 0.55Kodinar 12 16 28 8 5 13 0.46Mahuva 7 49 56 11 10 16 0.29Rajula 19 44 63 10 7 15 0.24Una 31 56 87 15 12 19 0.22Ghogha 1 4 5 3 9 8 1.6Talaja 5 17 22 19 15 9 0.4Chorasi 0 1 1 1 0 1 1Vagra 0 3 3 2 3 3 1Jalalpor# - - - - - - -Olpad# - - - - - - -Jambusar# - - - - - - -Hansot# - - - - - - -Valsad# - - - - - - -Umergaon - - - - - - -Dhandhuka# - - - - - - -Overall 101 307 408 104 101 28 0.57# Talukas representing lack of mammalian data.
46 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Flora-Fauna Status
Table3.8:RecordofMammalianSpeciesDuringtheSurvey
Common
Name
Bhavna
gar
Chor
asi
Gho
gha
Tala
ja
Vagr
a
Gan
devi
Jafrab
ad
Kham
bhat
Kodi
nar
Mah
uva
Raju
la
Una
Umargaon
*
Dha
ndhu
ka*
Han
sot*
Jalalpor*
Olpad
*
Valsad
*
Jambu
sar*
Bluebull x x x x x x x x x
Common Indian
Civet
x x
Indian Five
stripped Squirrel
x x x x x x x x x x
Indian Fox x x x
Common
Mongoose
x x x x x x x x x x
Common
Dolphin
Honey Badger
Indian Hare x x x x x x x x x x
Indian Porcupine x x x x
Indian Gerbille x
Indian Stripped
Hyena
x x x
Indian Wild Boar x x x x x x x
Jackal x x x x x
Jungle Cat x x x x x x
Leopard x x
Lion x x
Pale Hedgehog x
Sambar
Wolf x
Chinkara x x x x x
Common langur x x x
Spotted deer x x x x
Chowsinga x
Black buck x
TotalNo.of
Species
15 2 8 9 3 6 8 5 8 8 8 10
Totalno.of
Sample plots
33 1 5 22 3 30 51 29 28 56 63 87
*Talukas lack appropriate faunal data during the surveys.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 47
Flora-Fauna Status
Table3.9:Frequencyofreportofmammalspeciesindifferenttalukas by local people during study period
Species Code
Bhavna
gar
Gan
devi
Jafrab
ad
Kham
bhat
Kodi
nar
Mah
uva
Raju
la
Una
Gho
gha
Tala
ja
Chor
asi
Vagr
a
Umargaon
*
Dha
ndhu
ka*
Han
sot*
Jalalpor*
Olpad
*
Valsad
*
Jambu
sar*
Tota
l
Bluebull 3 4 1 1 4 18 31
Common Indian
Civet
6 1 7
Indian Fox 1 1 2
Common
Mongoose
1 1 02 12 16
Common
Dolphin
2 2
Honey Badger 1 1 2
Indian Hare 1 1 4 1 5 1 13
Indian Porcupine 1 1 6 1 01 03 13
Indian Gerbille 1 1
Indian Stripped
Hyena
3 3 1 4 1 1 2 15
Indian Wild Boar 1 6 7
Jackal 4 7 1 1 3 16
Jungle Cat 1 1 3 1 6
Leopard 1 5 1 3 2 3 1 16
Lion 2 4 2 2 1 4 1 16
Pale Hedgehog 2 2 2 2 8
Sambar 2 2
Wolf 1 1
Overall 21 9 5 34 3 28 7 11 9 46 0 1 174
*Talukas lack appropriate faunal data during the surveys.
48 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Flora-Fauna Status
Table3.10.:FrequencyofDirectSightingsofdifferentspeciesindifferentTalukas
during study period
SpeciesBh
avna
gar
Gand
evi
Jafra
bad
Kham
bhat
Kodi
nar
Mah
uva
Raju
la
Una
Ghog
ha
Tala
ja
Chor
asi
Vagr
a
Umargaon
*
Dhan
dhuk
a*
Hansot*
Jalalpor*
Olpa
d*
Valsa
d*
Jambu
sar*
Tota
l
Bluebull 12 (60)
11 (56)
16 (66)
3 (28)
20 (59)
20 (85)
8 (36)
14 (54)
71 (79)
175 (523)
Black Buck 9 (61) 9 (61)
Chital 1 (5) 4 (7) 1 (1) 12 (52)
18 (65)
Chinkara 2 (4) 1 (2) 5 (8) 4 (6) 3 (5) 15 (25)
Chowsingha 1 (1) 1 (1)
Common Indian Civet
2 (2) 1 (1) 3 (3)
Common Langur 13 (134)
2 (10)
10 (39)
25 (183)
Common Mongoose
6 (6) 7 (8) 8 (9) 7 (8) 3 (3) 15 (28)
11 (15)
8 (9) 1(5) 1(4) 67 (95)
Flying Fox 1 (2) 1 (50)
4 (9) 2(4) 7(10) 15 (75)
Indian Field Mouse
1(1) 1 (1)
Indian Five stripped Squirrel
19 (46)
12 (22)
7 (13)
18 (63)
7 (15)
19 (48)
13 (31)
14 (29)
109 (267)
Indian Fox 1 (1) 1(4) 1 (1)
Indian Hare 5 (5) 3 (3) 4 (4) 4 (4) 3(3) 5 (6) 9 (9) 4 (5) 1(1) 3(8) 41 (48)
Indian Gerbille 1 (1) 1 (1)
Indian Porcupine 1 (1) 1(1) 2 (2)
Indian Wild Boar 8 (24) 1 (1) 6 (14)
5 (16)
1 (3) 13 (20)
6 (11)
9 (28)
49 (117)
Jackal 3 (3) 1 (2) 3 (4) 1 (2) 2 (3) 10 (14)
Jungle Cat 5 (5) 1 (1) 4 (4) 3 (8) 1 (1) 12 (12)
6 (6) 7 (7) 2(2) 1(1) 42 (47)
Leopard 1 (1) 1 (1)
Asiatic Lion 1 (7) 1 (1) 0 (1) 2 (9)
Sambar 2 (2) 2 (2)
Wolf 1 (2) 1 (2)
Grand Total 70 (215)
25 (85)
43 (106)
74 (313)
22 (70)
97 (198)
72 (167)
83 (219)
18 (60)
84 (105)
2 (2) 507 (1540)
Valuesinparenthesisistotalnumberofanimalsobserved *Talukas lack appropriate faunal data during the surveys.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 49
Flora-Fauna Status
Table3.11:Frequency(no.ofrecords)ofindirectrecordsofmammalspeciesindifferenttalukasduringentirestudy.
Species
Bhavna
gar
Gand
evi
Jafra
bad
Kham
bhat
Kodi
nar
Mah
uva
Raju
la
Una
Ghog
ha
Tala
ja
Chor
asi
Vagr
a
Umargaon
*
Dhan
dhuk
a*
Hansot*
Jalalpor*
Olpad
*
Valsa
d*
Jambu
sar*
Tota
l
Bluebull 14 3 13 3 9 3 5 4 10 64
Blackbuck 1 1
Chital 1 1
Chowsingha 6 1 1 8
Common Dolphin
2 2
Common Langur 1 1 2
Common Mongoose
1 1 1 2 5
Indian Field Mouse
1 1
Indian Fox 1 1 2
Indian Gerbille 4 3 7
Indian Hare 5 6 1 12
Flying Fox 1 1 2
Indian Five Stripped Squirrel
2 2 1 5
Indian Porcupine 4 6 7 3 2 1 23
Indian Stripped Hyena
7 2 4 7 4 5 1 3 2 35
Indian Wild Boar 1 6 7
Jackal 5 2 1 16 1 1 2 1 1 3 33
Jungle Cat 1 1 4 2 8
Leopard 1 5 2 1 4 2 5 20
Asiatic Lion 2 5 3 10 2 9 3 34
Pale Hedgehog 2 2 2 2 8
Sambar 2 2
Wolf 2 2
Overall 51 15 15 65 12 48 13 33 9 18 3 282
*Talukas lack appropriate faunal data during the surveys.
50 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Flora-Fauna Status
NILGAI (Boselaphus tragocamelus)
During the entire Phase of study, it was observed that blue bulls (Boselaphus tragocamelus)
were frequent in most of the talukas. Moreover, during the surveys, most of the local
people especially the farmers complained about the nuisance and crop raiding by the
Nilgai and problem of their increasing population. Above image shows a standing crop
being raided by the herd of Bluebulls.
InterestingFacts:
• Nilgai is a sturdy species which is represented by a stocky body. The distribution
of the Nilgai was mainly to the peninsular India which is expanding day by day.
The species is well adapted to diverse habitat conditions and thus successfully
expanding their distribution in the state as well as country.
• The Nilgai is mainly diurnal, with peaks in activity in the early morning and late
afternoon. The sense of sight is well developed among this wary species. When
chased, Nilgai can run up to 48 kmph / 29 mph. Being territorial, the species many a
times marks its territory by their dumping their excretory pellets at particular place.
• The current population of Nilgai in the state is 1 lakh, of which 10,000 are located
in 90 villages in Ahmedabad and 30 villages in Gandhinagar. The existing population
of Nilgai has been one of the issues for State’s farmers. The herds of Bluebulls have
been raiding the standing crops of the farmers causing them a great damage to
their yield in one night itself. Even the fencing and electrifying the farm boundary
has failed against the invasion of this feral and sturdy animal. The Gujarat state
government decided to give licences to the Sarpanchs after the terror of Bluebulls
reached menacing proportions.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 51
Flora-Fauna Status
Some of the interesti ng and ground level facts came forward during the fi eld surveys
and interacti ons with the local public. Interacti on with local people revealed interesti ng
informati on about the past status of the animals in the area and the present scenario as
per their view being in direct touch with the habitat. Bluebull has covered most of the
area in Gujarat and increasing in populati on taking benefi t of their adapti veness. In most
of the surveys, local people (especially farmers) complained about the nuisance of the
animal being damaging their standing crops.
Secondly, important sighti ng of Asiati c lions in few of the talukas suggests range extension
and dispersal of Asiati c lions beyond Gir Nati onal Park and Sanctuary. The same in brief
has been given in the following box.
MAMMALIAN HIGHLIGHTSIncaseofmammals,atotalof28specieswererecordedduringentirestudy
from19talukas.Thehighestdiversity(basedondirectandindirectevidences)
wasreportedfromUnaandBhavnagartalukas.
52 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Flora-Fauna Status
IDENTIFIED THREATS TO THE FAUNA
Industrial developments coupled with infrastructure development with anthropogenic
activities have been indirectly creating negative impacts on the adjacent biodiversity.
Though inevitable, there is pressing serious need to conserve the biota along with
development to make them go hand in hand. During the visit, few of the serious
anthropogenic effects were seen on the fauna.
Mining – Mining has been a serious issue which was seen in certain talukas. The mining
directly alters the prevailing habitat and results in different type of pollutions like air,
noise and particulate matter pollution. The habitat destructions results in direct loss or
migration of the faunal group. Moreover, resultant transportation activity and the human
interventions disturb the existing natural ecosystem as well as the animal movement.
Increasing traffic/ road network: Road network has been one of the important components
of development. The increasing road network has consequently fragmented the natural
habitats at macro and micro level. For e.g. even the bisecting of agriculture fields by
roads has been disturbing the living biota due to disturbance.
Road accidents during the transit of animals have been a serious issue. Many cases of
road accidents were reported during the study which includes mammalian, reptilian and
amphibian accidents.
Dead Indian mud turtle on road Dead Unidentified snake species on road
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 53
Flora-Fauna Status
Asiaticlion(Panthera leo persica)
Interestingly, Asiatic lion has been reported in six talukas (Bhavnagar, Jafrabad, Kodinar,
Mahuva, Rajula and Una) during the surveys (based on both direct and indirect evidences).
This evidences the increasing population of Asiatic lion and their spread beyond their
previous home range.
UpdatesofAsiaticlion(Panthera leo persica)populationinrecentpast:
The table shows the population status from 1963 to the year 2010. The constant increase
in the lion population with a steep linen from 177 to 411 lions in the year 2010 evidences
the very good health of the ecosystem.
DetailsofApr-2010Census
AreawiseDistributionAREA Male Female Cubs Total
Gir National Park & adjoining 59 121 117 297Girnar Sanctuary 7 11 6 24Mityala Sanctuary 2 3 2 7Paniya Sanctuary 3 6 0 9Coastal areas
(Una, Kodinar, Sutrapada, and Chhara)
9 6 6 21
Savarkundla, Liliya and adjoining areas
of Amreli and Bhavnagar
17 15 21 53
T O T A L 97 162 152 411
54 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Flora-Fauna Status
Detailsof2005CensusAREA Male Female Sub-
Adult
Cubs Total
Gir National Park 68 100 61 62 291Girnar 5 5 5 2 17Una, Kodinar, Sutrapada, Sea side 7 7 12Mityala, Savarkundla, Liliya &
Bhavnagar Dist.
9 14 6 10 39
T O T A L 89 124 72 74 359359 does not include 11 animals in Devaliya Park
The comparison of the 5 years data (as per above two tables) depicts the spread of lion
population in the National Park and Sanctuary area as well as their range extension to
the coastal areas of Saurashtra which was also reported during the present study visits.
Source: www.asiaticlion.org
Asiatic Lion
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 55
Flora-Fauna Status
3.3.2. Birds
Overall, 215 bird species were recorded from 19 talukas surveyed. During the survey, a total of 157 bird species were recorded in 71 sample locations across 9 talukas. A checklist of bird species recorded during the survey is presented in Annexure 3.2. In terms of bird species diversity, with the record of 145 and 144 species, the Rajula and Jafrabad are the two richest talukas, respectively (Fig. 3.6). However, the sampling effort varies across talukas and to remove the effect of this, average number of species encountered in per unit sampling effort was also measured. Thus, Jalalpor recorded 83 species in just four sample points i.e. an average of 20.8 species per sample point (Table 3.12). On the contrary, from 26 sample points in Talaja, 125 species were recorded with an average of 4.8 species per sample point. In above context, therefore, talukas like Jalalpor, Umergaon, Ghogha and Olpad, are supporting relatively rich bird diversity. During second season of the study, Kodinar and Bhavnagar showed highest species encounter rate (Table 3.12). Fig. 3.6. shows the graphical presentation of number of
avian species recorded from different talukas during the surveys.
Table3.12:Talukawisebirdspeciesrichness&encounterrateduringentirestudy.
Taluka No.ofPoints
Surveyed/Transects
Total Bird Species
Recorded
Species Encounter Rate
(Species per sample point)Chorasi 7 78 11.1Ghogha 5 62 12.4Jalalpor 4 83 20.8Olpad 7 83 11.9Talaja 26 125 4.8Umergaon 6 87 14.5Vagra 5 44 8.8Valsad 10 108 10.8Bhavnagar* 33 129 3.91Gandevi* 30 85 2.83Jafrabad* 51 144 2.82Khambhat* 29 97 3.34Kodinar* 28 121 4.32Mahuva* 56 138 2.46Rajula* 63 145 2.30Una* 87 141 1.62Hansot# - - -
Jambusar# - - -Dhandhuka# - - -Overall 447 1670 7.41
*Talukas with transect surveys#Talukas which lack in avifaunal data
56 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Flora-Fauna Status
Fig. 3.6. Showing diversity of bird species in diff erent talukas.
GLIMPSE TO AVIFAUNAL STATUS
Overall 215 bird species were recorded from 19 talukas surveyed during Phase I and II respecti vely. Rajula and Jafrabad talukas emerged as the richest talukas in terms of avifauna. In terms of migratory birds, Khambhat and Bhavnagar showed good congregati on of waders in shallow coastal waters and saltpans respecti vely.
