Drilling Drilling for Oil and Gasfor Oil and Gas
Moshtak OthmanPetroleum Resource ManagerMinerals and Energy Group
November 2004
Why we drill for oil & gasWhy we drill for oil & gas
Types of wells & drilling rigsTypes of wells & drilling rigs
Drilling techniquesDrilling techniques
Testing a new oil/gas fieldTesting a new oil/gas field
SummarySummary
WellsTwo main reasons for drilling a well:1 Exploration purposes - to confirm
the contents of a reservoir rockExploration is all about information
2 Appraisal / development purposes -to create a pathway through which the hydrocarbons can reach the surface
Seismic Vessel acquiring data about the structure of the formation below the seabedAir gun
Hydro phones6 km
Before we start drilling, we have to know where to drill
Marine Seismic Survey (offshore)
Land Seismic Survey onshore
Communication
Before we start drilling we have Before we start drilling we have 5 main problems to solve5 main problems to solve
1. We have to loosen the rock1. We have to loosen the rock
2. We have to remove the rock2. We have to remove the rock
3. We have to prevent the hole collapsing3. We have to prevent the hole collapsing
4. We have to prevent water, oil or gas blowing out4. We have to prevent water, oil or gas blowing out
5. We have to do all this safely and without harm 5. We have to do all this safely and without harm to the environment to the environment
Bit
Collars (thicker, heavier pipe)
Drill pipeThe rotary drilling method
cuttings
Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) Bits
Steel body
Tungsten stock
Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) Wafer 1/2 mm thick
Rotation
Tri -cone rock bit (with jets)
Before we start drilling we have Before we start drilling we have 5 main problems to solve5 main problems to solve
1. We have to loosen the rock 1. We have to loosen the rock
2. We have to remove the rock2. We have to remove the rock
3. We have to prevent the hole collapsing3. We have to prevent the hole collapsing
4. We have to prevent water, oil or gas blowing out4. We have to prevent water, oil or gas blowing out
5. We have to do all this safely and without harm 5. We have to do all this safely and without harm to the environment to the environment
Stuck in the holeStuck in the hole(very bad)(very bad)
The rotary drilling method
Pump water (or Pump water (or muddy water) down muddy water) down the inside of the drill the inside of the drill
pipepipe
UnstuckUnstuck(very good)(very good)
Hole CleanHole Clean(even better!)(even better!)
Before we start drilling we have Before we start drilling we have 5 main problems to solve5 main problems to solve
1. We have to loosen the rock 1. We have to loosen the rock
2. We have to remove the rock2. We have to remove the rock
3. We have to prevent the hole collapsing3. We have to prevent the hole collapsing
4. We have to prevent water, oil or gas blowing out4. We have to prevent water, oil or gas blowing out
5. We have to do all this safely and without harm 5. We have to do all this safely and without harm to the environment to the environment
MUD CIRCULATING SYSTEM
MUD DOWN THE DRILLSTRING
CUTTINGS & MUD UP THE ANNULUS
Source: Speaking of Oil & Gas - BHPP
CUTTINGS FILTERED OUT
CLEAN MUD PUMPED UP STANDPIPE
Invaded zoneInvaded zone
MUD:Basically water containing 10% microscopic clay particles [Bentonite] 5 - 2 microns platelets
WALL CAKEAlso known as:Mud cakeFilter cake
Hydrostatic pressure of the mud column presses against the mud cake helping to support the bore hole
Before we start drilling we have Before we start drilling we have 5 main problems to solve5 main problems to solve
1. We have to loosen the rock 1. We have to loosen the rock
2. We have to remove the rock2. We have to remove the rock
3. We have to prevent the hole collapsing3. We have to prevent the hole collapsing
4. We have to prevent water, oil or gas blowing out4. We have to prevent water, oil or gas blowing out
5. We have to do all this safely and without harm 5. We have to do all this safely and without harm to the environment to the environment
Rig Components
Power
Support structure:derrick and sub base
Hoisting system:draw works, blocks and hook
Rotary system:swivel, top drive electric motor and drain pipe
Mud tankpump Mud tankCirculation system:mud tank, pump, hose,return flowline, shale shaker
TYPES OF DRILLING RIGSOFFSHORE
Bottom (sea floor) supported Floating vessels
Source: UK Offshore Operators Association
Category: Bottom supportedType: JACK-UPS
Category: FloatingType: SEMI-SUBMERSIBLES
FloatingType: DRILL SHIP
Dynamic Positioning
Computer controlled thrusterskeep the ship in one spot without using anchors.
