DOC ID© Chevron 2005
Drilling Overview for Non-Technical People
Rio de Janeiro BrazilJuly 21, 2008
Kyle Eastman
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AGENDA
Safety moment
Basic petroleum geology
Well construction basics
The drilling rig
“Drilling a Well” Animation
When thing’s go wrong
Frade specific information
Questions throughout the presentation
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Safety Moment
Video to show “planning can make it possible”
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Basic Petroleum Geology
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During drilling rock characteristics and associated drilling conditions can change many times, therefore an understanding of the anticipated geology is essential for properly designing the well and then drilling it efficiently and safely.
Geology is critical for well designGeology is critical for well design
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Non-Reservoir:• Igneous: Rocks formed by
solidification of hot mobile material called magma
• Metamorphic: Rocks formed by transformation of pre-existing igneous or sedimentary rocks as a result of high temperature and pressure
Reservoir:• Sedimentary: Rocks formed from
accumulations of sediment which may consist of rock fragments of various sizes, the remains of animals and plants, the product of chemical action or evaporation, or a combination of these. Most petroleum reservoirs are found in sedimentary rocks, mainly sandstone, limestone and dolomite because they have porosity.
Types of RocksTypes of Rocks
Shale
Sandstone
Limestone
Calcareous shale
Anhydrite
Argillaceous Limestone
Quartz
Conglomerate
Dolomite
Clay
Lignite
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Prospect ComponentsProspect Components
24803
Petroleum System ElementsPetroleum System Elements
Source RockSource Rock
Top Seal RockTop Seal Rock
Reservoir RockReservoir Rock
Anticlinal TrapAnticlinal Trap
(Organic Rich)(Organic Rich)
(Impermeable)(Impermeable)
PotentialPotentialMigration RouteMigration Route
Faults & FracturesUnconformitiesSalt Faces and WeldsPorous and Permeable Beds
In the example above the source rock is connected to the reservoir by a fault (migration route). As hydrocarbons are expelled from the source they travel along permeable paths created by the fault. The oil will them migrate through the reservoir to the top of the structure due to buoyancy effects where they are trapped by the overlying impermeable formation
(Top Seal)
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Well Construction Basics
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Well ConstructionWell Construction
Well construction is an engineering design process that
starts with a clear understanding of the objectives to be
achieved. As a minimum, the following data are required to
commence the design and planning process
•Well depth•Location – land, offshore (water depth)•Geology – lithology, structural features, hazards,
stability•Formation Pressure profile•Fracture Gradient profile•Downhole target(s) – vertical or directional well•Type of well – exploration, delineation, appraisal, development•Evaluation requirements – sampling, coring, logging,
testing•Type of fluid and anticipated flow rates
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Drilling FluidDrilling Fluid
Transport cuttingsto surface
Control subsurfacepressures
Support & stabilizethe wellbore
Cool & lubricatethe bit
Minimize lossof circulation
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CasingCasing
Any given well requires several strings of casing, starting with the largest diameter pipe on top. Subsequent strings of casing are progressively smaller in diameter as they must pass through the inside of the previous casing. The diameter of the deepest casing is generally dictated by the size of the production tubing required for anticipated flow rates.
The primary purpose of each casing string is to isolate one geological regime from the other and enable further drilling with full control of anticipated downhole pressure conditions of the next interval. An understanding of downhole pressure variations is essential for selecting the setting depth of each casing.
