Ecological Levels of Ecological Levels of OrganizationOrganization
Foldable (outside):Foldable (outside):
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Taiga/Coniferous Forest
Tropical Rain Forest
Grassland (Savanna)
Desert
Tundra
Water Biomes (Marine, Estuary, Freshwater)
Map of Biomes
Earth’sBiomes
To complete the inside of To complete the inside of your foldable…your foldable…
Use Ch. 20 of your Holt textbook◦Pgs. 526-543
See the next slide for the format to use inside the foldable.
Land (Terrestrial) Biomes – Land (Terrestrial) Biomes – Inside the foldable…Inside the foldable…
Climate: Plants: Animals:
Illustration of biome. Distinguishing characteristics:
(distinguishes it from other biomes)
-Temperature-Precipitation
-Examples-Adaptations
-Examples-Adaptations
Fold
Earth’s BiomesEarth’s BiomesAreas with similar abiotic factors
(soil, water & climate) usually have similar biotic factors (plants & animals).
Climate – average weather pattern in an area over a long period of time.◦Precipitation & temperature
Biome – a group of ecosystems with similar climates & organisms◦Contain related ecosystems
Terrestrial or Land BiomesTerrestrial or Land BiomesTundraTaiga / Coniferous (Boreal) ForestTemperate Deciduous ForestGrasslands (Savanna, Steppe,
Prairie)DesertsTropical Rain ForestTemperate Rain Forest
Forest BiomesForest BiomesOften found in areas that have
mild temperatures and plenty of rain.
3 types (depends on climate):◦Temperate deciduous forests◦Coniferous forests (Taiga)◦Tropical rain forests
Temperate Deciduous Temperate Deciduous ForestsForestsDeciduous – “to fall off” – trees that
shed their leaves to save water during the winter or during the dry season
Have 4 distinct seasons in a year (fall, winter, spring, summer)
Climate:◦ Precipitation – 75 – 125 cm of rain/yr.◦ Average temperature – summer 28˚ C,
winter 6 ˚ CPlants: deciduous trees (oaks, maples);
ferns; mossesAnimals: deer, bears, snakes,
woodpeckers, chipmunks, opossums, mice, skunks
Temperate Deciduous Temperate Deciduous ForestForest
Coniferous ForestsConiferous Forestsaka: TaigaConifers – trees that produce seeds in
cones; needles; aka: evergreen treesClimate:
◦ Precipitation - 35 – 75 cm of rain or snow/yr.◦ Average temperature – summer 14˚ C, winter
-10˚ CPlants: coniferous trees (Douglas fir,
spruce); few large plantsAdaptations: Conifers with thick, waxy
coverings on leaves = keep them from drying out and protect them from cold winter
Animals: squirrels; insects; birds (finches, chickadees, jays); herbivores (porcupines, elk, moose, ); bears; foxes; lynx◦ Migration & hibernation
Taiga/Coniferous ForestTaiga/Coniferous Forest
Tropical Rain ForestsTropical Rain ForestsHave more biological diversity that any
other place on EarthClimate:
◦ Precipitation – 200 – 600 cm of rain/yr.◦ Average temperature – daytime 34˚ C;
nighttime 20˚ C Warmer than temperate rain forests due to
location near the equatorPlants: ferns, orchids, tall trees
Adaptation: low growing plants that don’t need much light
Animals: birds (parrots); insects; snakes; frogs; monkeys; lizards◦ canopy – tree tops
Tropical Rain ForestsTropical Rain Forests
Temperate Rain ForestsTemperate Rain ForestsFound in New Zealand, southern Chile,
& the Pacific Northwest of the U.S.Climate:
◦Precipitation – 200 cm – 400 cm of rainfall/yr.
◦Avg. temperature – 9˚C – 12˚CPlants: trees with needlelike leaves
(Douglas fir, cedar, spruce)Animals: black bear; cougar; bobcat;
northern spotted owl; amphibians
Temperate Rain ForestsTemperate Rain Forests
GrasslandsGrasslandsAlso know as: o Steppes (Asia)o Prairies (N. America)o Savannas (Africa)o Pampas (S. America)
Found on every continent except Antarctica
2 Types:o Temperate Grasslandso Savannas
Temperate GrasslandsTemperate Grasslands◦Climate:
Precipitation – 25 – 75 cm of rain/yr. Average temperature – summer 30˚C; winter
0˚C
◦Plants: grasses; flowering plants; few trees; crops – wheat, rye, barley, corn
◦Animals: small, seed-eating animals (prairie dogs & mice); large grass-eaters (bison); kangaroos; cattle & sheep
SavannasSavannas◦Climate:
Precipitation – 50 - 130 cm rain/yr. Average temperature – dry season 34˚C;
wet season 16˚C
◦Plants: scattered clumps of trees; grasses
◦Animals: large herbivores (elephants, giraffes, zebras, wildebeests)
SavannaSavanna
GrasslandsGrasslands
DesertsDesertsDriest biome on EarthClimate:
◦ Precipitation – less than 25 cm of rain/yr.◦ Avg. temperature – summer 38˚C; winter 7˚C
Temperature shifts from day to night Ex: Gobi desert in Asia – freezing temperatures in the
winterPlants: cacti
◦ Adaptations – grow far apart; shallow roots; store water; waxy-coated leaves
Animals: toads, tortoises, kangaroo rat, scorpions, few large animals; reptiles◦ Adaptations – nocturnal (active at night);
dormant during dry season; store water; big ears
DesertsDeserts
DesertsDeserts
TundraTundraCold, dry region; cold desertClimate:
◦Precipitation – 30 – 50 cm of rain/yr.◦Avg. temperature – summer 12˚C;
winter -26˚C Slow decomposition due to cold
temperatures.
