Early Medieval Early Medieval EuropeEurope
Collapse of Western Roman Collapse of Western Roman EmpireEmpire
Empire Divided (300’s AD)Empire Divided (300’s AD) Byzantine Empire (Greek & Byzantine Empire (Greek &
Autonomous)Autonomous) LatifundiasLatifundias replace centralized rule replace centralized rule
Decentralized, self-sufficient (E,S,P)Decentralized, self-sufficient (E,S,P) Isolated Kingdoms of Landlords/SerfsIsolated Kingdoms of Landlords/Serfs
Constant Barbarian Invasions Constant Barbarian Invasions Empire collapses (476): Empire collapses (476): Isolated, Primitive Isolated, Primitive
= Barbarian w/ Roman (Latin) influence= Barbarian w/ Roman (Latin) influence
Rise of Christianity (Unifying Rise of Christianity (Unifying Force)Force) First Phase: (Roman) conversion through First Phase: (Roman) conversion through
original disciples (church fathers) - original disciples (church fathers) - Bishop of Rome (Pope) replaces emperorBishop of Rome (Pope) replaces emperor 22ndnd Phase: ‘Papal Primacy’ – divine Phase: ‘Papal Primacy’ – divine
authority of (rock) = authority of (rock) = Pontifex Maximus Pontifex Maximus over over ChurchChurch Hierarchal Order - Church = key to Hierarchal Order - Church = key to
salvation & protectionsalvation & protection Viceroys (bishops) – oversee church & stateViceroys (bishops) – oversee church & state Monastic Culture – converts/scholarsMonastic Culture – converts/scholars
The New EconomyThe New Economy Early Middle Ages = Early Middle Ages = ManorManor & Serfdom & Serfdom Trade = Bartering/Exchange of Trade = Bartering/Exchange of
ServicesServices Agricultural DevelopmentsAgricultural Developments
Heavy Plow, Padded Horse Collar, and Heavy Plow, Padded Horse Collar, and Three Field SystemThree Field System
Gradually Transform Economy & Gradually Transform Economy & Challenge ‘System’Challenge ‘System’
Impact of Agricultural Impact of Agricultural ImprovementsImprovements
Communal - ManorialCommunal - Manorial Population GrowthPopulation Growth Surplus /Diversity CropsSurplus /Diversity Crops Markets - $ exchangeMarkets - $ exchange Rise of Towns (Burgs)Rise of Towns (Burgs)
Feudal Order?Feudal Order? Merchant (Middle Class)Merchant (Middle Class)
Protection to GuildsProtection to Guilds Banking & InvestmentsBanking & Investments Church & ProfitChurch & Profit
Trade RoutesTrade Routes Mediterranean, Baltic, Mediterranean, Baltic,
OverlandOverland Feudal StrainsFeudal Strains
Lord, Serf, CommunesLord, Serf, Communes Kings support M.C. – Kings support M.C. –
offset power of noblesoffset power of nobles Towns = Towns =
Independence – coin Independence – coin $, laws & juries, $, laws & juries, taxes, militias, foreign taxes, militias, foreign goodsgoods
FeudalismFeudalism Political & Social OrderPolitical & Social Order
Hierarchal – mutual obligationsHierarchal – mutual obligations FeudaFeuda – land holding bearing – land holding bearing
obligation (Vassal)obligation (Vassal) Franks – first centralized Franks – first centralized
political power of Europepolitical power of Europe Stirrup – mounted warrior ($)Stirrup – mounted warrior ($)
System becomes increasingly System becomes increasingly complex– loyalty / successioncomplex– loyalty / succession
The Frankish EmpireThe Frankish Empire
How were the Franks able to unify How were the Franks able to unify much of the Western Roman Empire?much of the Western Roman Empire?
Why is Charlemagne’s reign viewed Why is Charlemagne’s reign viewed as the model for European feudal as the model for European feudal monarchies?monarchies?
Treaty of VerdunTreaty of Verdun
Eastern Empire (Byzantine)Eastern Empire (Byzantine) Division – linguistic, cultural, politicalDivision – linguistic, cultural, political Eastern Influence (Asia/Islam)Eastern Influence (Asia/Islam)
Mediterranean Trade and ExchangeMediterranean Trade and Exchange Russian and Southern, Eastern EuropeRussian and Southern, Eastern Europe
Greek influenceGreek influence Greater reliance on Bible (not Pope)Greater reliance on Bible (not Pope) Filioque - Western belief that Christ & Filioque - Western belief that Christ &
God the Father one essence – not lesserGod the Father one essence – not lesser Religion under Political Authority of Religion under Political Authority of
EmperorEmperor
England: Development of Common England: Development of Common LawLaw
1066: Norman Conquest (William of 1066: Norman Conquest (William of Normandy)Normandy) Holding W. France & EnglandHolding W. France & England
Feudal Monarchy: Norman vassals, Feudal Monarchy: Norman vassals, Fiefdoms, Loyalty Oaths, SheriffsFiefdoms, Loyalty Oaths, Sheriffs
War, Gov’t, & Legal SystemWar, Gov’t, & Legal System Permanent Royal Bureaucracy (Barons)Permanent Royal Bureaucracy (Barons) Representative (lower) bodies emergeRepresentative (lower) bodies emerge ““Common Law” – judicial reviewsCommon Law” – judicial reviews
English Monarch unmatched, but challenged English Monarch unmatched, but challenged by Church (courts) & Barons (taxation)by Church (courts) & Barons (taxation)
Magna Carta (1215)Magna Carta (1215) Which groups benefited most from the Which groups benefited most from the
signing of the document?signing of the document? What will be the implications and lasting What will be the implications and lasting
effects of the document?effects of the document?