Moreover, a good diversity of larks was evident in Bhavnagar talukas and the Bhal area. Most of the ti me eff ort was made to survey the birds in early morning and in migratory season.
In terms of frequency of record of species in each taluka, it was found that, only two
species, the Green Bee-eater and Rock pigeon were recorded from all the nine talukas.
On the contrary, there were 49 species which were recorded only in one or two talukas.
The frequency of record of species in each sample locati on suggested that only three
species viz Black Drongo, Green Bee-eater and Red Vented Bulbul, were found in more
than 50% of total sample points (Table 13). On the other hand, 116 species were recorded
from less than 5% of the total sample points.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 57
Flora-Fauna Status
Indian Peafawl
White-rumped Vulture
Asian Paradise Flycatcher
Oriental Honey Buzzard
Grey Francolin
Chestnut-bellied Sandgrouse
58 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Flora-Fauna Status
Sarus Crane
Painted Stork
Black-tailed Godwit
Asian Openbill
Gull
White-throated Kingfisher
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 59
Flora-Fauna Status
Table3.13:Frequency(%)ofBirdSpeciesRecordDuringtheSurvey
Frequency Class No.ofBirdSpecies<5% 1165 to 10 7410 to 15 1115 to 20 10>20 4Total 215
Although population count was not attempted systematically during the survey, based
on direct sightings, the number of individuals of each species in each sample point was
recorded and later grouped into four population classes. The population class wise
record of species in each Taluka is presented in Annexure 3.2. Obviously, more number of
species was recorded in small population, yet in taluka like Talaja and Umergaon, Vagra
and Ghogha, many species were recorded in large population (Table 3.14).
Table3.14:Numberofspeciesindifferentpopulationsizeclassrecordedduringthesurvey
Population
Class Chora
si
Ghog
ha
Jalalp
or
Olpa
d
Talaj
a
Umerg
aon
Vagra
Valsa
d
Bhavna
gar
Gand
evi
Jafara
bad
Kham
bhat
Kodin
ar
Mahu
va
Rajul
a
Una
Jalalp
ore*
Hansot*
Jambu
sar*
A 46 23 52 49 43 41 18 48 49 33 51 28 52 41 53 61 - - -B 16 14 21 19 27 16 12 44 30 19 38 21 29 46 37 33 - - -C 11 14 9 9 23 11 6 10 28 18 26 14 22 30 30 29 - - -D 5 11 1 6 32 19 8 6 22 15 29 34 18 21 25 18 - - -Total Sps. 78 62 83 83 125 87 44 108 129 85 144 97 121 138 145 141 - - -A= 1-2 birds; B= 3 to 5 birds; C= 6 to 10 birds; D= more than 10 birds *Talukas where avifaunal data was missing.
ImportantsightingsofGypsVulturesFew of the rare sightings of vultures were there during the study period which can be the
update to the state’s vulture inventory. An important sighting of 09 Indian white rumped
vultures (Gyps bengalensis) and 03 Long billed vultures (Gyps indicus) was seen by the
study team on 08/10/2010 in Nagra village of Khambhat Taluka. The birds were seen
resting on the Borassus flabellife.
STATUS:The Indian Vulture (Gyps indicus) and the Indian White-rumped Vulture, G. bengalensis
species have suffered a 97% - 99% population decrease in Pakistan and India.
60 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Flora-Fauna Status
Both the species have been placed under critically threatened category by IUCN.
The cause of this has been identified as poisoning caused by the veterinary drug
diclofenac.
3.3.3. Reptiles
In total, 32 reptilian species were found in from overall studied talukas. During the
survey, record of reptilian species was quite restricted mainly due to the winter period of
sampling in most of the talukas. Out of total 447 transects taken in entire study period,
only 143 transects marked presence of reptiles proving the lower encounter scenario
(32%) of reptiles as compared to mammals and birds. Nevertheless, a good record of
reptilian sighting was seen in Khambhat, Bhavanagar and Rajula talukas with high
number of reptiles species as well as good successful transect ratio (Table 3.15). Further
Fig. 3.16 represents the recorded number of different reptilian species from different
talukas wherein common garden lizard is the highest reported species while common
Indian monitor lizard showed its presence in every taluka.
Table3.15:TalukawiserecordofReptileSpecies
Total Transects
Surveyed
No.ofTransectswith
ReptileRecords
No.ofSpecies
Chorasi 7Ghogha 5 02 03Jalalpor 4 - -Olpad 7 - -Talaja 26 02 04Umergaon 6 - -Vagra 5 - -Valsad 10 - -Bhavnagar* 33 30 19Gandevi* 30 6 04Jafrabad* 51 7 07Khambhat* 29 27 19Kodinar* 28 6 04Mahuva* 56 28 17Rajula* 63 31 18Una* 87 4 08Hansot# - - -Jambusar# - - -Dhandhuka# - - -Total 447 143 103
*Talukas with transect surveys# Talukas lacking reptilian surveys.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 61
Flora-Fauna Status
Table3.16:DistributionandRecordedNumberofReptileSpeciesindifferentTalukas
Species
Bhavna
gar
Gand
evi
Jafaraba
d
Kham
bhat
Kodi
nar
Mah
uva
Raju
la
Una
Ghog
ha
Talaj
a
Chorasi*
Vagra*
Umar
gaon
Dhan
dhuk
a*
Hansot*
Jalal
por*
Olpa
d*
Valsa
d*
Jambu
sa*
Tota
l Sps
.
Brook’s Gecko 1 1 2
Blind Snake x x x 1 1 2
Common Garden Lizard
31 4 2 13 3 20 4 3 1 1 1 83
Common Indian Bronzeback
2 2
Common Indian Krait
1 x 4 1 1 7
Common Indian Monitor
3 1 1 3 2 7 6 1 x 1 25
Checkered Keelback
1 1 4 3 7 1 x 17
Common Skink 3 2 4 1 10
Common Wolf Snake
x x 0
Dog-faced Water snake
2 2
Fan-throatd Lizard 1 1 1 1 1 5 3 1 14
Indian Pond Terrapin
2 1 2 x 5
Indian Python 4 2 6
Indian Softshell Turtle
1 3 3 2 9
John’s Earth Boa x x 3 2 5
Leschenault’s Snake-eye
1 1
Little Skink 1 1 1 3
Marsh Crocodile 1 1
Noethern House Gecko
1 4 5 2 x x 12
Russell’s Earth Boa x 1 3 4
Rock Gecko 1 1
Rat Snake 2 1 2 5 9 x x x 19
Russell’s Viper x 1 1
Indian Cobra (spactacled cobra)
2 1 x 2 4 1 1 11
Snake Skink 5 1 1 4 11
Saw Scaled Viper 2 2 x x x x 4
62 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Flora-Fauna Status
Starred Tortoise 3 3
Trinket Snake x 2 2
Unidenti fi ed Snake
x 0
Vine Snake x 1 1
Water monitor lizard
3 1 x 4
Total Taluka 56 9 9 40 7 68 59 11 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 267
x = Species was recorded based on indirect evidences or local people’s report
REPTILIAN HIGHLIGHTS
In total, 32 repti lian species were found in total studied talukas during both
studies. Bhavnagar and Khambhat showed highest records of species during
the surveys. But the repti les are diffi cult to sight and are very rare to be recorded
in a short ti me frame of the visit.
During the survey, record of repti lian species was quite restricted mainly due
to the winter period of sampling in most of the talukas. The sighti ng of Indian
monitor lizard Varanus bengalensis was frequent during the road transits
suggesti ng their vulnerability to road traffi c.
Extensive eff orts were made to record the repti lian diversity of the study
areas using the available direct and indirect evidences. In salt pan area around
Velavadar of Bhavnagar Taluka, cases of snake bites specially by Russel’s viper
and Saw scaled viper were frequently heard from the local public.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 63
Flora-Fauna Status
Saw-scaled Viper
Indian Cobra
Skink
Crocodile
Monitor Lizard
Chameleon
64 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Flora-Fauna Status
Fig.
3.7
Map
sho
win
g di
vers
ity o
f mam
mal
s, re
ptile
s an
d bi
rds
reco
rded
dur
ing
the
stud
y.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 65
Socio-Ecological Trend
4.1. Climate
Rainfall is the most important climatic factor that influences the ecology and thus economics of the region. During this study, average annual rainfall data between 1980 and 2002 was collated for all the 19 talukas4. The data suggest that comparatively while Valsad, Umbergaon, Gandevi and Chorasi talukas recorded higher average annual rainfall, the Vagra, Talaja, Mahuva, Ghogha, Rajula talukas recorded lower rainfall (Table 4.1, Fig. 4.1)5. As far as recent trend is concerned, it is recorded that while comparing the average annual rainfall in the decade of 1980-1990 & 1991-2002, there was decline in the average annual rainfall in 10 talukas. Kodinar, Mahuva, Jambusar and Rajula recorded high percentage decline in average annual rainfall. (Fig. 4.2 a & b).
Table4.1:RainfallPatternintheTalukas
District Taluka AverageRainfall(mm) ChangeinAvg.Rainfall
between1980-90&
1991-2002
1980-2002 1980-1990 1991-2002 mm %Ahmedabad Dhandhuka 606.8 617.2 597.3 -19.9 -3.2
Amreli Jafrabad 567.2 559.6 574.1 14.4 2.6
Amreli Rajula 549.7 605.1 498.9 -106.2 -17.5
Anand Khambhat 641.2 617.7 662.8 45.0 7.3
Bharuch Hansot 827.7 866.9 791.7 -75.2 -8.7
Bharuch Jambusar 612.6 679.0 551.7 -127.3 -18.8
Bharuch Vagra 480.1 525.8 438.2 -87.7 -16.7
Bhavnagar Bhavnagar 559.7 535.5 582.0 46.5 8.7
Bhavnagar Ghogha 534.3 502.5 563.6 61.1 12.2
Bhavnagar Mahuva 527.1 581.2 473.1 -108.1 -18.6
Bhavnagar Talaja 505.9 545.4 469.8 -75.6 -13.9
Junagadh Kodinar 777.0 874.0 688.2 -185.8 -21.3
Junagadh Una 714.3 754.7 677.2 -77.6 -10.3
Navsari Gandevi 1618.5 1731.5 1515.0 -216.5 -12.5
Navsari Jalalpore
4. SOCIO-ECOLOGICAL TRENDS
4 For Jalalpor Taluka, the data is available only from 1998 onwards.5 It is important to mention here that for meaningful analysis long term time-series rainfall data is necessary.
66 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Socio-Ecological Trend
Surat Chorasi 1167.9 1125.0 1207.2 82.2 7.3
Surat Olpad 783.2 749.9 813.7 63.8 8.5
Valsad Umbergaon 1704.5 1640.8 1757.6 116.8 7.1
Valsad Valsad 1755.2 1657.2 1836.9 179.7 10.8
Source: State Water Data Centre, Gandhinagar
Fig.
4.1
. M
ap s
how
ing
aver
age
rain
fall
patt
ern
in d
iffer
ent t
aluk
as.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 67
Socio-Ecological Trend
68 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Socio-Ecological Trend
Fig.4.2a. Showing rainfall scenario in studied talukas for two decades.
Fig. 4.2b. Percnetage Change in Avg. Rainfall between 1980-90 & 1991-2002 presented
on logarithmic scale.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 69
Socio-Ecological Trend
4.2. HumanPopulation
The human population growth indicates the trends in resource availability. In other words,
it suggests the pressure on the existing natural resources, e.g. change in per capita forest
availability. On overall basis, almost all talukas recorded an increase in the population
(Table 4.2). A few talukas, on the other hand, recorded a decline in their population. This
is just a discrepancy in the census figure mainly due to reorganization of some talukas and
to create a few new talukas (like Jalalpore). The table also presented BPL population in
each taluka. Valsad and Umbergaon talukas recorded highest percentage of BPL families
(Fig. 4.3 and 4.4). The high proportion of BPL families also indicate higher degree of
dependence on common natural resources like forests, pasturelands etc. In above two
terms (total population and BPL population), the influence of human population on local
ecology can be indicated. The population of socio-economically marginalized groups like
SC & ST is correlated with BPL families.
Table4.2:TotalandBPLPopulationineachTaluka
District Taluka Population(1991)
Population(2001)
% Increase
BPL Population
% BPL
Ahmedabad Dhandhuka 252183 134619 -46.6 9887 7.34
Amreli Jafrabad 73641 90726 23.2 10705 11.8
Amreli Rajula 160177 145558 -9.1 12794 8.79
Anand Khambhat 304012 260987 -14.2 12506 4.79
Bharuch Hansot 58141 68782 18.3 6466 9.4
Bharuch Jambusar 164262 176519 7.5 21406 12.12
Bharuch Vagra 68874 82569 19.9 6277 7.59
Bhavnagar Bhavnagar 522718 662538 26.7 8454 1.28
Bhavnagar Ghogha 74617 85623 14.7 3359 3.92
Bhavnagar Mahuva 310877 375617 20.8 11662 3.1
Bhavnagar Talaja 216789 270261 24.7 8094 3
Junagadh Kodinar 165795 198151 19.5 3490 1.76
Junagadh Una 270575 330882 22.3 17768 5.37
Navsari Gandevi 217552 240128 10.4 14780 6.15
Navsari Jalalpore - 219980 - 10575 4.81
Surat Chorasi 1730833 585560 -66.2 14691 2.51
Surat Olpad 157538 185841 18.0 11560 6.22
Valsad Umbergaon 181622 236509 30.2 46162 19.54
Valsad Valsad 329933 385159 16.7 92484
Source: Census Report 1991-2001
70 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Socio-Ecological Trend
Fig. 4.3. Demographic presentation of year 1991 and 2001
Fig. 4.4. Percentage population change from 1991-2001 on logarithmic scale.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 71
Socio-Ecological Trend
4.3. Landuse
Land use is based on the functional dimension of land for different human purposes or
economic activities. Thus, in a sense, the land use system of any given area is significantly
controlled by its ecology. In the present context, some of the categories of land use
which have strong ecological connotation include the forests, barren areas, pasture land,
culturable wasteland, fallow, and agriculture lands. The data about area under different
land use categories at every five year interval are collated from Revenue Department.
The data were collated from 1980-81 to 2004-05 and were analysed for the overall
change between 1980-81 and 2004-05. Following are the key indications derived from
these data sets:
(i) Forest: In general, the forest area gets declined in quite a many talukas (Table
4.3a). The maximum decline in forest area was recorded in Una taluka of Junagadh
district, where between 1980-81 and 2004-05 more than 33000 ha forest land was
converted into any other landuse. Similarly, in Jafrabad taluka of Amreli district also
recorded a decline of about 2200 ha forest lands. On the other hand, taluka like
Dhandhuka in Ahmedabad district recorded an increase of about 2600 ha in forest
area. However, due to insufficient knowledge about the causes of such decline and
increase in forest land, it is difficult to comment on these.
(ii) Barren: In cumulative terms, in the 19 talukas, the area under barren category gets
increased. However, this is mainly due to increase of about 31300 ha and 4800 ha
in barren area in two talukas viz. Una in Junagadh district and Jambusar in Bharuch
district, respectively (Table 4.3a). Contrary to this, there was a decline of about
19500 ha in Dhandhuka taluka in Ahmedabad district. Reasons for such large scale
shift need to be explored.
(iii) Pasture Land: On overall basis, the area under pasture lands declined in the 19
talukas along the Gulf of Khambhat. However, it is important to mention here
that between 1980-81 and 2004-05, in 9 talukas, there was no change in the area
designated under pasture lands. Dhandhuka and Rajula talukas, on the other hand,
recorded a decline of about 3250 ha and 1200 ha in their pasture lands, respectively
(Table 4.3a).