• 2 Types: Polar tundra Alpine tundra
Polar TundrasPolar TundrasFound near the North Pole
◦permafrost – layer of soil that stays frozen all the time; only the surface thaws
◦Plants: shallow-rooted plants (grasses & small shrubs); mosses; lichens; no trees
◦Animals: insects, migratory birds (ducks, geese, shorebirds & songbirds); hawks; owls; arctic hares; musk oxen; wolves; caribou; reindeer
Polar TundraPolar Tundra
Alpine TundraAlpine TundraTop of tall mountains
◦Also has permafrost◦Found above the “tree line”◦Gets plenty of sunlight &
precipitation
Mountains & IceMountains & IceMountains can contain many
different biomes.◦Temperature & precipitation change
with elevationIce
◦Usually fits in with the tundra biome
Mountains
Water Biomes – Inside the Water Biomes – Inside the foldable…foldable…
1. What are three abiotic factors that shape marine ecosystems? Explain each.
1. Describe one abiotic factor that affects freshwater ecosystems.
2. Describe:1. Streams &
Rivers2. Ponds &
Lakes3. Wetlands
1. Marsh2. Swamp
1. Define estuary –2. Why is an
estuary a rich habitat for living things?
Illustration of Marine Biome
(Ocean)
Illustration of Freshwater
Biome (Pond Water)
Illustration of Estuary
Marine BiomesMarine BiomesOceans cover almost ¾ of the
Earth’s surface.Abiotic factors that affect marine
ecosystems:◦Water temperature◦Water depth◦Amount of sunlight that passes into
the water
Marine BiomesMarine BiomesWater temperature
◦Decreases as the depth of the water increases
◦Temperatures at the surface zone vary Latitude Time of year
Marine BiomesMarine BiomesWater temperature
◦Affects the animals that life in marine ecosystems Adaptations to warm or cold water Migration to warmer areas Impacts whether some animals can eat
Marine BiomesMarine BiomesWater depth and sunlight
EstuariesEstuariesAreas where fresh water from
streams and rivers spill into the ocean◦Fresh water + Salt water
Plants and animals must be able to adapt to the changing concentrations of salt.
◦Rich in nutrients Rivers and streams carry silt and
nutrient-rich soil
Freshwater BiomesFreshwater BiomesAn important abiotic factor that
affects freshwater biomes is how quickly water moves.◦Streams & Rivers
Plants line the edges of streams & rivers Fish live in open waters Clams & snails live in mud at the bottom
◦Adaptations to fast moving water Algae & moss are attached to rocks Tadpoles & frogs use suction disks to hold onto
rocks Insects live under rocks
Rivers & StreamsRivers & Streams
Freshwater BiomesFreshwater BiomesPonds & Lakes
◦Water depth and sunlight are important abiotic factors
Ponds & LakesPonds & LakesLittoral zone
◦ Sunlight reaches the bottom Plants and algae can grow here Small animals – frogs, salamanders, turtles, fish, snakes,
snails, insects, clams & worms
Open-water zone◦ Top “layer” of water
As deep as sunlight can reach Bass, lake trout, other fishes Photosynthetic plankton
Deep-water zone◦ No sunlight◦ Catfish, carp, worms, crustaceans, fungi & bacteria
Feed on dead organisms that sink from above
Freshwater BiomesFreshwater BiomesWetlands
◦An area of land that is sometimes underwater or whose soil contains a great deal of moisture
◦Benefits Support many different plants & animals Flood control Replenishing underground water supplies
◦2 types Marshes Swamps
MarshesMarshesTreeless wetland ecosystems
where plants growOften found in shallow areas
along the shores of lakes, ponds, rivers & streams
Plants◦Grasses, reeds & wild rice
Animals◦Muskrats, turtles, frogs, birds
MarshesMarshes
SwampsSwampsWetland ecosystems in which
trees and vines growFound in low-lying areas and
beside slow-moving riversPlants
◦Willows, bald cypresses, oaks, vines, orchids, water lilies
Animals◦Fishes, snakes, birds
SwampsSwamps
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