Conductor
Surface
Intermediate
Production
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CementCement
Casing
Casing Support
Casing bonded withformation rockssupports its ownweight andload of surfaceequipment that ismounted on it
Cement
Zonal Isolation
Properly cementedcasing preventscommunicationbetween zonesof differingcharacteristics toenable drillingdeeper
Low pressureloss zone
Higherpressurepermeablezone
Casing Casing ProtectionProtection
Some formations Some formations contain fluids that contain fluids that can attack casingcan attack casing
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Roller Cone BitsRoller Cone Bits
Tungsten carbide insert (TCI)
Milled Tooth
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Fixed Cutter BitsFixed Cutter Bits
PDC, Polycrystalline Diamond Compact
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Diamond Bit Terminology & Diamond Bit Terminology & FeaturesFeatures
Junk Slot
Breaker Slot
API PinConnection
Diamond Gauge
Shank
Crown
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Coring BitsCoring Bits
Cutters made from diamonds or PDC
Various profiles depending on formation or rock properties
Numerous sizes to accommodate rock recovery objectives
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What is Directional DrillingWhat is Directional Drilling
Directional wells are deviated from Vertical (Straight)
Directional wells are drilled with intention to control :
inclination (angle)
azimuth (direction).
Think 3-D when Directional
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Why Drill DirectionalWhy Drill Directional
On Land:
Surface constraint due to land owner, natural event, etc.
Relief well in blowout situation
Horizontal
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Why Drill DirectionalWhy Drill Directional
Offshore:
Save Cost on Platforms
Relief well in blowout situation
Horizontal
Extended Reach
Multi-Lateral
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The Drilling Rig
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Main Systems of a Drilling RigMain Systems of a Drilling Rig
Hoisting
Rotating
Circulating
Power
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Hoisting SystemHoisting System
Used for raising and lowering the drilling assembly, and for running casing, completion equipment and other tools in and out of the hole.
CROWN BLOCK
DERRICK
DEAD LINEFAST LINE
DRAWWORKS
HOOK
TRAVELING BLOCK
DEAD LINE ANCHOR
DRILLING LINESUPPLY SPOOL
ROTARY TABLE
SUBSTRUCTURE
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Rig Floor
Auxiliary Brake
Console&
Controls
Drawworks
Rotary Table
Typical Rig Floor LayoutTypical Rig Floor Layout
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Driller’s ConsoleDriller’s Console
Gauges read:•Hook load•Weight on bit•Pump pressure•Pump strokes•Rotary speed•Torque•Mud volume•Change in mud
volume•Return mud flow•Alarms and limitswitches can be set
forcritical measurements
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Driller’s Console – Modern RigDriller’s Console – Modern Rig
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Rotating SystemRotating System
Rotary Tableor Top DriveRotates theDrill String
The Drill Stringacts as the
connecting linkwith the bit
The Bit Rotatesto Cut the Rock
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Rotating SystemRotating System
A hexagonal or square pipe, called Kelly, is connected to the topmost joint of the drill string. The rotary table and Kelly drive bushing impart rotation to the drill string while allowing it to be moved up or down.
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Rotating System – Top DriveRotating System – Top Drive
As an alternative to the Kelly and rotary table, most modern rigs employ a Top Drive system for rotating the drill string. A powerful electric or hydraulic motor is suspended from the travelling block.
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Circulating SystemCirculating System
During drilling, fluid is continuously pumped down the drill string, through the bit, and up the annular space between the hole and the drill string. Its main purpose is to bring up the cuttings, cool the bit, maintain hole stability, and prevent formation fluids from entering the wellbore.
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Two Mud Pumps – fully hooked-upTwo Mud Pumps – fully hooked-up
Electric motor
Pulsation dampener
Suction chargepumps
Suction tank
Triplex pumps
High pressuredischarge line
Pump suction line
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Electric Rig Power SystemElectric Rig Power System
Most modern rigs are electric.Generally, large diesel engines are the primary source of power. Electric power generated by theengines is first converted from AC to DC in the Silicon Controlled Rectifier (SCR) unit. DC motors supply power to the drawworks, rotary, and pumps. AC power is still used for auxiliary equipment.
More and more AC motors are taking the place of DC motors
SCR&
ControlSystem
Driller’sConsole
Motor
Motor
Motor
Motor
Drawworks
Rotary
Mud Pumps
Engines & Generators
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Land RigPlatform
Jack-upSemi-Submersible
Drill ShipT.L.P.