(iv) Culturable Waste: During the period of 1980-81 and 2004-05, the area under
culturable waste showed different trends across the talukas. Thus, for example,
while in Khambhat and Vagra talukas the area under culturable waste has increased,
the same was recorded to decline in Dhandhuka, Bhavnagar and Chorasi talukas
(Table 4.3b).
72 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Socio-Ecological Trend
(v) Fallow: In the land use statistics, data on fallow lands is recorded in two major
categories- the current fallow and other fallow. For present purpose, the two were
summed-up and presented as total fallow. While, cumulatively, there is a decline in
the area under fallow category in 19 talukas, individually talukas behaved differently.
Thus, talukas like Rajula, Mahuva and Jambusar showed an increase in the fallow
lands, the same showed declining trend in Chorasi, Olpad, Valsad, Kodinar and
Bhavnagar talukas (Table 4.3b). The shift in area under fallow land could significantly
influence the economics as well as ecology of the area. However, it requires further
field level probing to derive better understanding of the same.
(vi) NetSownArea: The net sown area indicate the actual land area under cultivation
and thus not account for multiple crops from a single parcel of land. Effectively,
adding of this and fallow lands, actually provide the total extent of cultivable land.
During the period of 1980-81 and 2004-05, the trend in net sown area differs
across the talukas. Thus, while Dhandhuka recorded the highest decline (~73200
ha), talukas like Khambhat, Rajula & Mahuva also recorded a decline. Contrary to
above, in talukas like Bhavnagar, Kodinar, Valsad etc. the same was found increased
(Table 4.3b, Fig. 4.5). The causes for the increase in net sown area generally linked
to improved irrigation facilities, which on the other hand had many associated
ecological consequences. Only through some in-depth studies, proper assessment
can be made.
Fig. 4.5 Total area under landuse type as on 2004-05 in different talukas.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 73
Socio-Ecological Trend
Table4.3a
:Lan
dusecha
ngesin
differen
ttalukas
Dis
tric
tTa
luka
Fore
stBa
rren
Non
-Agr
icul
ture
Past
ure
Tota
l A
rea
(200
4-05
)
Are
a Ch
ange
(1
981-
2005
)
%
Chan
ge
(198
1-20
05)
Tota
l A
rea
(200
4-05
)
Are
a Ch
ange
(1
981-
2005
)
%
Chan
ge
(198
1-20
05)
Tota
l A
rea
(200
4-05
)
Are
a Ch
ange
(1
981-
2005
)
%
Chan
ge
(198
1-20
05)
Tota
l A
rea
(200
4-05
)
Are
a Ch
ange
(1
981-
2005
)
%
Chan
ge
(198
1-20
05)
Ahm
edab
adD
hand
huka
8664
2636
43.7
333
163
-194
32-3
6.95
1002
5-2
756
-21.
5651
75-3
243
-38.
52
Am
reli
Jafr
abad
277
-224
8-8
9.03
3394
2153
173.
4931
8315
0.47
3057
00.
00
Am
reli
Raju
la10
68-1
012
-48.
6530
11-5
25-1
4.85
4506
-319
4-4
1.48
3955
-119
9-2
3.26
Ana
ndKh
ambh
at0
0-
1975
0-9
64-4
.65
1301
0-9
988
-43.
4337
6569
422
.60
Bhar
uch
Han
sot
983
-1-0
.10
694
-587
-45.
8278
6021
9538
.75
1821
-336
-15.
58
Bhar
uch
Jam
busa
r0
0-
6119
4878
393.
0731
756
2858
890
2.40
2759
-102
-3.5
7
Bhar
uch
Vagr
a57
810
0.00
580
-226
8-7
9.63
5073
250.
5019
57-1
44-6
.85
Bhav
naga
rBh
avna
gar
7669
-257
-3.2
475
472
-278
-0.3
772
6712
81.
7940
430
0.00
Bhav
naga
rG
hogh
a82
815
1.85
4858
20.
0439
4021
05.
6333
160
0.00
Bhav
naga
rM
ahuv
a26
39-1
290
-32.
8364
-511
-88.
8782
3595
1.17
1043
00
0.00
Bhav
naga
rTa
laja
2356
451.
9511
69-6
0-4
.88
7611
270.
3660
21-1
00-1
.63
Juna
gadh
Kodi
nar
2739
-28
-1.0
138
728
7.80
3255
220.
6839
850
0.00
Juna
gadh
Una
5246
-331
96-8
6.35
6403
831
328
95.7
759
1023
54.
1415
176
976
6.87
Nav
sari
Gan
devi
187
00.
0045
0010
02.
2736
9497
2.70
598
00.
00
Nav
sari
Jala
lpor
e33
60-
-19
2219
22-
4350
4350
-79
079
0-
Sura
tCh
oras
i44
40
0.00
2328
-103
1-3
0.69
5959
-206
6-2
5.74
911
-29
-3.0
9
Sura
tO
lpad
00
-13
000
0.00
3921
425
12.1
615
040
0.00
Vals
adU
mar
gam
4281
-36
-0.8
313
9036
2.66
1904
103
5.72
902
00.
00
Vals
adVa
lsad
732
172.
3822
53-3
7-1
.62
5475
911.
6968
10
0.00
Sour
ce: D
epar
tmen
t of A
gric
ultu
re, G
andh
inag
ar
74 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Socio-Ecological Trend
Fig.
4.6
a. M
ap s
how
ing
Land
use
chan
ging
in d
iffer
ent t
aluk
as.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 75
Socio-Ecological Trend
Table4.3b
:Lan
dusecha
ngesin
differen
ttalukas
Dis
tric
tTa
luka
Cult
urab
le W
aste
Fallo
wLan
dNetAreaSo
wn
Tota
l Are
a
(200
4-05
)
Are
a
Chan
ge
(198
1-
2005
)
% C
hang
e
(198
1-
2005
)
Tota
l Are
a
(200
4-05
)
Are
a
Chan
ge
(198
1-
2005
)
% C
hang
e
(198
1-
2005
)
Tota
l Are
a
(200
4-05
)
Are
a
Chan
ge
(198
1-
2005
)
% C
hang
e
(198
1-
2005
)
Ahm
edab
adD
hand
huka
3500
-470
7-5
7.35
3003
7-8
71-2
.82
7971
1-7
3193
-47.
87
Am
reli
Jafr
abad
172
6053
.57
2411
483
25.0
522
997
-538
-2.2
9
Am
reli
Raju
la20
50-1
237
-37.
6363
6645
5625
1.71
4377
8-1
7073
-28.
06
Ana
ndKh
ambh
at42
0038
7011
72.7
325
7377
142
.79
3922
0-3
0824
-44.
01
Bhar
uch
Han
sot
4779
-29
-0.6
015
2010
47.
3422
222
-134
6-5
.71
Bhar
uch
Jam
busa
r88
3-1
447
-62.
1025
4113
7911
8.67
6576
9-1
455
-2.1
6
Bhar
uch
Vagr
a22
593
3612
19.0
367
09-1
161
-14.
7545
653
-64
-0.1
4
Bhav
naga
rBh
avna
gar
1010
0-3
732
-26.
9828
70-2
012
-41.
2138
812
6151
18.8
3
Bhav
naga
rG
hogh
a19
7-2
92-5
9.71
872
-106
9-5
5.07
2970
211
424.
00
Bhav
naga
rM
ahuv
a28
8410
0053
.08
8679
7318
537.
6989
019
-661
2-6
.91
Bhav
naga
rTa
laja
1075
-219
-16.
9238
39-7
17-1
5.74
6490
010
241.
60
Juna
gadh
Kodi
nar
2727
00.
0043
4-2
231
-83.
7140
131
3229
8.75
Juna
gadh
Una
115
-50
-30.
3022
36-1
018
-31.
2865
745
1733
2.71
Nav
sari
Gan
devi
9595
-48
-873
-94.
7919
332
589
3.14
Nav
sari
Jala
lpor
e47
3047
30-
3636
-24
842
2484
2-
Sura
tCh
oras
i43
79-2
534
-36.
6675
74-4
274
-36.
0727
102
366
1.37
Sura
tO
lpad
9443
1843
24.2
563
42-3
304
-34.
2545
124
1035
2.35
Vals
adU
mar
gam
2074
-4-0
.19
506
492
3514
.29
2512
8-5
91-2
.30
Vals
adVa
lsad
2020
-17
2-4
663
-96.
4441
673
4572
12.3
2So
urce
: Dep
artm
ent o
f Agr
icul
ture
, Gan
dhin
agar
76 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Socio-Ecological Trend
Fig.
4.6
b. M
ap s
how
ing
land
use
chan
ge in
diff
eren
t tal
ukas
.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 77
Socio-Ecological Trend
4.3.1. Forest
Forest area is one of the positive indicators of health of environment of a region. Thus
information was collected on the extent of different categories of forests in each taluka.
The data was available for the period between 2000 and 2009. However, the values were
found to be same for all the years for all the categories. Thus, in the present context, no
trends were analysed. Nevertheless, it is recorded that out of 19 coastal talukas along
the Gulf of Khambhat, four talukas (viz. Khambhat, Jambusar, Chorasi and Olpad) do not
possess any forest area. On the contrary, Dhandhuka, Vagra, Umbargaon and Jalalpore
talukas support more than 3000 ha area under forest categories (Table 4.4). Importantly,
five talukas also possess vidis (grasslands) under reserved or non-reserved categories. The
talukas do not consist of any wildlife Protected Areas (viz. National Park and Sanctuaries).
Table4.4:Extent(Ha.)ofForestAreasandVidisinTalukascoveredduringstudy.
Taluka Forest Area Vidi Area Area
under PATotal Reserved Protected Unclassi-
fied
Reserved Non-
reserved
Dhandhuka 8663.68 1004.16 0 7659.52 0 0 0
Khambhat* 0 0 139.82 0 0 0
Rajula 567.14 564.04 0 3.10 0 0 0
Jafrabad 277.25 177.25 0 100.00 0 0 0
Hansot 983.5 651.6 0 331.9 0 0 0
Vagra 5780.63 5780.63 0 0 0 0 0
Jambusar 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bhavnagar 2435.22 1496.2 0 939.02 195.22 29.69 0
Mahuva 2638.45 2626.31 0 12.14 1786.46 400.86 0
Talaja 2355.73 2003.47 0 352.26 563.18 300.36 0
Ghogha 827.94 582.66 0 245.28 447.61 306.26 0
Una 1185.77 392-03 498-29 295-45 0 234.83 0
Kodinar 2735.98 2135-01 0 600-97 0 0 0
Jalalpore 3233.37 0 0 3233.37 0 0 0
Gandevi 167.52 167.52 0 0 0 0 0
Chorasi 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Olpad 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Valsad 712.27 712.27 0 0 0 0 0
Umbargaon 4280.58 2421.44 1859.14 0 0 0 0
Source: State Forest Dept., Division level office.
78 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Socio-Ecological Trend
4.4. AgricultureandIrrigation
The data on cropping pattern and area under irrigation by different sources have been
collected for the period between 1990-91 and 2004-05. Area under four major crop
groups viz. Cereals, pulses, oilseeds & cash crops, were analysed to record their trends at
taluka level.
Accordingly, 13 talukas recorded a decline in the average area under cereal crops
between periods of 15 years (i.e. 1990-91 to 2004-05). Maximum decline was recorded
in Bhavnagar (69%), Mahuva (66%) and Dhandhuka (51%) talukas. On the contrary, Olpad
and Kodinar talukas recorded an increase of more than 30% in the area under cereal
crops (Table 4.5) In case of pulses, however, while 10 talukas recorded a declining trend,
other eight talukas recoded increase in the area of pulse crops. Hansot, Valsad and Vagra
recorded maximum decline in pulse crop area, while in Kodinar, Bhavnagar, Jafrabad and
Umergaon the area under pulse cultivation was increased by more than 100% (Table 4.5).
Similarly, the trend in area under oilseed crops varies across talukas. Thus, while on one
side 10 talukas recorded a decline in its cultivation (e.g. Khambhat, Valsad, Hansot, and
Dhandhuka), the remaining seven talukas recorded an increase in their cultivation (e.g.
Una, Gandevi, Bhavnagar). Interestingly, while there was an overall decline in area under
cereal, pulses and oilseed crops, the cash crops (that include Cotton, tobacco, sugarcane
etc) recorded an increasing trend in almost all the talukas (except in Dhandhuka). Jafrabad,
Gogha, Olpad, Mahuva and Hansot talukas recorded a high percentage increase in cash
crop area (Table 4.5). Cummulatively, change in area under different crops is presented in
Table 4.6. Accordingly, except cash crops, all the crops showed a declining trend in the 19
talukas along the Gulf of Khambhat.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 79
Socio-Ecological Trend
Dist
rict
Talu
kaAv
erageArea
(ha)und
er
Cere
al C
rops
%
Chan
ge
unde
r Ce
real
Cr
ops
(91-
04)
AverageArea
(ha)und
erPulse
Crop
s%
Cha
nge
unde
r Pu
lse
Crop
s (9
1-04
)
AverageArea
(ha)und
er
Oilse
ed C
rops
%
Chan
ge
unde
r Oi
lseed
Cr
ops
(91-
04)
AverageArea
(ha)und
er
Cash
Cro
ps%
Ch
ange
un
der
Cash
Cr
ops
(91-
04)
91-9
596
-00
01-0
491
-95
96-0
001
-04
91-9
596
-00
01-0
491
-95
96-0
001
-04
Ahm
edab
adDh
andh
uka
3895
041
992
1908
1-5
1.0
1091
713
407
6909
-36.
761
5667
5027
98-5
4.5
5525
965
349
3996
4-2
7.7
Amre
liJa
fraba
d79
5072
9864
20-1
9.2
202
287
620
207.
511
715
9870
1022
9-1
2.7
1506
3495
4993
231.
5
Amre
liRa
jula
1398
914
227
7457
-46.
745
750
035
9-2
1.5
4064
435
169
2740
9-3
2.6
4034
8023
6431
59.4
Anan
dKh
ambh
at65
042
7159
635
150
-46.
033
1352
2424
09-2
7.3
4123
2043
993
-75.
954
2067
2088
3663
.0
Bhar
uch
Hans
ot43
7738
9644
160.
977
6827
1110
78-8
6.1
389
173
161
-58.
793
9714
636
1665
877
.3
Bhar
uch
Jam
bush
ar12
737
1098
177
70-3
9.0
1601
614
902
1301
1-1
8.8
3161
2532
2923
-7.5
3046
133
490
3744
522
.9
Bhar
uch
Vagr
a11
293
9329
8354
-26.
015
142
9718
6402
-57.
729
516
020
9-2
9.2
1751
224
321
2796
159
.7
Bhav
naga
rBh
avna
gar
2284
717
863
7052
-69.
111
350
336
121
8.9
7926
7930
1014
528
.037
6365
2565
8374
.9
Bhav
naga
rGo
gha
1269
412
224
6581
-48.
230
536
241
536
.214
391
1258
416
632
15.6
2835
4667
8344
194.
3
Bhav
naga
rM
ahuv
a42
413
3189
114
483
-65.
919
7722
4420
151.
950
613
4296
459
459
17.5
1264
025
796
2258
878
.7
Bhav
naga
rTa
laja
3100
925
346
1573
0-4
9.3
886
1807
1754
97.8
3229
222
120
3434
56.
420
568
2834
924
510
19.2
Juna
gadh
Kodi
nar
1230
114
920
1623
532
.043
080
614
7624
3.6
2279
619
609
2135
1-6
.364
7179
8468
205.
4
Juna
gadh
Una
2399
721
856
1485
5-3
8.1
963
1162
1194
24.0
3220
030
763
4383
036
.191
0713
802
1505
565
.3
Navs
ari
Gand
evi
8204
8057
8130
-0.9
764
698
596
-22.