Gas
oil
water
Multi purpose (AHTS) vessel towing a semi submersible drilling rigAHTS = Anchor Handling, Tow, Supply vessel
DIRECTIONAL DRILLING
Graphic: Sperry-Sun
Semi submersible rig with conventional mooring system
Anchor chain
Guide wires
Guide base
About as thick as your arm
Gas
oil
water
Guide base and guide wires
Phases of a well
1. Spud in2. Drill ahead
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Phases of a well
1. Spud in2. Drill ahead3. Drill to first casing seat
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Geologist
Phases of a well
1. Spud in2. Drill ahead3. Drill to first casing seat4. Pull out of hole (trip)
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Hard YakkaHard Yakka
ROUGHNECKS
Top drive system
Phases of a well
1. Spud in2. Drill ahead3. Drill to first casing seat4. Pull out of hole (trip)5. Run first casing
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
liquid cement
Phases of a well
1. Spud in2. Drill ahead3. Drill to first casing seat4. Pull out of hole (trip)5. Run first casing6. Pump cement
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Phases of a well
1. Spud in2. Drill ahead3. Drill to first casing seat4. Pull out of hole (trip)5. Run first casing6. Pump cement7. Displace cement behind casing
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Phases of a well
1. Spud in2. Drill ahead3. Drill to first casing seat4. Pull out of hole (trip)5. Run first casing6. Pump cement7. Displace cement behind casing8. Drill ahead to 2nd casing seat
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Phases of a well
1. Spud in2. Drill ahead3. Drill to first casing seat4. Pull out of hole (trip)5. Run first casing6. Pump cement7. Displace cement behind casing8. Drill ahead to 2nd casing seat
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Phases of a well
1. Spud in2. Drill ahead3. Drill to first casing seat4. Pull out of hole (trip)5. Run first casing6. Pump cement7. Displace cement behind casing8. Drill ahead to 2nd casing seat9. Run 2nd casing string
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Phases of a well
1. Spud in2. Drill ahead3. Drill to first casing seat4. Pull out of hole (trip)5. Run first casing6. Pump cement7. Displace cement behind casing8. Drill ahead to 2nd casing seat9. Run 2nd casing string10. Pump and displace cement
behind casing and installBlow Out Preventer (BOP)
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Pipe rams (seals around drill pipe)
Blind/shear rams (cuts through drill pipe and seals against itself)
Blow Out PreventersBlow Out Preventers
Pipe rams (seals around drill pipe)Pipe rams (seals around drill pipe)
Blind/shear rams Blind/shear rams (cuts through drill pipe and seals against itself)(cuts through drill pipe and seals against itself)
Blow Out PreventersBlow Out Preventers
Pipe rams (seals around drill pipe)Pipe rams (seals around drill pipe)
Blind/shear rams Blind/shear rams (cuts through drill pipe and seals against itself)(cuts through drill pipe and seals against itself)
Blow Out PreventersBlow Out Preventers
Gas
oil
water
Phases of a well
1. Spud in2. Drill ahead3. Drill to first casing seat4. Pull out of hole (trip)5. Run first casing6. Pump cement7. Displace cement behind casing8. Drill ahead to 2nd casing seat9. Run 2nd casing string10. Pump and displace cement
behind casing and installBlow Out Preventer (BOP)
11. Drill ahead checking the mud forsigns of gas (weight up the mud)
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Phases of a well
1. Spud in2. Drill ahead3. Drill to first casing seat4. Pull out of hole (trip)5. Run first casing6. Pump cement7. Displace cement behind casing8. Drill ahead to 2nd casing seat9. Run 2nd casing string10. Pump and displace cement