Types of Drilling RigsTypes of Drilling Rigs
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Platform RigPlatform Rig
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Derrick cantileveredover stern of hull
Well conductor
Jackup RigJackup Rig
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Semi-submersible Rig
Cajun Express
Semi-submersible RigSemi-submersible Rig
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Transocean “Discoverer 534” and “Discoverer
Enterprise”
Transocean“Deepwater Discovery”(+800ft long)
Drill ShipsDrill Ships
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Inland Barge
Semisubmersible
Land
Jackup
Drillship
Types ofDrilling
Rigs
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“Drilling a Well” Animation
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When Things go Wrong
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Brazil – Frade Specific Information
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Rio de Janerio
Brazil
Scale 100 km
FradeFradeP10: 128 (60)P10: 128 (60)
P50: 258 (120)P50: 258 (120) P90: 349 (163)P90: 349 (163)
FradeFradeP10: 128 (60)P10: 128 (60)
P50: 258 (120)P50: 258 (120) P90: 349 (163)P90: 349 (163)
AtlantaAtlantaP10: 244 (45)P10: 244 (45)P50: 305 (56)P50: 305 (56)P90: 382 (70)P90: 382 (70)
AtlantaAtlantaP10: 244 (45)P10: 244 (45)P50: 305 (56)P50: 305 (56)P90: 382 (70)P90: 382 (70)
OlivaOliva74 MMBOE74 MMBOE
OlivaOliva74 MMBOE74 MMBOE
MarombaMarombaP10: 72 (20)P10: 72 (20)
P50: 127 (34)P50: 127 (34) P90: 217 (59)P90: 217 (59)
MarombaMarombaP10: 72 (20)P10: 72 (20)
P50: 127 (34)P50: 127 (34) P90: 217 (59)P90: 217 (59)
Papa-TerraPapa-TerraP10: 245 (83)P10: 245 (83)
P50: 334 (113)P50: 334 (113) P90: 467 (157)P90: 467 (157)
Papa-TerraPapa-TerraP10: 245 (83)P10: 245 (83)
P50: 334 (113)P50: 334 (113) P90: 467 (157)P90: 467 (157)
Brazil Reserves Overall1.098 BBOE Gross0.374 BBOE CVX Net
BM-C-4BM-C-4Guaraná ProspectGuaraná Prospect
BM-C-4BM-C-4Guaraná ProspectGuaraná Prospect
Brazil Overview Reserves shown in MMBOE Gross (Net)Reserves shown in MMBOE Gross (Net)
Frade Field
120 kms offshore Brazil
Water Depth 1050-1300 m
Discovered in 1986
First oil: GO-36 Forecast April 2009
Concession through 2025
RoncadorRoncadorRoncadorRoncador
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Drilling Program 3 Stratigraphic Wells 12 Horizontal Producers 7 Near Vertical Water Injectors
FPSO Converted VLCC tanker 1.5 MM bbls storage Turret mooring w/ tandem offloading
Topsides Design Capacities Oil: 100 kbpd Liquid: 150 kbpd Produced H2O: 130 kbpd
H2O Injection: 150 kbwpd Gas: 106 mmscfd
Transportation Oil: Tanker (Suezmax) - GoM Gas: Pipeline (BR infrastructure)
Capex
2.5 B$ Gross
1.3 B$ CVX Net
1st Production Nov-Dec 2008
30 Months Execution Phase Commenced Phase 4 2Q 2006
Reserves P1 : 88 MMBO P50: 243 MMBO P90: 328 MMBO
Frade ProjectDevelopment Overview
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Well Planning
Stratigraphic Wells
Detailed wireline logging program
Extensive coring program