063
105
8432
.194
4412
816
1351
543
.1
Navs
ari
Jala
lpor
--
1100
7-
--
1980
--
-29
--
-86
94-
Sura
tCh
orya
si54
3440
4059
309.
121
9211
2289
3-5
9.3
130
4271
-45.
512
384
1079
612
687
2.5
Sura
tOl
pad
1266
210
959
1663
731
.459
5733
3634
38-4
2.3
414
154
84-7
9.7
1886
024
405
3542
087
.8
Valsa
dUm
arga
m10
279
1099
211
092
7.9
988
797
2061
108.
514
1414
2.9
2351
3598
3874
64.8
Valsa
dVa
lsad
1262
712
010
1171
7-7
.227
0712
1391
4-6
6.2
3836
13-6
6.8
1358
516
473
1903
840
.1
TOTA
L34
8806
3294
7622
8097
7109
760
800
4788
522
7358
1930
1823
0778
2355
9731
1243
3194
15
Table4.5:Cha
ngeinareaun
derdifferen
tcrop
typ
esacrosstalukas
Sour
ce:
Dep
artm
ent o
f Agr
icul
ture
, Gan
dhin
agar
80 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Socio-Ecological Trend
Table4.6:PercentageChangeinAreaUnderDifferentCrops(1991-2004)
Group Crop % Change Group Crop % ChangeCereal Paddy -20.2 Pulses Gram -36.4
Wheat -47.0 Green Gram 50.7Jowar -84.4 Math 33.1Bajra -48.0 Val -48.8Maize -85.6 Tur -58.3
Cash Sugarcane 33.3 Black gram 3.6Fruits 5.3 Oilseeds Groundnut -13.1Vegetables 28.4 Sesamum -53.9Cotton -1.0 Mustard -68.4Tobacco 32.7 Castor -38.0
Source : Department of Agriculture, Gandhinagar
Wheat
Sugarcane
Jowar
Tobacco
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 81
Socio-Ecological Trend
Fig.
4.7
. Map
sho
win
g ar
ea u
nder
cro
p pr
oduc
tion
chan
ges
in %
bet
wee
n 19
94 a
nd 2
004.
82 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Socio-Ecological Trend
The data were also analysed for trends in specific crops under each group separately for
each taluka (Table 4.7a & 4.7b). Thus, while area under paddy was increased in Chorasi and
Hansot talukas, Una recorded an increase in area under wheat by about 20%. Interestingly,
the Bajri crop was found increased in all the four coastal talukas of Bhavnagar District
(Table 4.7a). Pulse crop like Math was found increased in Jafrabad and Rajula talukas of
Amreli district and Ghogha and Talaja taluka of Bhavnagar district. The decline in Val was
prominent in Umargaon and Valsad talukas of Valsad district. Similarly, cropping pattern
for oilseeds and cash crop varies across the talukas (Table 4.7b).
Fig. 4.7. represents the percentage change in crop production in consequrtive years while
the Fig. 4.8 a, band c shows the different type of crop production observed in 1991- 2004.
Though no proper trend was seen in the cropping pattern.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 83
Socio-Ecological Trend
Table4.7a
:Taluk
awisePe
rcen
tage
Cha
ngeinCerea
land
PulseCropsbetwee
n19
91and
200
4
Dis
tric
tTa
luka
Cere
als
Puls
es
Padd
yW
heat
Jowar
Bajr
iMaize
Gra
mG
reen
Gra
m
Mat
hVa
lTu
rBl
ack
Gra
m
Ahm
edab
adD
hand
huka
-0.0
78.
600.
00-8
.40
-0.1
20.
4-0
.2-0
.20.
00.
10.
0
Am
reli
Jafr
abad
0.00
-0.0
98.
40-8
.21
-0.1
0-7
.514
.310
.20.
04.
5-2
1.5
Am
reli
Raju
la-0
.01
-3.3
3-5
.33
9.95
-1.2
85.
4-8
.311
.90.
00.
1-9
.0
Ana
ndKh
ambh
at-1
0.23
-2.6
90.
0012
.91
0.01
37.5
1.9
0.7
-0.4
-39.
4-0
.3
Bhav
naga
rBh
avna
gar
0.00
3.74
-65.
0961
.29
0.06
4.5
-9.8
-17.
50.
02.
920
.0
Bhav
naga
rG
ogha
-0.1
2-6
.39
-37.
8144
.32
0.00
7.0
1.4
9.8
0.0
5.0
-23.
2
Bhav
naga
rM
ahuv
a-0
.14
6.43
-17.
3012
.64
-1.6
45.
58.
7-1
.60.
07.
3-1
9.9
Bhav
naga
rTa
laja
-1.0
10.
19-1
9.46
20.4
1-0
.13
9.9
-32.
69.
6-1
.60.
014
.7
Bhar
uch
Han
sot
28.5
0-1
2.46
-15.
35-0
.77
0.08
1.0
10.1
0.2
1.6
-13.
00.
2
Bhar
uch
Jam
bush
ar-0
.20
4.46
-5.1
2-0
.43
1.29
-0.3
0.5
0.3
0.0
-0.6
0.0
Bhar
uch
Vagr
a0.
026.
72-3
.40
-3.3
1-0
.03
1.6
15.5
3.5
0.0
-20.
80.
2
Juna
gadh
Kodi
nar
-0.3
62.
38-1
.34
-0.1
3-0
.55
8.3
20.6
-0.8
-10.
14.
0-2
2.1
Juna
gadh
Una
-0.7
120
.66
-16.
75-2
.46
-0.7
48.
7-1
.2-2
.90.
018
.4-2
3.0
Nav
sari
Gan
devi
1.39
-1.8
80.
490.
000.
008.
2-1
.50.
0-8
.13.
8-2
.4
Nav
sari
Jala
lpor
--
--
--
--
--
-
Sura
tCh
orya
si41
.45
0.16
-33.
31-8
.17
-0.1
44.
15.
70.
35.
6-1
6.2
0.6
Sura
tO
lpad
10.3
3-4
.27
-3.5
0-2
.05
-0.5
10.
01.
10.
0-0
.6-0
.3-0
.2
Vals
adU
mar
gam
0.45
-0.3
6-0
.08
-0.0
20.
00-1
.1-1
.00.
0-3
4.2
14.7
21.6
Vals
adVa
lsad
0.28
-0.2
20.
000.
00-0
.06
13.1
-0.4
0.0
-41.
023
.54.
8
Sour
ce: D
epar
tmen
t of A
gric
ultu
re, G
andh
inag
ar
84 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Socio-Ecological Trend
Fig.
4.8
a. M
ap s
how
ing
Cere
al c
rop
prod
uctio
n ch
ange
s in
% b
etw
een
1994
and
200
4.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 85
Socio-Ecological Trend
Fig.
4.8
b. M
ap s
how
ing
Puls
es c
rop
prod
uctio
n ch
ange
s in
% b
etw
een
1994
and
200
4.
86 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Socio-Ecological Trend
Table4.7b
:Taluk
awisePe
rcen
tage
Cha
ngeinOilsee
dan
dCa
shCropsbetwee
n19
91and
200
4
Dis
tric
tTa
luka
Oils
eeds
Ca
sh C
rops
Gro
undn
utSe
sam
umM
usta
rdCa
stor
Suga
rcan
eFr
uits
Vege
tabl
esCo
tton
Toba
cco
Ahm
edab
adD
hand
huka
-3.0
3.6
-0.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
-0.2
0.0
Am
reli
Jafr
abad
22.1
-22.
50.
00.
40.
0-3
.70.
92.
90.
0
Am
reli
Raju
la4.
0-4
.00.
00.
00.
3-9
.2-6
.215
.10.
0
Ana
ndKh
ambh
at-2
3.7
3.8
17.3
2.6
-0.7
-8.4
2.2
1.4
5.5
Bhav
naga
rBh
avna
gar
-3.5
3.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
-14.
64.
610
.00.
0
Bhav
naga
rG
ogha
3.5
-3.6
0.0
0.1
0.0
-2.7
26.3
-23.
50.
0
Bhav
naga
rM
ahuv
a2.
5-2
.60.
00.
0-0
.3-1
7.4
-8.5
26.3
0.0
Bhav
naga
rTa
laja
3.2
-2.8
0.2
-0.6
-1.3
-10.
3-0
.311
.90.
0
Bhar
uch
Han
sot
-71.
768
.40.
92.
419
.0-2
.8-0
.9-1
5.3
0.0
Bhar
uch
Jam
bush
ar0.
51.
2-0
.5-1
.20.
0-0
.1-0
.10.
9-0
.7
Bhar
uch
Vagr
a60
.73.
1-0
.2-6
3.6
0.0
-0.1
-0.1
0.1
0.0
Juna
gadh
Kodi
nar
0.6
-1.7
0.0
1.1
-42.
710
.88.
223
.60.
0
Juna
gadh
Una
1.8
-1.9
0.0
0.1
-16.
74.
26.
36.
20.
0
Nav
sari
Gan
devi
-33.
4-7
.933
.97.
4-0
.40.
7-0
.40.
00.
0
Nav
sari
Jala
lpor
Sura
tCh
orya
si50
.3-4
9.5
4.9
-5.7
7.2
-3.5
-0.3
-3.4
0.0
Sura
tO
lpad
11.3
-2.0
0.0
-9.3
5.0
-1.0
-0.6
-3.5
0.0
Vals
adU
mar
gam
54.5
-25.
08.
9-3
8.4
15.2
-12.
2-3
.00.
00.
0
Vals
adVa
lsad
-26.
80.
00.
026
.87.
3-7
.0-0
.30.
00.
0
Sour
ce: D
epar
tmen
t of
Agr
icul
ture
, Gan
dhin
agar
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 87
Socio-Ecological Trend
Fig
4.8c
. Map
sho
win
g O
il se
eds
crop
pro
ducti
on c
hang
es in
% b
etw
een
1994
and
200
4.
88 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Socio-Ecological Trend
Fig.
4.9
. Map
sho
win
g Ca
sh c
rop
prod
uctio
n ch
ange
s in
% b
etw
een
1994
and
200
4.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 89
Socio-Ecological Trend
The data on irrigation resources suggest three major sources viz. tank (surface water),
canal and dug well (ground water). In case of 19 talukas, ground water is the main source
of irrigation, followed by canals. Tanks, on the other hand, contribute very small proportion
of total irrigation. On overall basis, the total area under irrigation shows increase over the
years (Table 4.8), but the growth of irrigation sources varies across talukas (Table 4.8).
Thus, the tank irrigation shows decline in many of the talukas, the irrigation by dug-wells
(i.e. from ground water) has increased in many talukas (Table 4.9). For example, ground
water irrigated area in Vagra taluka of Bharuch district has increased from a meagre 17 ha
in 1990-1995 to 1182 ha during 2001-05.
The ecological consequences (like salinity ingression) of increasing exploitation of ground
water in coastal talukas need to be correlated with the dynamics and management of
irrigation systems. Also, the irrigation data needs integration with the socio-economic
parameters and policy issues for better comprehension about the driving forces for changes
in irrigation system. Lack of such data, however, limits the ecological interpretation.
90 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Socio-Ecological Trend
Table4.8:FiveYearAve
rage
Area(in
ha)und
erIrrigation
bydifferen
tSo
urces
Dis
tric
tTa
luka
1990
-199
519
96-2
000
2001
-200
5
Surface
Wat
erCa
nal
Gro
und
Wat
erTo
tal
Surface
Wat
erCa
nal
Gro
und
Wat
erTo
tal
Surface
Wat
erCa
nal
Gro
und
Wat
erTo
tal
Ahm
edab
adD
hand
huka
00
1123
711
237
00
8401
8401
00
3912
3912
Am
reli
Jafr
abad
00
1863
1863
00
3890
3890
00
2321
2321
Am
reli
Raju
la0
1420
7019
8439
010
3283
3793
690
6859
8860
56
Ana
ndKh
ambh
at80
222
927
1099
934
728
941
3045
992
6640
666
065
3896
2016
158
Bha
ruch
Han
sot
178
1515
00
1532
833
117
967
018
297
240
1998
181
2030
2
Bha
ruch
Jam
busa
r0
7242
649
80
9050
059
075
5278
691
3
Bha
ruch
Vagr
a0
017
170
040
400
011
8211
82
Bhav
naga
rBh
avna
gar
050
040
9645
960
759
7324
8082
010
442
7043
73
Bhav
naga
rG
hogh
a0
560
4515
5075
083
237
3245
640
7552
9653
71
Bhav
naga
rM
ahuv
a0
4853
1320
218
054
032
4721
776
2502
30
101
2217
922
280
Bhav
naga
rTa
laja
062
1919
696
2591
50
8910
2123
130
142
013
3219
700
2103
2
Juna
gadh
Kodi
nar
029
013
160
1345
00
210
1399
914
209
038
013
092
1347
2
Juna
gadh
Una
126
504
1076
111
391
034
5016
208
1965
80
522
2233
022
852
Nav
sari
Gan
devi
169
8624
6761
1555
30
7040
8944
1598
40
9512
8750
1826
2
Nav
sari
Jala
lpor
e0
00
00
00
00
1167
422
4513
919
Sur
atCh
oras
i19
897
6616
2211
586
0N
A21
00N
A0
8683
2029
1360
6
Sur
atO
lpad
480
2232
920
7224
881
0N
A56
53N
A0
3480
698
2744
633
Val
sad
Um
arga
m70
021
1521
8536
90
3564
3933
00
3915
3915
Val
sad
Vals
ad46
2573
1025
912
878
032
8013
261
1654
10
5335
1447
419
809
Sour
ce: D
epar
tmen
t of
Agr
i cul
ture
, Gan
dhin
agar
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 91
Socio-Ecological Trend
Table4.9:PercentageChangeinDifferentSourceofIrrigation(1990-2005)
District Taluka Tank Canal Dugwell All Sources Ahmedabad Dhandhuka - - -65.18 -65.19Amreli Jafrabad - - 24.54 24.54Amreli Rajula - -95.22 -14.68 -28.24Anand Khambhat -100.00 -71.48 -12.53 -53.47Bhavnagar Bhavnagar - -79.25 4.22 -4.85Bhavnagar Ghogha - -86.60 17.29 5.83Bhavnagar Mahuva - -97.91 68.00 23.40Bhavnagar Talaja - -78.58 0.016 -18.84Bharuch Hansot 34.83 31.89 - 32.45Bharuch Jambusar - -27.43 84.21 83.14Bharuch Vagra - - 6769.18 6769.18Junagadh Una -100.00 3.57 107.51 100.62Junagadh Kodinar - 31.03 -0.52 0.16Navsari Gandevi -100.00 10.30 29.42 17.41Navsari Jalalpore - - - -Surat Chorasi -100.00 -11.09 25.08 17.43Surat Olpad -100.00 55.87 374.32 79.38Valsad Valsad -100.00 107.36 41.08 53.81Valsad Umargam -100.00 - 85.07 79.14
Source: Department of Agriculture, Gandhinagar
4.5. Livestock
The livestock population data was available from two livestock census- 1997 and 2003.
Taluka wise population of major livestock like cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat and camel in
2003 is presented in Fig. 4.14, 4.15 and 4.16. On overall basis, between 1997 and 2003,
there was an increase of about 6.4% and 9.4% in total population of cattle and buffalo,
respectively. However, in Jafrabad, Rajula and Gandevi talukas, there was a decline in the
population of both cattle and buffalo (Table 4.10). On the contrary, Choriasi, Dhandhuka,
Olpad, Jalalpor and Bhavnagar talukas recorded an increase in both cattle and buffalo
population. The population of Goat was also increased over the years.