behind casing and installBlow Out Preventer (BOP)
11. Drill ahead checking the mud forsigns of gas (weight up the mud)
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
14,000 Kpa
Phases of a well
1. Spud in2. Drill ahead3. Drill to first casing seat4. Pull out of hole (trip)5. Run first casing6. Pump cement7. Displace cement behind casing8. Drill ahead to 2nd casing seat9. Run 2nd casing string10. Pump and displace cement
behind casing and installBlow Out Preventer (BOP)
11. Drill ahead checking the mud forsigns of gas (weight up the mud)
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
14,000 Kpa
1 metre
Pressure = density x height x 9.81
Pressure = 1 kg/liter x 1 metre x 9.81 = 9.81 (kilopascals)
9.81
Water(density = 1 kg/liter)
1 metre
Pressure = density x height x 9.81
Pressure = 13.6 kg/liter x 1 metre x 9.81 = 133.4 (kilopascals)
133.4
Suppose it was Mercury(density = 13.6 kg/liter)
1 metre
Pressure = density x height x 9.81
Cant use Mercury, but we can add highly dense mineral powder called Barite (a.k.a Barytes)density 4.2 kg/ litre
Depending on how much we add, We can adjust the overall density of the mud
Suppose we add just enough to raise the density of the mud to 1.5 kg/litre
Pressure = 1.5 kg/litre x 1 metre x 9.81 = 14.7 (kilopascals)
14.7
Suppose my column is 1000 metres high, the pressure now would be 14,700 Kpa
Phases of a well
1. Spud in2. Drill ahead3. Drill to first casing seat4. Pull out of hole (trip)5. Run first casing6. Pump cement7. Displace cement behind casing8. Drill ahead to 2nd casing seat9. Run 2nd casing string10. Pump and displace cement
behind casing and installBlow Out Preventer (BOP)
11. Drill ahead checking the mud forsigns of oil or gas
12. Drill through the reservoir to TOTAL DEPTH (TD)
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
1000 m
14,700 Kpa
14,000 Kpa
Before we start drilling we have Before we start drilling we have 5 main problems to solve5 main problems to solve
1. We have to loosen the rock 1. We have to loosen the rock
2. We have to remove the rock2. We have to remove the rock
3. We have to prevent the hole collapsing3. We have to prevent the hole collapsing
4. We have to prevent water, oil or gas 4. We have to prevent water, oil or gas blowing outblowing out
5. We have to do all this safely and without harm 5. We have to do all this safely and without harm to the environment to the environment
Phases of a well
1. Spud in2. Drill ahead3. Drill to first casing seat4. Pull out of hole (trip)5. Run first casing6. Pump cement7. Displace cement behind casing8. Drill ahead to 2nd casing seat9. Run 2nd casing string10. Pump and displace cement
behind casing and installBlow Out Preventer (BOP)
11. Drill ahead checking the mud forsigns of oil or gas
12. Drill through the reservoir to TOTAL DEPTH (TD)
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
1000 m
14,700 Kpa
Core Head
NOTE Artificial Diamond cutters
Core AnalysisCore Analysis
DRILL CORE SAMPLES
Phases of a well
1. Spud in2. Drill ahead3. Drill to first casing seat4. Pull out of hole (trip)5. Run first casing6. Pump cement7. Displace cement behind casing8. Drill ahead to 2nd casing seat9. Run 2nd casing string10. Pump and displace cement
behind casing and installBlow Out Preventer (BOP)
11. Drill ahead checking the mud forsigns of oil or gas
12. Drill through the reservoir to TOTAL DEPTH (TD)
13. POOH
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
CASING
Loading 30 inch conductor pipe onto a semi trailer at Darwin Supply Base
Well LoggingWell LoggingLogging Tools are sophisticated electronic tools.Logging Tools are sophisticated electronic tools.