Data used by reservoir engineers and geologists to further appraise the field
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Seismic Arbitrary LineStratigraphic Well - MDS1
PGS_NearMid_11_20
ESE
0 500meters
PSDM07_10-20FinalStack
PSDM Depth
WNW
2000m
2500m
Top N580
OligoceneN545_2
N560
Axial N570
Azul
MDS1
Basemap
MDS1
Core PointTD
DOC ID© Chevron 2005
Well PlanningStratigraphic Well
WELL FIELD STRUCTURE
Magnetic Parameters
Model: Dip:
Mag Dec:
Date:
FS:
Surface Location
Lat:
Lon:
Northing:
Easting:
Grid Conv:
Scale Fact:
Miscellaneous
Slot:
Plan:
TVD Ref:
Srvy Date:
MDS1 FRADE MDS1
BGGM 2007 -38.800°
-23.123°
December 20, 2007
23629.5 nT
UTM Zone 24S - WGS84, Meters
S21 53 43.805
W39 49 47.404
7578508.00 m
414279.00 m
+0.30947660°
0.9996907915
MDS1
MDS1 v7 20dec07
Rotary Table (14.00 m above MSL)
December 20, 2007
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
2400
-800 -400 0 400 800 1200
-800 -400 0 400 800 1200
Vertical Section (m) Azim = 290.12°, Scale = 1(cm):125(m) Origin = 0 N/-S, 0 E/-W
TV
D S
cale
= 1
(cm
):125(m
)
Tie-In
Mud Line
13 3/8" Casing PointKOP
Survey Station
TD
MDS1 v7 20dec07
MDP1 rev2:T-1
ODP1:T-1
MDS1 04dec07
36" Casing Point
LegendMDS1 v7 20dec07
ODP1:T-1MDS1 04dec07MDP1 rev2:T-1
1 Stratigraphic Wells1 Stratigraphic Wells
Max Deviation = 28Max Deviation = 28oo
MUS2MUS2
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Well Planning
Injector Wells
Located on the periphery of the Frade field
Used for injecting produced water to maintain reservoir pressure support.
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Subsea Layout
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Seismic Arbitrary LineODI1
PGS_NearMid_11_20
North
0 500meters
PSDM07_10-20FinalStack
PSDM Depth
South
2000m
2500m
ODI1
Basemap
Oligocene
N560
N570
Azul
Top N545_
1Top
N545_2
ODI1
TD
Water Injection Completion
DOC ID© Chevron 2005
Well PlanningInjector Well
WELL FIELD STRUCTURE
Magnetic Parameters
Model: Dip:
Mag Dec:
Date:
FS:
Surface Location
Lat:
Lon:
Northing:
Easting:
Grid Conv:
Scale Fact:
Miscellaneous
Slot:
Plan:
TVD Ref:
Srvy Date:
ODI1 FRADE ODI1
BGGM 2007 -38.800°
-23.122°
December 07, 2007
23630.2 nT
UTM Zone 24S - WGS84, Meters
S21 53 58.167
W39 49 24.103
7578070.00 m
414950.00 m
+0.30711567°
0.9996893756
ODI1
ODI1 v5 07dec07
Rotary Table (14.00 m above MSL)
December 07, 2007
0
150
300
450
600
750
900
1050
1200
1350
1500
1650
1800
1950
2100
2250
2400
2550
2700
2850
3000
0
150
300
450
600
750
900
1050
1200
1350
1500
1650
1800
1950
2100
2250
2400
2550
2700
2850
3000
-400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
-400 -200 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
Vertical Section (m) Azim = 178.03°, Scale = 1(cm):200(m) Origin = 0 N/-S, 0 E/-W
TV
D S
cale
= 1
(cm
):150(m
)
Tie-In
Mud Line
36" Conductor Casing
20" Casing Point
13 3/8" Surface Casing
9 5/8" Production CasingTD
ODI1 v5 07dec07LegendODI1 v5 07dec07ODI1:T-1
7 Injectors7 Injectors
Max Deviation = 50Max Deviation = 50oo
ODI1ODI1
MUI1MUI1
MDI1MDI1