92 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Socio-Ecological Trend
Dist
rict
Talu
ka19
9720
01
Cattle
Milk
ing
Cattle(%
)Bu
ffalo
Milk
ing
Buffa
lo(%
)Sh
eep
Goat
Cam
elCa
ttle
Milk
ing
Cattle(%
)Bu
ffalo
Milk
ing
Buffa
lo(%
)Sh
eep
Goat
Cam
el
Ahm
edab
adDh
andh
uka
1945
135
.173
3734
.983
539
380
2631
127
.813
074
33.0
2085
6905
1
Amre
liJa
fraba
d25
795
21.4
8737
37.0
6747
6165
015
333
26.4
5718
41.2
5543
4998
1
Amre
liRa
jula
3699
223
.032
918
42.0
2797
222
029
231
622
22.7
2746
040
.028
983
2326
912
Anan
dKh
ambh
at21
134
40.0
4153
041
.339
359
3522
626
874
43.1
3492
844
.694
388
1345
0
Bhav
naga
rBh
avna
gar
2944
131
.432
578
30.7
1263
121
722
7333
362
39.6
3779
546
.817
372
2295
373
Bhav
naga
rGo
gha
1753
822
.015
819
43.3
1850
415
024
4718
109
20.3
2271
845
.019
173
1225
725
3
Bhav
naga
rM
ahuv
a52
857
17.6
6057
337
.367
041
3432
082
5914
917
.464
138
41.2
7271
426
466
129
Bhav
naga
rTa
laja
3285
012
.455
907
40.8
7843
735
440
635
774
17.5
5957
143
.076
948
2875
518
Bhar
uch
Hans
ot81
8422
.975
6248
.947
262
0324
8922
17.8
7680
37.8
224
4488
1
Bhar
uch
Jam
bush
ar17
211
7.9
2704
042
.213
3921
425
4320
050
13.9
2780
246
.227
6520
933
201
Bhar
uch
Vagr
a59
887.
790
5745
.347
468
5779
5370
9.1
1021
344
.852
690
572
Juna
gadh
Kodi
nar
4966
024
.717
465
38.0
6400
1065
70
4940
523
.620
240
39.2
5822
1131
30
Juna
gadh
Una
8221
323
.643
585
37.6
1652
021
996
2182
650
22.2
4457
238
.313
673
2306
865
Navs
ari
Gand
evi
1481
233
.815
608
43.1
1051
1322
20
1378
540
.013
860
41.9
532
1243
32
Navs
ari
Jala
lpor
1062
334
.817
301
44.3
815
1518
80
1353
636
.520
028
47.6
1175
1321
40
Sura
tCh
orya
si10
120
36.0
2615
646
.466
911
186
1516
269
39.6
4373
553
.161
924
456
33
Sura
tO
lpad
1665
023
.628
510
51.8
187
9294
021
404
30.8
3232
048
.017
810
482
0
Valsa
dUm
arga
m18
751
38.4
5535
40.5
548
1125
90
2122
415
.370
5432
.548
310
833
0
Valsa
dVa
lsad
3511
824
.719
365
44.5
816
1407
55
3837
729
.724
244
43.4
1692
1939
50
Sour
ce: D
epar
tmen
t of
Agr
i cul
ture
, Gan
dhin
agar
Table4.10:Cha
ngeinLivestockpop
ulati
onin
Differen
tTalukas
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 93
Socio-Ecological Trend
Fig.
4.1
0. M
ap s
how
ing
% c
hang
es in
milk
ing
catt
le &
Buff
alo.
94 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Socio-Ecological Trend
Fig.
4.1
1. M
ap s
how
ing
popu
latio
n of
Catt
le &
Buff
alo
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 95
Socio-Ecological Trend
Fig.
4.1
2. M
ap s
how
ing
popu
latio
n of
she
ep, G
oat &
Cam
el.
96 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Socio-Ecological Trend
4.6. Energy
Environmental changes are results of the dynamic inter play of socio-economic, institutional and technological activities. Other than population growth, urbanization, intensification of agriculture etc. one important driver of environmental degradation includes the rising energy use for economic growth and transportation. Actually, lack of access to clean, affordable energy and over use of fossil energy adversely affects both, the poor and the environment. So much so, the issues of global climate change are directly linked to disproportionate use of fossil energy.
Thus, in the context of this study, efforts have also been made to understand the recent trends in energy use. It is important to mention here that the analysis is not aimed to bring direct correlations between the use of different energy types and environmental degradation in coastal talukas. But at the same time, it gives recent trends in two energy parameters:(i) Electricity consumption by different sectors(ii) Fuel consumption
4.6.1. ElectricityConsumption
The electric consumption data of 2000 to 2009 was collected from electricity supply companies. In terms of electricity consumption between 2000 and 2009, the 19 coastal talukas along the Gulf of Khambhat showed widely varied values (Table 4.11). Thus, while Chorasi taluka in Surat district consumes on an average 1705 MUS, the Hansot taluka in neighboring Bharuch district used only 0.49 MUS electricity. (Fig. 4.13)
Table4.11:OverallElectricityConsumption(UnitsinMUS)indifferenttalukas
District Taluka 2000 2009 Avg.(2000-2009)Ahmedabad Dhandhuka 7.95 17.80 11.75Anand Khambhat NA 83.12 69.84Amreli Rajula 9.40 29.71 16.03Amreli Jafrabad 4.92 12.92 7.46Bharuch Hansot 0.46 0.70 0.49Bharuch Vagra 1.65 2.25 1.75Bharuch Jambusar 1.03 2.53 1.51Bhavnagar Bhavnagar NA 93.34 88.71Bhavnagar Mahuva NA 39.11 34.67Bhavnagar Talaja NA 18.55 17.87Bhavnagar Ghogha NA 15.67 13.19Junagadh Una 29.44 54.35 37.18Junagadh Kodinar 12.13 27.36 17.20
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 97
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Navsari Jalalpore 33.01 67.48 59.76Navsari Gandevi 28.09 60.86 46.22Surat Chorasi 945.04 2421.78 1704.51Surat Olpad 106.72 158.22 127.52Valsad Valsad 54.34 138.58 97.62Valsad Umargam 62.85 127.86 95.54
NA= Data for the period are not available
Source: MGVCL, DGVCL, PGVCL
Between 2000 and 2009, as expected, the total consumption of electricity had increased across all the sectors for all the talukas (Table 4.12). However, in terms of share of electricity consumption by different sectors, data recorded interesting trends. Accordingly, in all the talukas share of electricity consumption in agriculture sector had increased by smaller proportions (Table 4.13 and 4.14). Interestingly, the share of electricity consumption in industrial sectors had recorded declining trends in all the talukas. It is however, very difficult to argue and interpret any environmental as well as economical consequences due to such shift in electricity consumption pattern.
Table4.12:SectorwiseAverageElectricityConsumption(unitsinMUS) in 2000-2004 and 2005-2009 periods
Taluka Domestic Commercial Industrial Agriculture Other00-04 05-09 00-04 05-09 00-04 05-09 00-04 05-09 00-04 05-09
Dhandhuka 5.47 7.73 1.31 3.28 1.68 2.71 0.22 1.09 0.00 0.00Khambhat NA 28.07 NA 6.59 NA 12.81 NA 17.22 NA 5.15Rajula 6.16 8.75 0.96 1.95 2.39 4.35 0.57 2.69 0.88 3.35Jafrabad 3.05 4.16 0.25 0.68 1.57 1.99 0.33 1.18 0.36 1.35Hansot 0.25 0.33 0.04 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.02 0.06 0.02 0.02Vagra 0.31 0.55 0.07 0.15 0.96 1.27 0.00 0.01 0.10 0.07Jambusar 0.55 0.91 0.09 0.21 0.31 0.58 0.09 0.12 0.08 0.09Bhavnagar NA 33.78 NA 8.57 NA 7.53 NA 1.56 NA 1.79Mahuva NA 8.42 NA 1.63 NA 3.31 NA 6.62 NA 0.81Talaja NA 5.31 NA 1.45 NA 1.77 NA 1.42 NA 0.77Ghogha NA 2.15 NA 0.75 NA 2.84 NA 1.97 NA 0.20Una 12.73 19.16 2.37 4.55 5.23 7.92 2.08 5.84 9.77 4.82Kodinar 5.34 7.74 1.26 2.66 3.52 4.93 0.72 2.75 1.37 4.09Jalalpore 31.23 40.69 4.04 5.20 15.03 7.12 0.95 3.43 5.42 6.38Gandevi 24.84 35.16 4.47 7.52 4.84 5.38 1.41 3.64 2.19 2.84Chorasi 222.50 429.76 110.54 178.24 981.15 1428.44 1.04 1.45 19.04 36.81Olpad 15.95 22.01 6.85 8.68 84.95 95.63 0.55 12.61 4.40 3.32Valsad 43.85 68.53 12.26 21.15 16.66 22.76 1.30 3.43 1.81 3.50Umargam 16.31 27.52 9.61 15.25 50.55 68.91 0.38 0.87 0.90 0.80
NA= Data for the period are not availableSource: MGVCL, DGVCL, PGVCL
98 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Socio-Ecological Trend
Fig.
4.1
3. M
ap S
how
ing
Elec
tric
ity C
onsu
mpti
on d
urin
g 20
00 &
200
9
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 99
Socio-Ecological Trend
Table4.13:Share(%)inElectricConsumptionforDifferentSectors
Taluka % Share in 2000 % Share in 2009
Dom
estic
Com
m-e
rcia
l
Indu
st-r
ial
Agr
i-cul
ture
Oth
er
Dom
estic
Com
m-e
rcia
l
Indu
st-r
ial
Agr
i-cul
ture
Oth
er
Dhandhuka 64.68 12.52 22.15 0.64 0.00 49.15 28.21 14.39 8.24 0.00
Khambhat NA NA NA NA NA 39.27 9.49 16.50 27.92 6.82
Rajula 58.51 8.30 23.19 3.40 6.60 36.35 9.42 17.44 16.56 20.23
Jafrabad 57.32 3.86 29.07 3.86 5.89 40.09 9.44 18.03 15.56 16.87
Hansot 58.70 10.87 26.09 0.00 4.35 60.00 8.57 20.00 7.14 4.29
Vagra 16.97 6.06 66.67 0.00 10.30 30.67 9.33 57.33 0.00 2.67
Jambusar 45.63 5.83 33.98 1.94 12.62 49.41 13.04 26.48 5.93 5.14
Bhavnagar NA NA NA NA NA 62.91 16.65 12.98 3.85 3.61
Mahuva NA NA NA NA NA 38.38 8.77 15.11 32.93 4.76
Talaja NA NA NA NA NA 49.38 14.82 14.77 13.15 7.92
Ghogha NA NA NA NA NA 23.87 9.32 36.06 27.57 3.19
Una 39.06 6.90 16.68 5.77 31.59 43.07 12.64 16.52 17.50 10.27
Kodinar 40.81 8.66 26.96 6.18 17.39 35.89 14.91 18.06 15.35 15.79
Jalalpore 60.41 6.09 22.48 0.24 10.78 67.65 9.57 6.15 6.22 10.40
Gandevi 67.32 11.93 13.99 0.53 6.23 63.70 14.82 9.89 6.61 4.98
Chorasi 16.23 8.71 73.90 0.02 1.15 21.92 9.06 67.84 0.06 1.12
Olpad 13.94 5.88 77.75 0.19 2.24 16.03 6.88 74.62 0.79 1.69
Valsad 58.32 15.51 23.89 0.40 1.88 57.52 17.18 18.73 3.13 3.43
Umargam 20.89 12.00 65.22 0.14 1.75 25.03 14.41 59.16 0.67 0.74
NA= Data for the period are not available, Source: MGVCL, DGVCL, PGVCL
Table4.14:ChangeinShare(%)ofElectricityConsumptionin
DifferentSectors(Between2000and2009)
District Taluka Domestic Commercial Industry Agriculture Other OVERALL
Ahmedabad Dhandhuka -15.53 15.69 -7.76 7.60 0.00 55.3
Anand Khambhat NA NA NA NA NA NA
Amreli Rajula -22.16 1.13 -5.76 13.16 13.63 68.4
Amreli Jafrabad -17.22 5.58 -11.03 11.70 10.98 61.9
Bharuch Hansot 1.30 -2.30 -6.09 7.14 -0.06 34.3
Bharuch Vagra 13.70 3.27 -9.33 0.00 -7.64 26.7
Bharuch Jambusar 3.78 7.22 -7.50 3.99 -7.48 59.3
Bhavnagar Bhavnagar NA NA NA NA NA NA
Bhavnagar Mahuva NA NA NA NA NA NA
Bhavnagar Talaja NA NA NA NA NA NA
100 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Socio-Ecological Trend
Bhavnagar Ghogha NA NA NA NA NA NA
Junagadh Una 4.01 5.74 -0.16 11.72 -21.32 45.8
Junagadh Kodinar -4.92 6.26 -8.90 9.17 -1.61 55.7
Navsari Jalalpore 7.24 3.48 -16.33 5.98 -0.38 51.1
Navsari Gandevi -3.62 2.89 -4.10 6.07 -1.25 53.8
Surat Chorasi 5.69 0.35 -6.05 0.04 -0.03 61.0
Surat Olpad 2.09 0.99 -3.13 0.60 -0.55 32.5
Valsad Valsad -0.80 1.67 -5.15 2.73 1.56 60.8
Valsad Umargam 4.14 2.41 -6.06 0.53 -1.02 50.8
4.6.2. FuelConsumption
The type and quantity of fuel used had serious implications on environmental health
because use of fossil fuels in higher proportions as main source of energy actually
contributes to air pollution. This section therefore attempts to present an analysis of
pattern of fuel consumption at taluka levels. The data are presented in following three
major sections
a. Sector wise fuel consumption for different fuel types
b. Recent growth in supplying domestic cooking gas through pipelines
c. Promotion of biogas plants
4.6.2.1.FuelUsePattern
The data on use and consumption of different fuel types in different sectors were collected
from respective Mamlatdar office. Accordingly, fuel use data for the period between 2000
and 2009 were collated for different sectors like transportation, industry, agriculture and
domestic.In transportation sector, information was found on the consumption of Petrol,
HSD and LPG/CNG. As expected, the data clearly suggest that in almost all the talukas,
fuel use for transportation purpose had increased.The maximum consumption of Petrol
and Diesel was recorded in Olpad taluka followed by Chorasi taluka (Table 4.15, Fig. 4.14).
Interestingly, Chorasi taluka also had maximum consumption of electricity units. The
LPG/CNG use is restricted only in Dhandhuka taluka and that too only for year 2008 and
2009. However, data suggest that the consumption had increased from 104574 kilolitre
in 2008 to 300354 kilolitre in 2009.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 101
Socio-Ecological Trend
Talu
kaPe
trol
HS
D20
0020
0520
09Av
g20
0020
0520
09Av
g.Dh
andh
uka
82
1.6
828.
660
5.3
97
49.1
1085
5.9
7596
.0Kh
ambh
at21
6.4
212.
128
4.0
228.
518
63.2
1237
.598
2.9
1331
.7Ra
jula
195.
022
50.0
2292
.016
43.0
915.
022
701.
022
740.
016
173.
3Ja
fraba
d
248.
060
2.0
336.
4
4893
.073
17.0
5941
.8Ha
nsot
58
9.3
565.
343
1.8
12
8.3
67.2
189.
6Va
gra
10
05.9
2901
.812
20.1
71
77.8
2509
4.1
9587
.1Ja
mbu
sar
158.
362
2.8
1594
.068
5.6
1431
.822
67.0
9871
.437
68.4
Bhav
naga
r23
27.5
3121
.157
23.2
4017
.116
829.
419
209.
128
230.
321
188.
9M
ahuv
a12
68.0
2118
.738
24.3
1990
.676
43.0
4052
.685
97.9
5601
.7Ta
laja
633.