They are lowered in the well to measure different They are lowered in the well to measure different natural properties of the rocks.natural properties of the rocks.
Analysing the combined response of differentAnalysing the combined response of differentelectronic tools can tell us a lot.electronic tools can tell us a lot.
The Expensive TruckThe Expensive Truck
Phases of a well
1. Spud in2. Drill ahead3. Drill to first casing seat4. Pull out of hole (trip)5. Run first casing6. Pump cement7. Displace cement behind casing8. Drill ahead to 2nd casing seat9. Run 2nd casing string10. Pump and displace cement
behind casing and installBlow Out Preventer (BOP)
11. Drill ahead checking the mud forsigns of oil or gas
12. Drill to TOTAL DEPTH (TD)13. POOH, and run electric logs
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
WIRELINE LOGGING
Logging tools
Source: UK Offshore Oil & Gas
Electric Logging
Dip metreDip metre
Well EvaluationWell Evaluation
Combining Log, Combining Log, Core & Test data.Core & Test data.
Determines the Determines the hydrocarbon in hydrocarbon in place.place.
High resistively indicatingHigh resistively indicatinghydrocarbonhydrocarbon
Low resistively indicatingLow resistively indicatingwaterwater
Deepest oilDeepest oilsandsand
Shallowest waterShallowest watersandsand
PerforationsPerforationsPorosityPorosity
Well CorrelationWell Correlation
Phases of a well
1. Spud in2. Drill ahead3. Drill to first casing seat4. Pull out of hole (trip)5. Run first casing6. Pump cement7. Displace cement behind casing8. Drill ahead to 2nd casing seat9. Run 2nd casing string10. Pump and displace cement
behind casing and installBlow Out Preventer (BOP)
11. Drill ahead checking the mud forsigns of oil or gas
12. Drill to TOTAL DEPTH (TD)13. POOH, and run electric logs14. Run Production liner
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Phases of a well
1. Spud in2. Drill ahead3. Drill to first casing seat4. Pull out of hole (trip)5. Run first casing6. Pump cement7. Displace cement behind casing8. Drill ahead to 2nd casing seat9. Run 2nd casing string10. Pump and displace cement
behind casing and installBlow Out Preventer (BOP)
11. Drill ahead checking the mud forsigns of oil or gas
12. Drill to TOTAL DEPTH (TD)13. POOH, and run electric logs14. Run Production liner15. Cement the liner across
the reservoirGas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
14,000 Kpa
Replace the mud with clean water
1000m x 1kg/litre x 9.81 = 9, 810 Kpa
Gas
oil
water
14.700 Kpa9,810 Kpa
Phases of a well
1. Spud in2. Drill ahead3. Drill to first casing seat4. Pull out of hole (trip)5. Run first casing6. Pump cement7. Displace cement behind casing8. Drill ahead to 2nd casing seat9. Run 2nd casing string10. Pump and displace cement
behind casing and installBlow Out Preventer (BOP)
11. Drill ahead checking the mud forsigns of oil or gas
12. Drill to TOTAL DEPTH (TD)13. POOH, and run electric logs14. Run Production liner15. Cement the liner across
the reservoir16. Run Production tubing and
perforating gun and Xmas Tree
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Phases of a well
1. Spud in2. Drill ahead3. Drill to first casing seat4. Pull out of hole (trip)5. Run first casing6. Pump cement7. Displace cement behind casing8. Drill ahead to 2nd casing seat9. Run 2nd casing string10. Pump and displace cement
behind casing and installBlow Out Preventer (BOP)
11. Drill ahead checking the mud forsigns of oil or gas
12. Drill to TOTAL DEPTH (TD)13. POOH, and run electric logs14. Run Production liner15. Cement the liner across
the reservoir16. Run Production tubing and
perforating gun and Xmas Tree
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Phases of a well
1. Spud in2. Drill ahead3. Drill to first casing seat4. Pull out of hole (trip)5. Run first casing6. Pump cement7. Displace cement behind casing8. Drill ahead to 2nd casing seat9. Run 2nd casing string10. Pump and displace cement
behind casing and installBlow Out Preventer (BOP)
11. Drill ahead checking the mud forsigns of oil or gas
12. Drill to TOTAL DEPTH (TD)13. POOH, and run electric logs14. Run Production liner15. Cement the liner across
the reservoir16. Run Production tubing and
perforating gun17. Hook up flowline to Xmas Tree
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Hook up flowline to production facilities
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
ProductionPackerPerforating gun
Xmas tree
On Land LoggingOn Land Logging Using mobile Using mobile
logging units logging units (trucks).(trucks).