OUI1OUI1
MUI2MUI2
N5I1N5I1
OUI2OUI2
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Well Planning
Producer Wells
Produce Oil from Frade Field
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Seismic Arbitrary LineProduction Well - ODP1
PGS_NearMid_11_20
NNE
0 1000meters
PSDM07_10-20FinalStack
PSDM Depth
SSW
2000m
2500m
ODP1
Oligocene
N560
Axial N570
Top N580
Azul
Basemap
ODP1
ODP1
ToeHeel
Lateral Section 1050m
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What do the Frade Wells Look LikeProducer Well
WELL FIELD STRUCTURE
Magnetic Parameters
Model: Dip:
Mag Dec:
Date:
FS:
Surface Location
Lat:
Lon:
Northing:
Easting:
Grid Conv:
Scale Fact:
Miscellaneous
Slot:
Plan:
TVD Ref:
Srvy Date:
OUP2 FRADE OUP2
BGGM 2007 -38.742°
-23.106°
October 18, 2007
23630.5 nT
UTM Zone 24S - WGS84, Meters
S21 53 26.916
W39 50 21.352
7579022.00 m
413302.00 m
+0.31293009°
0.999692873
OUP2
OUP2 v3_18oct07
Rotary Table (25.00 m above MSL)
October 18, 2007
0
170
340
510
680
850
1020
1190
1360
1530
1700
1870
2040
2210
2380
2550
0
170
340
510
680
850
1020
1190
1360
1530
1700
1870
2040
2210
2380
2550
0 80 160 240 320 400 480 560 640 720 800 880 960 1040 1120 1200 1280 1360 1440 1520 1600 1680 1760 1840
0 80 160 240 320 400 480 560 640 720 800 880 960 1040 1120 1200 1280 1360 1440 1520 1600 1680 1760 1840
Vertical Section (m) Azim = 335.61°, Scale = 1(cm):80(m) Origin = 0 N/-S, 0 E/-W
TV
D S
cale
= 1
(cm
):17
0(m
)
Tie-In
Mud Line
36" Conductor Casing
KOP
EOC13 3/8" Casing Point
KOP
EOC #1 (3D-S)
KOP #2
9 5/" Casing Point
OUP2_tds:T-1
EOC #1 (3D-S)
OUP2_tds:T-2
EOC #1 (3D-S) OUP2_tds:T-3
EOC #1 (3D-S) KOP #2
OUP2_tds:T-4 OUP2_tds:T-5
OUP2_tds:T-4OUP2_tds:T-2 OUP2_tds:T-3
OUP2_tds:T-0OUP2_tds:T-1
OUP2 v3_18oct07
LegendOUP2 v3_18oct07OUP2_tds:T-4
OUP2_tds:T-0OUP2_tds:T-1OUP2_tds:T-3
OUP2_tds:T-6
OUP2_tds:T-2
OUP2_tds:T-512 Producers12 Producers
3.53.5oo/100ft BUR/100ft BUR
Min Horizontal Length = 784mMin Horizontal Length = 784m
Max Horizontal Length = 1130mMax Horizontal Length = 1130m
Avg Horizontal Length = 973mAvg Horizontal Length = 973m
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RT to MSL - 25mWater Depth - 1050 - 1300 m
Control Lines2 x 3/8” Chemical Injection1 x 1/4” for P/T Sensor Cable1 x 1/4” for for Variable Orifice Gas Lift Valve2 x 1/4” SCSSV1 x 3/8” Methanol injectionProtectors, Encapsulation, & Flat-Packing to be Determined
36" Casing (drill/jet)m TVD – RT 60m BML m MD – RT 60m BML
17-1/2" / 13-3/8" Int Csgm TVD – RT 1780m BML m MD – RT 1800m BML, varies by well
12-1/4" Hole / 9-5/8" Csgm TVD – RT 2100-2350mm MD – RT 2300-2600m
8-1/2" Hole / 5-1/2" 13Cr Screenm TVD – RT Same as 9-5/8” Csg Pointm MD – RT 9-5/8” Csg Point + 800m to 1200m
PRODUCERS: Subsea Horizontal Well w/ Gas Lift & Open-Hole Horizontal Gravel Pack (OHHGP) 12 wells 800 m to 1100 m horizontal sections
5000 psiHorizontal Subsea Tree
5.1/2" Production Tubing
Subsea Wellhead
36” Casing
20” Casing (Optional)
13.3/8” Casing
10-3/4” x 9 5/8” Casing
PT Gauge Bundle
Gas Lift Valve
Dual Chemical Inj.