816
82.5
3588
.520
40.3
4600
.159
11.8
1237
2.9
8056
.3Gh
ogha
23
2.9
659.
641
4.9
43
82.8
5412
.251
47.3
Una
1418
.020
85.3
3612
.622
66.5
3604
.446
20.0
7913
.251
03.6
Kodi
nar
1397
.820
11.7
2998
.719
73.3
5539
.710
220.
418
515.
387
08.1
Jala
lpor
e
2690
.632
45.9
3521
.1
7382
.179
68.3
9844
.1Ga
ndev
i43
02.6
5272
.367
86.8
5447
.945
62.2
5038
.069
89.6
5294
.1Ch
oras
i
4756
6.0
8054
9.0
6068
0.6
70
822.
011
8865
.095
802.
6O
lpad
7953
59.0
1776
016.
029
7527
9.0
1928
642.
769
3735
.040
4130
9.0
7414
985.
045
0619
2.7
Valsa
d37
12.1
7581
.462
59.5
6346
.895
30.5
1491
2.7
1496
9.0
1839
2.2
Umar
gam
418.
877
2.1
1720
.790
3.6
418.
877
2.1
1720
.790
3.6
Sour
ce: T
aluk
a le
vel M
amla
tdar
Offi
ce.
Table4.15:Con
sumpti
on(inKiloLitre)o
fPetrol&
Dieselindifferen
tTalukasfortran
sportation
purpo
se
102 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Socio-Ecological Trend
Fig.
4.1
4. M
ap s
how
ing
cons
umpti
on o
f Pet
rol &
die
sel.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 103
Socio-Ecological Trend
In Industrial sector, two major fuels are used viz. Superior Kerosene Oil (SKO) and Naptha.
The data is available only for four talukas. While the SKO use is reported from Mahua,
Jalalpore and Gandevi talukas, the use of Naptha as industrial fuel is reported only from
Chorasi taluka. Interestingly, at taluka level, the consumption of industrial fuels had
shown a steady declining trend between 2000 and 2009 (Table 4.16, Fig. 4.15b).
Table4.16:IndustrialFuelConsumption(inKilolitre)indifferenttaluka
Taluka 2001 2005 2009 Avg.Mahuva* 2735.0 2772.0 2544.0 2670.5Jalalpore* 1749.4 1377.0 1439.2 1524.4Gandevi* 4977.3 3967.3 3705.3 4268.8Chorasi** 164298.0 64970.0 1183.0 102821.8
* Data for SKO, ** Data for Naptha
Source: Taluka level Mamlatdar Office.
In domestic sector, data on consumption and use of SKO and LPG are collected for the
period of 2000 to 2009. Also, the available data is limited to only 11 talukas (for eight
talukas there was no data available). Accordingly, it is quite apparent that over the
years consumption of SKO had shown steady decline in most of the talukas (Fig. 4.2).
In contrast, consumption of LPG had shown sharp increase in majority of talukas (Table
4.17, Fig. 4.15a). This trend is expected to have serious positive health implications due
to reduction in indoor air pollution.
In agriculture sector, use of HSD and Crude Oil are reported. However, consumption data
of these fuels are not available for most of the talukas. Therefore, in this report, their
analysis was deliberately omitted.
Table4.17:DomesticFuelConsumptionindifferenttaluka
Taluka SKO (in Kilolitre) LPG (in Kg)
2000 2005 2009 Avg. 2000 2005 2009 Avg.Dhandhuka NA 2391.0 2194.3 2260.1 NA NA 7440095.0 NA
Khambhat NA NA NA NA 403975.8 553587.0 560133.2 511708.4
Rajula 2976.0 3312.0 3696.0 3295.0 NA NA NA NA
Jafrabad NA 2172.0 2220.0 2204.4 NA NA NA NA
Hansot 14.4 11.9 11.9 12.2 NA NA NA NA
Vagra 2242.0 1681.0 1724.0 1819.4 NA NA NA NA
Jambusar 4345.0 2996.0 2739.0 3393.6 40910.2 4160.6 5268.2 8626.5
Bhavnagar NA NA NA NA NA 208598.0 506974.7 241887.4
Mahuva NA 3342.1 3460.2 2637.8 1535954.0 1825660.0 2395089.0 1915066.0
Talaja 2808.0 2596.0 2144.0 2544.4 451219.2 966581.0 884092.0 693246.9
104 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Socio-Ecological Trend
Ghogha NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Una NA NA NA NA 814213.8 1101281.0 1366381.0 1083417.3
Kodinar 5815.5 4361.4 4522.0 4703.2 502680.0 935268.8 895466.2 772255.6
Jalalpore NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Gandevi NA NA NA NA 889928.2 1517341.0 2087059.2 1479892.8
Chorasi NA 6384.7 2250.6 4370.6 NA 176316.0 180392.0 171324.6
Olpad NA NA NA NA 554524.2 762895.0 808264.0 706951.3
Valsad 4180.3 4327.6 3925.6 4203.4 NA NA NA NA
Umargam NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Source: Taluka level Mamlatdar Office.
Fig. 4.15a.: Average Domestic LPG usage of different talukas annually.
Fig 4.15b: Average domestic use of SKO per annum at different talukas.
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 105
Socio-Ecological Trend
4.6.2.2. Gas Pipeline
State is taking steps to provide domestic cooking gas to the doorstep of the households.
For this cooking gas are supplied through pipelines. Although, its exact environmental
consequences may not be direct and significant, yet in terms of efficiency in domestic
energy use, it had proven roles. Considering the enormity of the task, however,
laying down of pipelines and through that distributing the gas connection is currently
limited to only selected cities and towns. Many of the talukas have yet not been covered
under this plan. Contextually, out of 19 coastal talukas along the Gulf of Khambhat,
till 2009-2010, only six talukas are covered under this plan of supplying gas through
pipelines (Table 4.18).
Table4.18:SpreadofPipelineforDomesticCookingGasindifferentTalukas
District Taluka 2009 2010 Total No.of
Cooking Gas
Connection
Steel
Pipeline
(in km)
PE
Pipeline
(in km)
Steel
Pipeline
(in km)
PE
Pipeline
(in km)
Steel
Pipeline
(in km)
PE
Pipeline
(in km)
Anand Khambhat 12.856 98.560 8.993 28.094 21.849 126.654 6624
Navsari Gandevi 0 3.205 0 2.401 0 5.606 NA
Navsari Jalalpore 13.564 186.552 10.436 92.947 24.000 279.499 16277
Surat Chorasi 2.146 88.456 2.043 99.331 4.189 187.787 14371
Valsad Valsad 4.567 126.533 4.098 11.777 8.665 138.310 6176
Valsad Umargam 9.856 5.689 4.723 1.194 14.579 6.883 NA
Source: GSPC, Gandhinagar
It is important to mention here that in many other talukas the work of laying down of
pipelines and supply of gas is contracted to different private agencies (like Adani Gas).
Once the data from these private agencies are available, the picture will be clearer.
4.6.2.3. Biogas
The biogas is one of the non-conventional, renewable energy sources. Thus, its promotion
by various Govt. and non-govt. agencies is considered as environment friendly practice.
In 19 coastal talukas along Gulf of Khambhat, the biogas plants were promoted by Gujarat
Energy Development Agency (GEDA). The 10 year data between 1998 and 2007 suggests
that in the second half of this period the biogas plants were promoted more vigorously
compared to the first part of the decade. Still, however, in talukas like Hansot, Jambusar,
Chorasi, Umargaon, Vagra and Olpad, biogas plants have not reached to the masses. On
the other hand, in Valsad, Mahuva and Una talukas, number of biogas plants is quite high
(Table 4.16)
106 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Socio-Ecological Trend
Table4.19:NumberofBiogasplantsindifferenttalukas
Taluka 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total
Bhavnagar 3 12 5 9 16 18 12 18 100 28 221
Chorasi 0 0 0 1 4 20 3 0 0 0 28
Dhandhuka 0 0 0 13 0 23 74 33 110 50 303
Gandevi 0 64 31 32 43 45 50 15 29 5 314
Ghogha 16 11 1 13 7 15 22 14 46 7 152
Hansot 1 3 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 8
Jafrabad 5 0 1 6 0 23 0 14 16 30 95
Jalalpore 0 28 24 9 42 27 28 18 1 44 221
Jambusar 14 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 16
Khambhat 4 15 6 27 53 28 62 47 6 56 304
Kodinar 20 6 18 21 45 31 36 35 25 10 247
Mahuva 25 0 121 89 91 58 97 78 59 58 676
Olpad 2 0 8 4 11 8 5 0 0 0 38
Rajula 15 9 25 37 24 14 0 0 0 0 124
Talaja 2 22 11 61 65 30 43 17 34 37 322
Umargaon 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 25 3 29
Una 101 0 14 35 37 20 50 71 86 80 494
Vagra 0 0 12 0 0 7 19 0 0 0 38
Valsad 46 35 34 49 68 104 95 5 25 147 608
Source: Gujarat Energy Development Agency (GEDA), Gandhinagar
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 107
Socio-Ecological Trend
Fig.
4.1
6. M
ap s
how
ing
tota
l no.
of B
io-g
as p
lant
s in
diff
eren
t tal
ukas
.
108 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Socio-Ecological Trend
4.7. Industry
The purpose of industrial development is to provide opportunities of better living and employment to the people. While industrial development almost inevitably creates more employment in the region, the possibilities of adverse effects on the environment also increased if these adverse effects are not properly contained or reduced to minimum. Gujarat’s coastal tracts are providing suitable conditions for setting-up of industries and thus are prone to environmental degradation.
For the present study purpose, data on growth of medium and large industries in 19 talukas were collected for the period between 1986 and 2010 (total 25 years). The data expectedly highlight that there is a continuous growth in setting up of both medium and large scale industries in most of the talukas. Particluarly, the medium scale industries were more rapidly installed in Umargaon, Valsad, and Chorasi talukas. The large scale industries, on the other hand were promoted in Chorasi and Vagra talukas (Table 4.20, Fig. 4.16).
Table4.20:NumberofMediumandLargeIndustriesinDifferentTalukas
Taluka Medium Large
1986-1990
1991-1995
1996-2000
2001-2005
2006-2010
Total 1986-1990
1991-1995
1996-2000
2001-2005
2006-2010
Total
Dhandhuka 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Khambhat 0 2 5 7 1 15 0 0 0 0 0 0
Rajula 0 17 12 0 3 32 0 1 4 2 3 10
Jafrabad 0 0 2 0 1 3 0 0 2 0 0 2
Hansot 1 11 5 5 2 24 0 1 0 1 1 3
Vagra 6 28 15 16 29 94 1 29 10 6 30 76
Jambusar 3 22 21 18 4 68 0 1 1 1 4 7
Bhavnagar 1 23 23 27 16 90 0 1 0 2 1 4
Mahuva 0 15 5 6 2 28 0 1 1 1 5 8
Talaja 0 17 5 0 0 22 0 0 1 0 0 1
Ghogha 0 13 2 3 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0
Una 0 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 2 2
Kodinar 0 4 2 2 0 8 0 2 0 2 1 5
Jalalpore 0 4 1 2 1 8 0 0 1 0 0 1
Gandevi 5 7 3 4 1 20 0 0 0 0 0 0
Chorasi 13 73 77 62 26 251 10 29 1 10 8 58
Olpad 4 30 18 24 9 85 0 3 0 0 1 4
Valsad 25 66 32 75 59 257 0 0 0 3 2 5
Umargam 14 119 76 62 56 327 0 0 2 1 1 4
Source: iNDEXTb
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Socio-Ecological Trend
In addition to above, at larger scale industries like ship-breaking in Alang-Sosiya area
of Ghogha taluka of Bhavnagar district had several serious environmental issues,
mainly associated with pollution. Similarly, in talukas like Olpad, Chorasi , Vagra etc. the
uncontrolled industrial development had been a major concern. Industrial clusters like
Hazira near Surat city had also raised several environmental issues. Although, this study
did not attempt to go into the details of such industrial clusters, it is important to take-up
such industrial clusters as case studies to record various environmental issues, specific
to that region.
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Fig.
4.1
7. M
ap s
how
ing
Larg
e &
Med
ium
sca
le in
dust
ries
in d
effer
ent t
aluk
as
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Socio-Ecological Trend
4.8. RoadNetwork
Road network development enhances mobility and is critical for economic growth of
a region. However, inappropriately planned, designed and constructed road networks
can aggravate the conditions of the poor people, and could harm the natural and socio-
economic environment. Some of the common impacts of ill planned road network
include damage and fragmentation of habitats for wildlife, change in hydrological regime,
wetland shrinkage, pollution, etc.
In the present context of 19 coastal talukas, the data on development of different types
of road network was collected for the period between 2000 and 2009. The last ten years
data suggest that there is continuous growth in the development of road network in all
the talukas (Table 4.12). However, it is very difficult to record various impacts of these
road networks on the ecology of the surrounding areas.
Table4.21:DevelopmentofRoadNetwork(inKm)indifferenttaluka
Taluka 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Dhandhuka NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 398.8 398.8
Khambhat NA NA NA NA NA NA 189.0 197.6 190.9 220.4
Rajula NA NA NA NA NA NA 331.5 363.5 355.5 359.3
Jafrabad NA NA NA NA NA NA 152.5 152.5 152.5 157.2
Hansot NA 226.3 229.4 229.4 213.2 213.4 206.7 201.7 214.6 214.6
Vagra NA 254.9 241.1 241.1 229.3 228.5 233.6 229.9 224.3 272.5
Jambusar NA 358.3 398.4 398.4 381.0 381.0 386.1 389.4 380.5 387.6
Bhavnagar NA NA NA 345.0 345.0 348.0 348.0 331.2 319.2 241.5
Mahuva NA NA NA 944.1 944.1 929.6 929.6 953.2 955.7 954.2
Talaja NA NA NA 463.9 463.9 463.9 463.9 468.4 489.5 468.4
Ghogha NA NA NA 227.8 227.8 227.8 230.3 230.3 230.3 230.3
Una 416.0 400.4 422.7 411.4 406.0 421.8 426.4 426.2 427.2 428.9
Kodinar 246.0 241.0 249.0 249.0 255.5 258.0 253.7 263.4 296.1 296.1
Gandevi 272.7 282.3 275.3 275.3 275.3 275.3 345.8 340.2 338.1 323.6
Jalalpore 238.8 236.8 237.2 237.2 237.2 237.2 243.2 250.9 251.4 238.5
Chorasi 277.8 277.8 277.8 280.7 281.7 284.7 286.9 199.0 201.1 113.1
Olpad 335.3 335.3 332.5 324.9 324.9 324.9 324.5 291.8 291.8 283.3
Valsad 677.5 753.0 753.0 753.0 751.6 751.6 753.3 753.3 751.3 751.3
Umargam 394.3 405.6 405.6 405.6 399.1 399.1 416.6 427.4 419.5 433.5
Source: Road & Building Department, State & Panchayats
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4.9. FishProduction
The fish production is considered as both, the indicator of alteration in the coastal
environment and also the cause of changes in marine ecology. Thus, while decline in
fish production, on one hand suggests that there is some problem in coastal and marine
environment (e.g. increased pollution load), on the other hand, this could be due to
unsustainable / overfishing or even due to issues that involve the impact of fishing on
the environment, such as dumping of by-catch. Thus, a time series fish production data
may indicate the overall health of fishery environment.
In the context of present study, in the 19 talukas, fish production data of 58 fish landing
centres were collected for the period between 1998-99 and 2008-09. The average annual
fish production during this 10 year period indicates that 29 landing centres had catch of
more than 1000 tons, 22 landing centres had upto 500 tons fish production and remaining
7 centres had between 500 and 1000 tons fish production. Jafrabad and Shiyalbet in
Jafrabad taluka and Rajpara and Nava Bandar in Una taluka recorded higher average fish
production (Table 4.22, Fig. 4.18). Further analysis of this data suggest that in 21 out
of 58 landing centres, the fish production recorded declining trends. Sites like Bilimora,
Dandi Maroli, Katpar, Vagrech and Daheri showed more than 50% decline in fish catch.