Electronic tools are Electronic tools are lowered to measure lowered to measure rock properties & rock properties & perforate the perforate the tubing.tubing.
Shaped charges
Primer Cord
High Explosive
High velocity plasma jet(several million pounds per square inch pressure)
Shaped charges
Primer Cord
Casing
Gun
Phases of a well
1. Spud in2. Drill ahead3. Drill to first casing seat4. Pull out of hole (trip)5. Run first casing6. Pump cement7. Displace cement behind casing8. Drill ahead to 2nd casing seat9. Run 2nd casing string10. Pump and displace cement
behind casing and installBlow Out Preventer (BOP)
11. Drill ahead checking the mud forsigns of oil or gas
12. Drill to TOTAL DEPTH (TD)13. POOH, and run electric logs14. Run Production liner15. Cement the liner across
the reservoir16. Run Production tubing and
perforating gun17. Hook up flowline to Xmas Tree18. Fire the gun
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Hook up flowline to production facilities
Bang!
Phases of a well
1. Spud in2. Drill ahead3. Drill to first casing seat4. Pull out of hole (trip)5. Run first casing6. Pump cement7. Displace cement behind casing8. Drill ahead to 2nd casing seat9. Run 2nd casing string10. Pump and displace cement
behind casing and installBlow Out Preventer (BOP)
11. Drill ahead checking the mud forsigns of oil or gas
12. Drill to TOTAL DEPTH (TD)13. POOH, and run electric logs14. Run Production liner15. Cement the liner across
the reservoir16. Run Production tubing and
perforating gun17. Hook up flowline to Xmas Tree18. Fire the gun19. Gun falls and production starts
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
To market
Pressure and Fluid SamplesPressure and Fluid Samples
Source: UK Offshore Oil & Gas
Oil & gas are allowed to flow to the surface under controlled conditions
TESTING A NEW FIELD
Deviated drilling
Multi Lateral wells
Gas
oil
water
Drilling a directional wellDrilling a directional well
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Phases1. Spud in
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Phases1. Spud in2. Kick off with bentjoint and motor (only the bit rotates (drill pipe does not rotate).
Bent joint (2 degrees)
Motor
Before we start Before we start directionaldirectional drilling we drilling we have 1 main problem to solvehave 1 main problem to solve
1. We have to know 1. We have to know wherewhere the drill bit is the drill bit is heading.heading.
Compass(shows the direction)
Camera takes picture
Camera takes picture
Modern day tools do not use cameras. Instead they use electronic gyroscopes and down hole computers. Data is sent continuously to the surface by morse codestyle pulses into the mud stream.
plumb bob(shows the inclination from vertical)
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Phases1. Spud in2. Kick off with bentjoint and motor (only the bit rotates (drill pipe does not rotate).3. Build up angle to next casing seat.