Royal vs. Papal PowerRoyal vs. Papal Power
Unam Sanctum (1302)Unam Sanctum (1302)
Challenges to Feudalism Challenges to Feudalism (cont.)(cont.)
Dynastic SuccessionDynastic Succession Liege Lords – LoyaltyLiege Lords – Loyalty Taxation – Rents Taxation – Rents
replace serfdom & replace serfdom & heavier reliance on heavier reliance on towns (MC)towns (MC)
Rise of Trade & GuildsRise of Trade & Guilds Autonomy & PowerAutonomy & Power
Lords – Advisors Lords – Advisors (Growing Influence)(Growing Influence) Use of Mercenary Use of Mercenary
Warriors/Bastard Warriors/Bastard FeudalismFeudalism
Continual Warfare ($)Continual Warfare ($) Introduction of Introduction of FirearmsFirearms
: psychological to : psychological to tacticaltactical
Royal Monopolies & Royal Monopolies & Centralized AuthorityCentralized Authority Profit & CompetitionProfit & Competition
Church – Wealth, land, Church – Wealth, land, Motives (Crusades, Motives (Crusades, Indulgences, simony)Indulgences, simony) Demands for Demands for
Reform/Questioning Reform/Questioning Authority/NationalismAuthority/Nationalism
1414thth Century European Century European MonarchsMonarchs
Political Power StrugglesPolitical Power Struggles Monarchs vs. Nobility – Magna Carta (1215)Monarchs vs. Nobility – Magna Carta (1215) Papal vs. Monarchs – “Unam Sanctum” (1302)Papal vs. Monarchs – “Unam Sanctum” (1302)
Fiscal PressuresFiscal Pressures Introduction of Firearms & modern warfareIntroduction of Firearms & modern warfare
Bastard Feudalism – Emerging Professional ArmiesBastard Feudalism – Emerging Professional Armies Taxes and MonopoliesTaxes and Monopolies
Navigation – expand trade & “national” prestigeNavigation – expand trade & “national” prestige Church Tithes vs. State RevenuesChurch Tithes vs. State Revenues Monarchial support for Middle Class (Profit Driven)Monarchial support for Middle Class (Profit Driven) Monarch’s Monopolize ProductsMonarch’s Monopolize Products
The Black Death and its ImpThe Black Death and its Impactact
Population Growth and Population Growth and CrisisCrisis
Over Population & Marginal Farming LandsOver Population & Marginal Farming Lands 1347 Plague Strikes – 1347 Plague Strikes – Without DiscriminationWithout Discrimination
Disruption of Growing European IdentityDisruption of Growing European Identity Psychological Strain – Value of SurvivorsPsychological Strain – Value of Survivors
Impact on Agriculture / TradeImpact on Agriculture / Trade Supply & Demand – Production < Prices Supply & Demand – Production < Prices Profits < Labor (Natural cycle, but profit driven)Profits < Labor (Natural cycle, but profit driven) New Techniques, Scale Back Lands, Labor SupplyNew Techniques, Scale Back Lands, Labor Supply Enclosure: England’s Wool Industry Enclosure: England’s Wool Industry
Protectionism & UpheavalProtectionism & Upheaval Statute of Laborers (1350) – wages/jobsStatute of Laborers (1350) – wages/jobs
Rural Unrest: Feudal ties & dues, taxes, tithesRural Unrest: Feudal ties & dues, taxes, tithes Guild Restrictions – limit losses & Guild Restrictions – limit losses &
competitioncompetition Urban: Wages, taxes, guild powerUrban: Wages, taxes, guild power Shift: Free men vs. return to feudal tiesShift: Free men vs. return to feudal ties
Hanseatic League – protect Northern tradeHanseatic League – protect Northern trade Upheavals = Resentment/UncertaintyUpheavals = Resentment/Uncertainty
Value of Labor: Supply & DemandValue of Labor: Supply & Demand Devotion: Church response (mixed) = heavier Devotion: Church response (mixed) = heavier
reliance on faith reliance on faith
Crisis in the ChurchCrisis in the Church 1309-1377 Avignon Exile1309-1377 Avignon Exile
Unam Sanctum & Royal Unam Sanctum & Royal AuthorityAuthority
Fiscal & Moral CrisisFiscal & Moral Crisis 1378-1417 Great Schism1378-1417 Great Schism
100 Years War (1337 – 100 Years War (1337 – 1453)1453)
HW – Take Notes on . . . HW – Take Notes on . . . The Causes of the ConflictThe Causes of the Conflict Its Impact on European States & Its Impact on European States &
Gov’tsGov’ts Holy Roman Empire, England, FranceHoly Roman Empire, England, France
AP World History – Middle AP World History – Middle AgesAges
Restructuring of Europe Restructuring of Europe Decentralization - Medieval society Decentralization - Medieval society Division of Christianity Division of Christianity Revival of CitiesRevival of Cities
Early Medieval EuropeEarly Medieval Europe Unique cultural and political outlookUnique cultural and political outlook
Romanized w/ barbarian customsRomanized w/ barbarian customs Religion = salvation (Active Life?)Religion = salvation (Active Life?) Cut off from Eastern EmpireCut off from Eastern Empire
Growing threat of Islam (survival)Growing threat of Islam (survival)Trade, science, philosophy, math, etc.Trade, science, philosophy, math, etc.
Political DecentralizationPolitical DecentralizationMutual Obligations / StabilityMutual Obligations / Stability
Brain TicklerBrain Tickler
How did the rise of the middle class How did the rise of the middle class and free towns impact Medieval and free towns impact Medieval European order?European order?
How did the emergence of nations How did the emergence of nations challenge Papal authority (Church) and challenge Papal authority (Church) and the traditional roles of the the traditional roles of the lords/nobility?lords/nobility?
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