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Blood Cells
by:
dr.Sutrisno Darmosumarto, Sp.A
Histology & Cell Biology DepartmentGadjah Mada University
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Blood
the fluid
contained in a closed compartment the
circulatory system flows in a regular unidirectional movement
propelled by the rhythmic contractions of
the heart
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The blood consists of
formed elements (blood cells, corpuscle),
consist of: erythrocytes (RBC), leucocytes
(WBC), and platelet (thrombocyte)
plasma, the liquid phase the former are
suspended.
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Blood clot
removed from the circulatory system a
clot develops contains formed elements
and a clear yellow liquid (serum)
Bloodserum = in composition to plasma
(except lacks fibrinogen and prothrombin,
and serotonin in increased amounts)
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Blood separation
collected and kept from coagulating
addition of anticoagulants (heparin, citrate,
EDTA,etc) separates centrifuged
into layers of blood plasma and
hematocrit.
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Hematocrit
volume of packed RBC per unit volume of blood.
4050% in the adult male, 3545% in the adult
female, approximately 35% in a child up to age10 years, and 4560% in the newborn, in
pregnancy diminished by physiologic
hemodilution.
higher in venous blood than in arterial blood
the hydration of RBC and their increase in size.
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Hematocrit
red made up of RBC
The layer immediately above (1% of the
blood volume) white or grayish in color
the buffy coatconsists of leukocytes.
the leukocytes less dense than the
RBC
Covering the leukocytes fine layer of
platelets
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The leucocyte
some are phagocytic the chief defenses
against infection, circulate through the
body via the blood vascular system. By crossing the capillary wall
concentrated rapidly in the tissues
participate in the process of inflammation
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The function of blood
transport of oxygen (O2) and carbon
dioxide (CO2); Oxygen bound to Hb
Carbon dioxide (bound to Hb and as
HCO3~)
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The function of blood
transports metabolites
transports the residues of metabolism
removed by the excretory organs.
vehicle for the hormones
regulation of heat
acid-base and osmotic balance
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Composition of Plasma
aqueous solution containing :
substances of small or large molecularweight which correspond to 10% of its
volume, consists of: The plasma proteins account for 7%
the inorganic salts for 0.9%
2,1% consists of several organiccompounds of different origin amino acids,vitamins, hormones, lipids, etc.
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Equilibrium between body
compartents
Through the capillary walls, the plasma is
in equilibrium with the interstitial fluid ofthe tissues; consequently, the composition
of plasma is usually an indicator of the
mean composition of the extracellularfluids in general.
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Staining of Blood Cells
smears or films preparation
stained with Romanovsky solution a mixture ofmethylene blue and eosin stained purple the nuclei
4 types of staining characteristics :
(1) affinity for methylene bluebasophilia (blue);
(2) affinity for the azures azurophilia (purple);
(3) affinity for the eosin acidophilia oreosinophilia(yellowish-pink)
(4) affinity for a complex dye present in the mixtureincorrectly thought to be neutralneutrophilia (salmon-pink to lilac).
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FORMED ELEMENTS OF BLOOD
Erythrocytes
Leucocytes : - granulocytes
(neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil)
- agranulocytes:
(lymphocyte and monocyte)
Platelet
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Erythrocytes
have no nuclei
biconcave disksprovids large surface
facilitating gas exchange
7. 2 um in diameter
greater than 9 ummacrocytes,
less than 6 um microcytes
abnormal variation in sizeanisocytosis. Abnormal variation in shape poikilocytosis
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Leukocytes
The granulocytes have specificgranulesneutrophils, eosinophils, and
basophils specific staining affinity
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Leukocytes.
Agranulocytes the cytoplasm does not
possess specific granules (but havenonspecific granules azurophilic).
classified as lymphocytes andmonocytes.
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Eosinophils
constituting only 1 4% of leukocytes
diameter of about 9 um
nucleus is bilobate.
The endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, andGolgi apparatus are poorly developed.
The main characteristic ovoid granulationsstained by eosin (acidophilic granules) largerthan those of the neutrophils (0.5 1.5 um
along their main axis ) lysosomes containingacid phosphatase, cathepsin, and ribonucleasebut not lysozyme.
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Eosinophils
have ameboid movement
capable of phagocytosing
slower butmore selective.
an increase in the absolute number
associated with allergic reactions
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Basophils
only 0-1%
12 um in diameter
large nucleus with an irregular twistedshape, generally in the form of an S .
The cytoplasm filled with granules
larger, irregular in size and shape, andstain metachromatically.
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Lymphocytes
diameters of 68 umsmall lymphocytes
small percentage ofmedium-sized lymphocytes
and large lymphocytes.
has a spherical nucleus, sometimes with anindentation.
Its chromatin distributed in coarse clumps,
The cytoplasm scanty slender ring aroundthe nucleusslightly basophilic
may contain azurophilic granules
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Monocytes
diameters 9-12 /um
The nucleus is oval, horseshoe-shaped, orkidney-shaped , eccentrically placed
The chromatin looser and more delicate
The nucleus contains 2 or 3 nucleoli
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PLATELETS
have no nuclei.
fragments of cytoplasm 25 um in diameter coveredwith cell membrane and derived from giant cells of thebone marrow called megakaryocytes.
They are found exclusively in mammals. The concentration of these corpuscles in human blood
varies within a wide range.
Platelet counts are difficult to make with precision a
tendency to agglutinate into clumps. The normal count ranges from 150-300 thousand/mmc
of blood.
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PLATELETS.
a life span of 8 days.
In common stained blood smears appear in
clumps.
Each platelet has a peripheral light blue-stainedtransparent part, the hyalomere, and a central
portion containing granules stained purple, the
chromomere orgranulomere.
The hyalomere sends out fine processes,
conferring an irregular outline on the corpuscle.
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PLATELETS.
related to the function of hemostasis.
rupture of a vessel the platelets agglutinate forminga plug close the gap.
participate in the formation ofthromboplastin
transformation of fibrinogen into fibrin forms the bloodclot.
important physiologic substances epinephrine andserotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) not synthesized byplatelets vasoconstrictors and aid in occlusion ofruptured blood vessels by promoting contraction ofvascular smooth muscle liberated from the plateletsthrough the action ofthrombin.
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