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Phases1. Spud in2. Kick off with bentjoint and motor (only the bit rotates (drill pipe does not rotate).3. Build up angle to next casing seat.
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Phases1. Spud in2. Kick off with bentjoint and motor (only the bit rotates (drill pipe does not rotate).3. Build up angle to next casing seat.4. Pull out of hole
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Phases1. Spud in2. Kick off with bentjoint and motor (only the bit rotates (drill pipe does not rotate).3. Build up angle to next casing seat.4. Pull out of hole5. Run casing
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Phases1. Spud in2. Kick off with bentjoint and motor (only the bit rotates (drill pipe does not rotate).3. Build up angle to next casing seat.4. Pull out of hole5. Run casing6. Cement casing in place and install BOP.
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Phases1. Spud in2. Kick off with bentjoint and motor (only the bit rotates (drill pipe does not rotate).3. Build up angle to next casing seat.4. Pull out of hole5. Run casing6. Cement casing in place and install BOP.7. Drill out with holdassembly
Stabilisers(balance the centreof gravity)
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Phases1. Spud in2. Kick off with bentjoint and motor (only the bit rotates (drill pipe does not rotate).3. Build up angle to next casing seat.4. Pull out of hole5. Run casing and BOP6. Cement casing in place and install BOP. 7. Drill out with holdassembly to casing seat8. Pullout
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Phases1. Spud in2. Kick off with bentjoint and motor (only the bit rotates (drill pipe does not rotate).3. Build up angle to next casing seat.4. Pull out of hole5. Run casing and BOP6. Cement casing in place and install BOP. 7. Drill out with holdassembly to casing seat8. Pullout, run casing
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Phases1. Spud in2. Kick off with bent joint and motor (only the bit rotates (drill pipe does not rotate).3. Build up angle to next casing seat.4. Pull out of hole5. Run casing and BOP6. Cement casing in place and install BOP.7. Drill out with holdassembly8. Pullout, run casing to casing seat9. Pump and displace cement
oil
water
MUD TANK
Phases1. Spud in2. Kick off with bent joint and motor (only the bit rotates (drill pipe does not rotate).3. Build up angle to next casing seat.4. Pull out of hole5. Run casing and BOP6. Cement casing in place and install BOP.7. Drill out with holdassembly8. Pullout, run casing to casing seat9. Pump and displace cement10. Drill out with drop assembly
Gravity pullsthe heavy collarsagainst the Stabiliserpivot point (fulcrum)
Gas
oil
water
MUD TANK
Phases1. Spud in2. Kick off with bent joint and motor (only the bit rotates (drill pipe does not rotate).3. Build up angle to next casing seat.4. Pull out of hole5. Run casing and BOP6. Cement casing in place and install BOP7. Drill out with holdassembly8. Pullout, run casing to casing seat9. Pump and displace cement10. Drillout with dropassembly11. Drill to T.D.
G
Lateral SweepLateral Sweep Vertical well Vertical well
sweeps limited oil sweeps limited oil Lateral re entry Lateral re entry
well access new well access new attic oilattic oil
Blowout Blowout on land on land drillingdrilling
Blowout Blowout in an in an
offshore offshore sitesite
DURING DRILLING All waste shipped back to shore except drilled cuttings Drill cuttings are released onto the ocean floor Drilling fluids based made from water, paraffin oil (baby oil) or vegetable oil Any oil spills must be reported. Oil spills are uncommon and generally small
DURING SEISMIC... Never in migration season Whale watcher on look out Slow pulse starts to warn fish No go into marine parks
ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
Before we start drilling we have 5 main problems to solve
1. We have to loosen the rock
2. We have to remove the rock
3. We have to prevent the hole collapsing
4. We have to prevent water, oil or gas blowing out
5. We have to do all this safely and without harm to the environment (still scope for improvement)
The Geologist s always The Geologist s always
right right .!!!!!.!!!!!
DEEPERDEEPER!!!!!!
QUESTIONS?
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