Sub
TR-SCSSSV
Production Flowline
Gas Supply / Service Line
FS
V
Control Lines
5-1/2" Premium Alloy Screen, 13Cr Base Pipe Gravel Packed
800-1100 m 8-1/2" Hole
MISR
DOC ID© Chevron 2005
Frade Drilling Rigs
Noble Leo Segerius Drill-ship, built 1981Working in Brazil for PetrobrasTentative arrival 2nd August ‘08210 day term + 45 day option US $525k /dayUS $900k / day – US$10 / second
S-706 3rd Generation Semi, built 1976 Extensive upgrade commencedIn Singapore, schedule depart Dec ‘08Commence operations Mar ‘095 year term (2-yr Ext. by Corporation)P10 – rig available Oct ‘10US $300k /day
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Brasco Logistics Base - Niteroi
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Frade Support Vessels
PSV: Platform Supply Vessel
Supplies deck cargo, diesel, and liquid mud
TSV: Tug Supply Vessel
Supplies liquid mud, deck cargo, and maneuvers oil tankers for FPSO
MSV: Multi-Services Vessel
Engineering services to support setting tree on wireline and manipulating jumpers and flying lead on sea floor.
Greater than 52 beds to accommodate work crews.
Supplies deck cargo and liquid mud for drilling rig
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Chouest Vessels
PSV
TSV
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Norskan MSV
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TSV Photo
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MSV Photo
Large Crane for running Subsea Trees
Heli-pad for helicopter landing
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Acknowledgements
Special thanks to:
Reinaldo Bruzual
Rafael Teixeira
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Q&A / Discussion Session
?
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Drilling Overview for Non-Technical People
Rio de Janeiro BrazilJuly 21, 2008
Kyle Eastman
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Back-Up Photo Slides
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Station Keeping – Dynamic Positioning ThrustersStation Keeping – Dynamic Positioning Thrusters
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Dynamic Positioning ThrustersDynamic Positioning Thrusters
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ROV Launch
Control cabin, launch arm, tether system, and ROV on rig deck
ROV and tether system being launched
Typical ROV
Thrusters
Buoyancy
ROV Support System ROV Support System
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BOP on deck Running BOP from rig
Drilling Equipment – Subsea BOP Stack Drilling Equipment – Subsea BOP Stack
DOC ID© Chevron 200570ft Riser joint, fitted with syntactic foam buoyancy
Marine Drilling Riser Marine Drilling Riser
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Typical Subsea Horizontal Tree Typical Subsea Horizontal Tree
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Shell Auger TLP
2,860 ft WD
Tension Leg PlatformTension Leg Platform
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A Deepwater production facility. Essentially this is a traditional production platform, mounted on a moored cylindrical column.
Spar Type Drilling & Production UnitSpar Type Drilling & Production Unit
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Genesis Spar - Drilling & Production UnitGenesis Spar - Drilling & Production Unit
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Genesis Spar – Float OutGenesis Spar – Float Out
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A Deepwater production facility - a Tanker Ship with production facilities mounted on the deck.
FPSO FPSO Floating Production Storage and Offloading UnitFloating Production Storage and Offloading Unit
http://www.fpso.net/
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Captain Field - FPSO Captain Field - FPSO
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