Table4.22:LandingCentrewiseChangeinFishCatch(inTons)
Taluka Landing Centre Avg.Catch
(1998-2009)
Avg.Catch
(1998-2003)
Avg.Catch
(2004-2009)
Differ-
ence
%differ-
enceDhandhuka NA NA NA NA NA NAKhambhat Khambhat 1650.5 1508.2 1769.0 260.8 17.3Rajula Chanch Bandar 3548.2 1845.2 4967.4 3122.2 169.2Jafrabad Jafrabad 53765.7 29293.1 74159.4 44866.3 153.2Jafrabad Shiyalbet 18581.5 12670.7 23507.1 10836.4 85.5Hansot Kantiyajal 294.8 131.0 431.4 300.4 229.3Vagra Luvara 267.7 129.4 383.0 253.6 195.9Vagra Lakhigam 241.3 127.4 336.3 209.0 164.1Jambusar Malpur 289.8 169.2 390.4 221.2 130.8Jambusar Kavi 645.4 775.9 536.6 -239.3 -30.8Jambusar Nada 279.7 150.6 387.3 236.6 157.1Jambusar Zamdi 293.6 151.0 412.4 261.4 173.1Jambusar Tankari 259.8 118.3 377.7 259.4 219.2Jambusar Sarod 263.2 125.8 377.7 251.9 200.3Bhavnagar Bhavnagar 501.7 592.5 426.1 -166.5 -28.1
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Mahuva Katpar 291.6 443.1 165.4 -277.7 -62.7Mahuva Mahuva Bandar 648.6 235.0 786.4 551.4 234.6Talaja Sartanpar 676.6 636.8 709.7 73.0 11.5Talaja Ghadhula 270.0 219.7 311.9 92.3 42.0Ghogha Ghogha 1597.4 1490.9 1686.1 195.3 13.1Ghogha Mithi Virdi 115.5 117.2 114.0 -3.2 -2.7Una Rajpara 25291.0 21107.6 28777.2 7669.6 36.3Una Nava Bandar 28766.0 28047.7 29364.7 1317.0 4.7Una Simar 1667.1 611.4 2546.8 1935.4 316.6Kodinar Mul Dwarka 3432.9 3644.9 3256.3 -388.7 -10.7Jalalpore Krisnapur 3759.7 3018.0 4377.8 1359.8 45.1Jalalpore Onjal 6322.6 5042.3 7389.5 2347.2 46.5Jalalpore Vansi Borsi 5527.9 6390.2 4809.4 -1580.8 -24.7Jalalpore Chormlabhata 415.9 380.1 460.7 80.6 21.2Gandevi Dholai 3017.3 3447.4 2658.9 -788.5 -22.9Gandevi Bhat 4765.1 3797.1 5571.7 1774.6 46.7Gandevi Bilimora 133.7 221.9 23.4 -198.5 -89.5Gandevi Vagrech 414.9 603.6 257.6 -346.1 -57.3Chorasi Bhimpor 2398.2 2717.3 2132.2 -585.1 -21.5Chorasi Dumas 2170.1 2082.2 2243.3 161.1 7.7Chorasi Hazira 740.5 673.4 796.3 122.9 18.2Chorasi Suwali 203.6 190.5 214.5 23.9 12.6Chorasi Vanswa 253.5 261.0 247.3 -13.7 -5.3Olpad Dandi 857.2 792.7 911.0 118.3 14.9Olpad Delasa 322.4 348.4 300.7 -47.7 -13.7Olpad Mor 912.5 799.9 1006.3 206.5 25.8Olpad Bhagva 412.1 326.0 483.8 157.9 48.4Olpad Pardi Zankhari 350.1 317.8 377.1 59.3 18.7Valsad Dandi Maroli 152.1 202.5 68.1 -134.4 -66.4Valsad Magod 7569.4 8188.6 7053.5 -1135.1 -13.9Valsad Survada 2237.5 2443.7 2065.7 -378.0 -15.5Valsad Kosmba 6899.0 6754.9 7019.1 264.2 3.9Valsad Bhadeli Jagalal 2881.2 3383.0 2463.1 -919.9 -27.2Valsad Dandi Bhatha 1366.7 1234.2 1477.1 242.9 19.7Valsad Nani Danti 2487.4 2645.8 2355.3 -290.5 -11.0Valsad Moti Danti 3652.0 4169.6 3220.7 -948.9 -22.8Umargam Umargam 6412.0 6485.4 6350.9 -134.5 -2.1Umargam Khatalvada 4291.3 4049.7 4492.7 443.0 10.9
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Umargam Nargol 4673.7 3773.8 5423.7 1649.9 43.7Umargam Tadgam 251.8 181.6 310.4 128.8 71.0Umargam Maroli 2234.7 2037.0 2399.6 362.6 17.8Umargam Fansa 3354.2 3714.4 3054.0 -660.4 -17.8Umargam Kalai 2171.3 1708.9 2556.7 847.7 49.6Umargam Daheri 142.2 176.2 85.5 -90.7 -51.5
Source: Fisheries Department, Gandhinagar
Among the talukas, Jafrabad, Una, Jalalpore, Valsad and Umargaon shows average
annual fish catch of more than 10000 tons, while Hansot, Vagra, Bhavnagar, Mahuva
and Talaja recorded less than 1000 tons average fish catch (Table 4.23). Four talukas viz.
Bhavnagar,Valsad, Kodinar and Chorasi recorded a decline in their fish production. The
actual causes of such decline need to be explored further.
Table4.23:TalukawiseChangeinFishCatch(inTons)
Taluka Avg.Catch
(1998-2009)
Avg.Catch
(1998-2003)
Avg.Catch
(2004-2009)
Difference %Difference
Dhandhuka 0 0 0 0
Khambhat 1650.5 1508.2 1769.0 260.8 17.3
Rajula 3548.2 1845.2 4967.4 3122.2 169.2
Jafrabad 72347.2 41963.9 97666.6 55702.7 132.7
Hansot 294.8 131.0 431.4 300.4 229.3
Vagra 509.1 256.8 719.3 462.5 180.1
Jambusar 2031.5 1490.8 2482.1 991.2 66.5
Bhavnagar 501.7 592.5 426.1 -166.5 -28.1
Mahuva 763.3 537.1 951.8 414.7 77.2
Talaja 946.5 856.4 1021.7 165.2 19.3
Ghogha 1712.8 1608.1 1800.1 192.0 11.9
Una 55724.1 49766.7 60688.7 10922.0 21.9
Kodinar 3432.9 3644.9 3256.3 -388.7 -10.7
Jalalpore 15950.5 14830.6 16883.8 2053.1 13.8
Gandevi 8306.6 8070.1 8503.8 433.7 5.4
Chorasi 5765.8 5924.5 5633.6 -290.9 -4.9
Olpad 2854.3 2584.6 3079.0 494.3 19.1
Valsad 27203.9 29022.4 25688.5 -3333.8 -11.5
Umargam 23492.6 22126.9 24630.7 2503.8 11.3
Source: Fisheries Department, Gandhinagar
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Fig.
4.1
8. M
ap s
how
ing
aver
age
Fish
Pro
ducti
on (i
n To
ns)
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4.10. Salt Work
Other than fisheries, salt manufacturing is one of the major industries that use the
coastal and marine resources. While the salt work is a major source of livelihood for
large number of people (agarias), increasing mechanization has improved production
efficiency. Nevertheless, the entire sector has many direct or indirect environmental
concerns and thus, considered as critical sector for coastal ecology. Thus, in the present
context, data on the growth of this sector in 19 coastal talukas were collected for the
period between 1991 and 2009.
Importantly, only in 12 talukas salt works were found operating. Except in Vagra taluka,
in most of the other talukas the scale of salt work operation were found relatively to be
at lower level. Nevertheless, it was found that between 2000 and 2009,the area under
salt work had increased in most of the talukas (Table 4.24). It is important that in order
to ascertain the impact of these salt works on ecology and environment of these coastal
talukas, detailed study need to be commissioned.
Table4.24:ChangeinScaleofSaltWorkandtheirProductionindifferenttalukas
Taluka No.ofLease Area under Lease (Ha.) SaltProduction(MT)
1991 2000 2009 1991 2000 2009 1991 2000 2009
Khambhat 1 3 3 254.16 2112.56 2018.79 12800 22936 32392
Rajula NA NA NA NA NA 8631.98 NA 353167 NA
Jafrabad NA NA NA NA NA 6258.38 NA 316036 NA
Hansot 5 9 7 485.61 834.80 656.90 10730 33650 49370
Vagra 28 49 59 5587.06 7609.87 8262.29 236789 624849 1096354
Jambusar 19 NA NA 2138.80 NA 0 43159 NA NA
Bhavnagar NA NA 27 NA NA 37588.75 NA NA 2224731
Mahuva NA 7 NA NA NA NA NA 16200 NA
Talaja NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Gogha NA NA 7 NA NA 3713.20 NA NA 78561
Una NA NA NA NA NA 0 NA 192658 0
Kodinar NA NA NA NA NA 1969.05 NA 0 0
Jalalpore NA NA NA NA 232.64 928.55 NA 7457 5050
Olpad NA NA NA NA 1550.83 2035.13 NA 66440 135897
Valsad NA NA NA NA 100.79 928.55 NA 28365 39338
Umargam NA NA NA NA 286.86 230.21 NA 6750 7361
Source: Salt Inspector , Taluka level.
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Conclusion
Gulf of Khambhat is considered as one of the important natural systems of the Gujarat state. In administrative terms, the Gulf is bordered by 19 talukas belonging to 9 districts. Last census (2001) suggests that about 4.73 lakh people live in these 19 talukas. Due to its geographical positioning, physical and oceanographic characteristics, and large human population around, the gulf is vulnerable to various anthropogenic activities including rapid industrialization and coastal infrastructure development projects (like ports, oil terminals etc.), jeopardizing both ecological as well as livelihood securities along these regions.
Realizing that for the effective planning and management of various natural resources and key ecological systems in and along the Gulf of Khambhat, it is important to understand the trends of various drivers (climatic and anthropogenic) and response variables including the state of floral and faunal species. Keeping above in view, this study is the first attempt towards creating an ecological profile by collecting and organizing ecological information of the coastal talukas along the Gulf of Khambhat, and, to understand their trends at taluka level.
The study suggested that despite many limitations in secondary data (in terms of their consistency and periodicity) some basic analysis of those data actually help in recording some interesting trends, although not conclusive. The trends and their interpretation, mainly through multiple correlations and regression, of different parameters would vastly improve by collecting robust time series data for each of the parameters.
The study has demonstrated interesting spatio-temporal changes and trends in various land use categories, cropping and irrigation patterns, energy uses etc., but the data needs further exploration. Similarly, more intensive and systematic ecological surveys need to be considered for better understanding of abundance and distribution of key floral and faunal species, especially the rare and endangered ones.
It is also important to mention here that while attempts are made to present the trend of different parameters independently, many of them may have significant correlations and regressions and thus influencing and explaining the values of each others. However, these multivariate analyses were not attempted intentionally just to not make it over-burdened with heavy statistics. As a matter of fact, this exercise established first order trends, and thus identifying some of the focus areas for future studies
5. CONCLUSION
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Conclusion
Importantly, this study could not only manage and organize the primary data and information on flora and fauna, but could also organize all the secondary data from various sources in GIS domain. This helped in generating various maps about the status and trends of various ecological and socio-economical parameters. Thus, this study was able to discern key spatial patterns on important parameters. Unequivocally, such multi-dimensional spatial database actually fulfills one of the pre-conditions for giving long term focus to monitor socio-ecological conditions and issues at suitable administrative level i.e. talukas. More importantly, such database creation would help achieving information driven sustainable development objectives for the ecologically sensitive coastal region of Gulf of Khambhat.
As stated earlier, the study throws out some interesting trends for many ecological and socio-economical parameters, in order to take it to logical conclusion, it is important to find out the causes of some of those changes and thus the trend in land use types, irrigation area, area under different crops etc. Equally important is to identify key ecological/environmental and socio-economical effects (impacts) of above changes. In other words, unless the cause and effects of recorded trends are explored, it is very difficult to comprehend and identify measures for sustainable development in coastal region of Gulf of Khambhat. Simply looking into the trends and numbers won’t tell the complete and real ecological issues. For complete picture, the backward and forward linkages need to be explored. Only through some in-depth studies, proper assessment can be made. Thus, in order to comprehend the real ecological issues linked to various parameters and to identify and quantify some of these issues, pilot intensive surveys in some of the problem talukas need to be undertaken.
Finally, it is also realized that the users of this report may be expecting following two outputs: (i) the ecological ranking of all the talukas and (ii) broad area of intervention to improve ecological/environmental conditions problem talukas. The report deliberately avoided to produce above two outputs. For the first point, it is important to realize that even the earlier comprehensive efforts by GEC like preparing of State Environmental Action program (SEAP), actually failed to rank talukas by taking into account different parameters (like pollution, landuse changes, biodiversity losses, land degradation, industrial development, energy demands etc.) and integrating them to generate one ‘super index’ of ecological health. In practical sense, this is quite an ambitious task. However, at best SEAP presented the trends in individual parameters. Needless to say, this study also attempted to generate and analysed such trends. Drawing multiple regression and cross sectoral integrations from present data sets may lead to wrong conclusions.
For the second point, it is again very important to realize that in order to suggest possible interventions for promoting ecological/environmental improvement at taluka levels,
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 119
Conclusion
identification of problems and their root causes is must. However, by analysing trends of some of the parameter, this study is just able to record some of the apparent “symptoms” of the problem. Unless, some of the identified symptoms are tracked and understood systematically through independent yet interdisciplinary case studies, search for possible workable interventions is very difficult. And for that, we need to collect more evidences and information from field levels.
In conclusion, it can be said that this study is just an attempt to quickly organize secondary and primary data and analysed their spatio-temporal trends. This helped in identifying and indicating key symptoms of the problems. While present study stopped at that point, it actually suggest for follow-up case studies to further probing the problem at site level. Potential interventions can only emerge from those grass-root levels of understanding.
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Annexure3.1:ChecklistofPlantSpeciesRecordedDuringtheSurvey
# Woody Species Herb Species Climber Species
1 Acacia arabica Abelmoschus manihot Abrus precatorius
2 Acacia catechu Abutilon indicum Ampelocissus latifolia
3 Acacia fernesiana Acalypha indica Antigogon leptopus
4 Acacia ferruginia Acanthospermum hispidum Asparagus racemosus
5 Acacia leucophoea Acanthus ilicifolius Blastinia fimbristipula
6 Acacia nilotica Achyranthes aspera Boganvelia spectabilis
7 Acacia senegal Achyranthus muricata Bouganvelia glabra
8 Achras sapota Adhatoda vasica Cardiospermum halicacabum
9 Aegle marmelos Aeluropus lagopodioides Cissus repanda
10 Ailanthus excelsa Aerua lanata Clitoria ternetia
11 Alangium salvifolium Agave americana Coccinia grandis
12 Annona reticulata Ageratum conyzoides Coccinia indica
13 Annona squamosa Allium cepa Cocculus hirsutus
14 Anogeissus latifolia Aloe vera Cocculus pendulus
15 Anogeissus pendula Alysicarpus longifolius Cocculus vilosus
16 Anthocephalus indicus Alysicarpus pubescens Cucumis callosus
17 Avicennia marina Amarantus hypochondriacus
Cuscuta reflexa
18 Azadirachta indica Amarantus spinosus Daemia extensa
19 Balanites aegyptica Amarantus tricolor Gloriosa superba
20 Bambusa bambos Amberboa indica Ipomoea alba
21 Bauhinia purpurea Ammannia baccifera Ipomoea aquatica
22 Bombex ceiba Anagallis arvensis Ipomoea biloba
23 Borassus flabellifer Andrographis echioides Ipomoea nil
24 Boswellia serrata Andropogon contortus Ipomoea obscura
25 Breynia retusa Andropogon pertusus Ipomoea palmata
26 Bridellia retusa Anethum graveolens Ipomoea pes-tigridis
27 Butea monosperma Anisochilus carnosus Ipomoea quamoclit
28 Cadaba indica Apluda mutica Ipomoea sepiaria
29 Caesalpinia pulcherrima Arachis hypogaea Luffa acutangula
30 Calotropis gigantia Argemone mexicana Luffa cylindrica
31 Calotropis procera Aristida adscensionis Merremia aegyptica
32 Capparis decidua Aristida funiculata Momordica dioca
33 Capparis sepiaria Arthraxon ciliaris Momordica indica
34 Carrisa conjesta Arundinella pumila Mucuna pruriens
35 Cassia auriculata Astracantha longifolia Mukia maderaspatana
36 Cassia fistula Bacopa monnieri Rinchotia minima
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37 Casuarina equisetifolia Bambusa bambos Rivea hyporcateriformis
38 Ceiba pentandra Barleria cristata Tylophora indica
39 Ceriops tagal Barleria prionites Vitis trifolia
40 Clerodendron multiflorum Blepharis maderaspatensis Wattakaka volubilis
41 Cocos nucifera Blepheris sindica
42 Commiphora wightii Boerhavia diffusa
43 Cordia dichotoma Boerhavia elegans
44 Cordia gharaf Borreria stricta
45 Dalbergia sissoo Bothriochloa mutica
46 Dalbergia latifolia Brachiaria mutica
47 Delonix elata Brachiaria setigera
48 Dendrocalamus strictus Brassica nigra
49 Derris indica Cajanus cajan
50 Dichrostachys cineria Canavalia ensiformis
51 Diospyros melanoxylon Canscora perfoliata
52 Ehretia aspera Cassia tora
53 Emblica officinalis Catharanthus roseus
54 Erythrina indica Celosia argentea
55 Eucalyptus globulus Celosia cristata
56 Euphorbia neriifolia Cenchrus biflorus
57 Euphorbia tirucalli Cenchrus biflorus
58 Ficus benghalensis Cenchrus setigerus
59 Ficus racemosa Chenopodium album
60 Ficus religiosa Chloris barbata
61 Gmelina arborea Chloris dolichostachya
62 Grewia tenax Chloris virgata
63 Guazuma tomentosa Chrozophora oblique
64 Gymnosporia montana Cleome gynandra
65 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Cleome viscosa
66 Holarrhena antidysenterica Coix lachryma
67 Hyphaene indica Convolvulus microphyllus
68 Jatropha curcus Corchorus capsularis
69 Lantana camera Corchorus olitorius
70 Lawsonia inermis Corchorus tridens
71 Leucaena leucocephala Corchorus trilocularis
72 Madhuca indica Cressa cretica
73 Mangifera indica Crotalaria leptostachya
74 Manilkara hexandra Crotalaria medicaginea
75 Melia azadirachta Cymbopogon martinii
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76 Mimosa cineraria Cynodon dactylon
77 Mimusops elengi Cyperus alopecuroides
78 Mitragyna parvifolia Cyperus arenarius
79 Murraya koenigii Cyperus bulbosus
80 Nerium indicum Cyperus difformis
81 Opuntia elatior Cyperus esculentus
82 Parkinsonia aculeata Cyperus nutans
83 Peltophorum pterocarpum Cyperus rotundus
84 Phoenix sylvestris Cyperus squarrosus
85 Pithecellobium dulce Cythocline purpurea
86 Polyalthia longifolia Dactyloctenium aegypticum
87 Prosopis juliflora Dactyloctenium sindicum
88 Rhizophora mucronata Datura inoxa
89 Salvadora oleoides Datura metel
90 Salvadora persica Dendrocalamus strictus
91 Sapindus laurifolius Dendrophthoe falcata
92 Sterculia urens Dichanthium annulatum
93 Syzygium cumini Digera arvensis
94 Tacoma undulata Digitaria adscendens
95 Tamarindus indica Dinebra retroflexa
96 Tecomella undulata Echinochloa colunum
97 Tectona grandis Echinops echinatus
98 Terminalia arjuna Eclipta alba
99 Terminallia bellirica Eclipta prostrata
100 Thespesia lampas Enicostemma littorale
101 Unidentified Sps Eragrostis ciliaris
102 Vitex negundo Eragrostis pilosa
103 Wrigtia tinctoria Eragrostis tremula
104 Zizyphus jujuba Euphorbia hirta
105 Zizyphus mauritiana Euphorbia microphylla
106 Zizyphus xylopyrus Euphorbia parviflora
107 Evolvulus alsinoides
108 Evolvulus microphyllus
109 Fimbristylis ferruginea
110 Fimbristylis miliacea
111 Gomphrena globosa
112 Goniogyna hirta
113 Gossipium herbecium
114 Helianthus annuus
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 123
115 Heliotropium indicum
116 Heliotropium paniculatum
117 Heteropogon contortus
118 Hydrilla verticillata
119 Hygrophila angustifolia
120 Impatiens balsamina
121 Indigofera cordifolia
122 Indigofera tinctoria
123 Ipomoea fistulosa
124 Jasminum multiflorum
125 Justicia procumbens
126 Lemna
127 Lepidagathis trinervis
128 Leucas aspera
129 Lindenbergia abyssinica
130 Ludwigia parviflora
131 Martynia annua
132 Melanocenchris
jacquemontii
133 Mollugo hirta
134 Ocimum basilicum
135 Ocimum sanctum
136 Oldenlandia corymbosa
137 Orchid sp.
138 Oryza sativa
139 Panicum psilopodium
140 Panicum trypheron
141 Parthenium hysterophorus
142 Paspalum longiflorum
143 Pedalium murex
144 Peristophe bicalyculata
145 Phyllanthus maderaspatensis
146 Phyllanthus niruri
147 Physalis maxima
148 Physalis minima
149 Physalis somnifera
150 Pilea microphylla
151 Pistia stratiotes
124 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
152 Plumbago zeylanica
153 Polycarpaea corymbosa
154 Polygala chinensis
155 Polygala erioptera
156 Polygonum glabrum
157 Polygonum plebejum
158 Portulaca oleracea
159 Portulaca quadrifida
160 Pulicaria angustifolia
161 Pupalia lappacea
162 Ruellia tuberosa
163 Rungia repens
164 Salicornia brachiata
165 Salvia santolinaefolia
166 Sesuvium portulacastrum
167 Seteria glauca
168 Seteria tomentosa
169 Sida acuta
170 Sida alba
171 Sida cordata
172 Sida cordifolia
173 Sida cordifolia
174 Sida grewioides
175 Sida retusa
176 Sida rhombifolia
177 Solanum nigrum
178 Solanum indicum
179 Solanum xanthocarpum
180 Sorghum vulgare
181 Sphaeranthus indicus
182 Sporobolus coromandellianus
183 Sporobolus virginicus
184 Striga hirsuta
185 Suaeda nudiflora
186 Tephrosea purpurea
187 Tephrosea senticosa
188 Tephrosea villosa
189 Themeda tremula
190 Tragus biflorus
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 125
191 Trianthema pentandra
192 Tribulus terrestris
193 Tricholepis amplexicaulis
194 Tricodesma amplexicaule
195 Tridex procumbens
196 Triticum sativum
197 Triumfetta rhombifolia
198 Triumfetta rotundifolia
199 Typha elephantina
200 Urginea indica
201 Urochloa panicoides
202 Vallisneria spiralis
203 Vernonia antihelmintica
204 Vernonia cineria
205 Vicoa indica
206 Vigna trilobata
207 Waltheria indica
208 Withania somnifera
209 Woodfordia fruticosa
210 Woodfordia tomentosa
211 Xanthium strumarium
212 Zea maize
126 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Annexure 3.2
ChecklistofBirdSpeciesandTheirRecordedNumbers
Species
B’na
gar
Gan
devi
Jafaraba
d
Kham
bhat
Kodi
nar
Mah
uva
Raju
la
Una
Asian Koel A B A B AAsian Open Bill A A C B BAlexandrine Parakeet B B C BAsian Paradise-Flycatcher D A DAsian Palm Swift C C C CAshy Crowned Sparrow Lark D A A D A B B AAshy Prinia A B B C A AAlpine Swift C A D C D CBay-Backed Shrike B C B B B B B CBarred Button quail B C B B B BBlue-cheeked Bee eater DBlack Drongo D B C B B B B BBooted Eagle A A A A A ABlack Headed Gull A A A ABlack-Headed Ibis B A D D A B C ABlack Ibis C D C C D C D DBlack Kite A B B B B B B BBrahminy Kite A ABlack Stork BBank Myna D D C D D B CBlack Necked Grebe DBlack-Crowned Night Heron A B B A A ABonelli’s Eagle A A A ABooted Warbler C C A C CBlack Redstart D A BBrown headed gull ABrown Rockchat D A C A A DBlue Rock Thrush B ABlack-Shouldered Kite A A B A B B ABrahminy Starling C D D A BBarn Swallow D D D C D D
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 127
Bluethrot Flycatcher A A B A A ABlack Tailed Godwit D A D B BBaya Weaver B C D B D D D DBronze Winged Jacana ABlack-Winged Stilt C A B D B D C BCommon Babbler D C D C C C D CCoppersmith Barbet C B AChestnut-bellied Sandgrouse BCommon Chiff Chaff D B BCommon Crested Lark D CCommon Coot A D C A D D A DCommon Crane B B AComb Duck C D D B C DCattle Egret D D D C CCommon Greeanshank C D C CCommon Hoopoe A B A B B ACommon Iora A CCommon Kesteral C A C CCommon Kingfisher A D ACommon Moorhen A A A A A A ACommon Myna D A D C DCommon Pochard B A B D B BCommon Quail A C BCommon Redshank B D B A BClamorous Reed Warbler C C C C CCurlew Sandpiper A A ACommon Snipe A A AChestnut Shouldred Petronia C C A D C A D CCommon Stonechat A A ACaspian Tern B C B CCommon Sandpiper C B C B B CCommon Tailorbird A A B A ACommon Teal A ACommon Tern A C B A CCommon Woodshrike A A ADarter A A A A ADusky Crag Martin B A B BDemoiselle Crane D D A D D D D
128 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Dalmatian pelican C C CDesert Wheatear B A A C A AEurasian Collared Dove C B A B C C BEuresian Curlew A D BEurasian Golden Oriole A B AEurasian Hobby B A A A AEurasian Marsh Harrier B A A A A AEuresian Spoonbill C D A D D CEurasian Sparrowhawk A A A A AEuresian Thick Knee B B BEgyptian Vulture A A AGreen Bee-Eater D B C D C D BGrey Breasted Prinia A B A B A AGull-Billed Tern B A B C A CGreat Cormorant A AGreat Egret A A B A A B AGray Francolin B C B C B CGreater Flamingo D D D DGrey Heron A A B A A A B BGlossy Ibis B DGrey Necked Bunting A AGray Plover A D A BGraceful Prinia A A A D A AGreater Coucal B A A A B B AGarganey A C C D D CGreen Sandpiper C C A BGreater Sand Plover A B C D A B A CGreater Short Toed Lark BGreat Tit A A A A AGreenish Warbler B A A AGreat White Pelican A DHouse Crow C D C D D B C DHeuglin’s Gull C D DHouse Sparrow D D D D BHouse Swift C B D D D D BIndian Bush Lark B B A B AIndian Cormorant A A B C B BIndian Courser A B B
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 129
Imperial Eagle AIntermediate Egret B D B B D B BIndian Nightjar A C C AIndian Peafowl C A D B B C C BIndian Pond Heron A B B C B C CIndian Roller C B A B BIndian Robin C B B B B B B BIndian Silverbill BIsabelline Wheatear A B A A B AJungle Babbler D B D D D D DJungle Bush Quail C C C B D CJungle Prinia B D B BKentish Plover C DLarge-Billed Crow C B B C B B B BLong-Billed Vulture ALittle Cormorant B C D D C C C CLaughing Dove B A C B DLittle Egret C B B D B C C BLesser Florican ALarge Gray Babbler C A A D D ALittle Grebe C D C BLesser Golden-Backed Woodpecker
A A A
long Legged Buzard A A ALittle Ringed Plover D C D A C C ALesser Sand Plover A D D B D D BLittle Stint D D D B A C BLittle Tern A D A B ALong-Tailed Shrike A A A A B ALesser Whistling-Duck C B B B B BLesser Whitethroat B D DMallard B C CMontagu’s Harrier AMarshall’s Iora AMarsh Sandpiper C A C A C C ANorthen Pintail D DNorthen Shoveler B D D DOriental Honey-Buzzard A A A A A
130 | Gujarat Ecology Commission
Oriental Magpie Robin C A A A AOriental Skylark B A AOsprey A AOriental Turtle Dove B A AOrphean Warbler BOriental White-Eye A A APied Avocet D DPied Bushchat B A A A A BPied Cuckoo APeregrine Falcon A APainted Francolin B A A A B A APallas’s Gull A BPallid Harrier A APurple Heron A C A B A APlum-Headed Parakeet C D DPied Kingfisher A A B A APaddyfield Pipit B C A B A APlain Prinia A A CPainted Sandgrouse D B BPurple Sunbird B B B C CPintail Snipe A APainted Stork C D C D D C D DPurple Swamphen A C C C A C CPheasant Tailed Jacana A APaddyfield Warbler BRed Collared Dove B A A A CRufous-Fronted Prinia A B A ARed-Headed Vulture B BRed necked Falcon C B ARock Pegion D D D D C D D DRose-Ringed Parakeet C C C D D C CRed Rumped Swallow B A B C CRuddy Shelduck B A A ARosy Starling D C D DRiver Tern C C B D C B C CRed Throted Flycatcher C C A CRufous Tailed Lark C A DRufous Treepie A A A B B A
Gujarat Ecology Commission | 131
Rufous-Tailed Shrike B A A ARuff D D D DRed-Vented Bulbul D C C B C C BRed-Wattled Lapwing D B B C D C C CStriated babbler CSpot-Billed Duck C D B D B D DSarus Crane A A A ASpotted Dove C A C AShikra A A A A A A A ASmall Minivet A A A BSpotted Owl A D A ASpotted Redshank A AThick-Billed Flowerpecker A A B ATawny Eagle A A A A ATree Pipit B A C A B B AVariable Wheatear B A A A C AWhite Browed Fantail B A B B AWhite Eyed Buzzard A Awhite-breasted Waterhen A A C A A A AWoolly Necked Stork CWestern Reef Egret A D C A A C AWhite-Rumped Vulture B D A AWood Sandpiper B D B BWhiskered Tern C B C C BWhite Throated Kingfisher A A B A A BWire tailed swallow D A D AWhite Wagtail A A B A AYellow Eyed Babbler B C CYellow-Footed Green Pegion B D D B DYellow Legged Gull AYellow Wagtail A A A B A B A AYellow-Wattled Lapwing B B B B BZitting cisticola D D A B C C
A= 1-2 birds; B= 3 to 5 birds; C= 6 to 10 birds; D= more than 10 birds
Block No. 18, First Floor, Udyog Bhavan, Sector-11, Gandhinagar - 382 017.
Tel. 23257656/23257658/23257659 Fax : 23257657
Website : www.gec.gov.in Email : [email protected] Des
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& P
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