Dr. Saka M.J MB;BS,MPH,MBA,FMCPH, Dip. Health Systems (Israel)
Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 2
Outline Brief overview of Disaster emergencies Situation
a)Organization of Medical Services for Emergencies, (b)Legal
Status;-NEMA, c) Health Bill C context of Emergency situation etc
Resources, Funding for Emergency (PREPAREDNESS) Enhancing effective
Management (a) Hospital preparedness and drills, (b)Social Services
and Support, (c)General Public Health Effects of a Natural Disaster
DISASTER Mass Casualty Situation (i) Evacuation Chain; The Event,
Triage, Evacuation, Local Hospital, Trauma Center (ii) Medical
Treatment on site AFTERMATH OF DISASTER Technology (GIS, GPS and
Remote Sensing) and Disaster Media and Disaster Presented on 7th
July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 3
Definations/ Terminology Hazard :- Is the potential for a
natural or human-caused event to occur with negative consequences
(key words), A hazard can become an emergency; when the emergency
moves beyond the control of the population, it becomes a disaster.
Emergency: Is a situation generated by the real or imminent
occurrence of an event that requires immediate attention Disaster:
Is a natural or human-caused event which causes intensive negative
impacts on people, goods, services and/or the environment,
exceeding the affected communitys capability to respond (key words)
Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 4
Def. Contd A disaster is a situation in which the community is
incapable of coping. It is a natural or human-caused event which
causes intense negative impacts on people, goods, services and/or
the environment, exceeding the affected communitys capability to
respond; therefore the community seeks the assistance of government
and international agencies. An emergency is a situation in which
the community is capable of coping. It requires immediate attention
Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 5
Vulnerability Factor for Disaster Risk Is the probability that
loss will occur as the result of an adverse event, given the hazard
and the vulnerability Risk (R) can be determined as a product of
hazard (H) and vulnerability (V). i.e. R = H x V Vulnerability: Is
the extent to which a communitys structure, services or environment
is likely to be damaged or disrupted by the impact of a hazard (key
words) Tangible/Material (easy to see; value easily determined)
People - - Property Economy Environment water, soil, air,
Intangible/Abstract (difficult to see; value difficult to
determine) Social structures, Cultural practices, Cohesion,
Motivation Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID
UITH [email protected]
Slide 6
VulnerabilityContributing Factors PovertyPeople who are already
in a depressed state are less able to recover. Some people are even
more vulnerable, pregnant women, children and the disabled
Population growth Population has grown dramatically over the past
Decade Rapid Urbanization Growing concentration around the capital.
For example, two-thirds of the Abuja population lives in AMAC,
Transition in cultural practices Increase in sub-standard housing
in more heavily populated urban areas. Changes in traditional
coping mechanisms declines in self-reliance, food conservation and
preservation, warning systems etc. Environmental degradation As
resources are consumed, vegetation cover removed, water polluted
and air fouled, a country is more vulnerable to a disaster.
Awareness & information When people and government officials
are unaware or lack info.n about disaster management, they fail to
take appropriate actions Civil Strife and unrest Resources are
consumed, people are in a stressed situation, and transportation is
restricted. Political uncertainties/i nstability Changing
government policies, changing personnel in the national focal
point, economic weakness all can contribute to an effective
national disaster management programme. Presented on 7th July 2011
by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 7
CLASSIFICATION OF DISASTERS Disasters are often classified
according to their: a causes natural vs. human NATURALMAN-MADE
HUMAN-NAT * Avalanche * Aviation* Land Deg. * Arson*
Desertification * Disease* Technology * Drought* Civil Disorder*
Siltation * Earthquake* Power Outage * Famine* Public Relation *
Fire* Radiation * Flood* Siltation * Hailstorm* Space Disasters *
Windstorm* Telecom Outage * Hurricane* Terrorism * Impact Event*
War * Limnic Eruption * Landslide * Mudslid * Thunderstorm *
Tornado * Tsunami * Volcanic Eruption * Winterstorm Presented on
7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 8
B. SPEED OF ONSET Sudden onset: little or no warning, minimal
time to prepare. For example, an earthquake, tsunami, cyclone,
volcano, etc. Slow onset: adverse event slow to develop; first the
situation develops; the second level is an emergency; the third
level is a disaster. For example, drought, civil strife, epidemic,
etc. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 9
Prevalent Hazards In Nigeria The wide range of hazard in
Nigeria includes: Frequent oil spills; pipe line vandalisation
Increasing levels urban industrial pollution and waste Rise in the
number and severity of floods, especially in Jigawa, Kano, Sokoto,
Kebbi, Zamfara, Gombe and Southern States Threat of desertification
& pest infestation as in quella birds and locusts in Sokoto and
the Yobe - Borno axis The not too long reported outbreak of the
dreaded avian influenza H5N1 (bird flu) loss of livelihoods
Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 10
Prevalent Hazards In Nigeria Droughts and general land use
degradation Gully erosion traditionally in South Eastern states and
becoming pronounced in Auchi and Bida. Wind storms in the northern
parts of the country The rampant air crashes of 1992 to 2009 Fire
disasters especially market infernos Sokoto, Jos etc Cases of
collapsed buildings in Lagos, Abuja & PH Ethno-religious
conflicts Threat to oil/gas explorations by militia Niger Delta.
Bomb Blast (Abuja, Maiduguri) RTA Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr
Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 11
Slide 12
INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN
NIGERIA Institutional response to disaster in Nigeria can be traced
back to 1906 when the Fire Brigade (now Federal Fire Services) was
established, with its functions going beyond fire fighting to
saving of lives and property and provision of humanitarian services
during emergencies. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J
Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 13
INSTITUTIONAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT IN
NIGERIA Between 1972 and 1973 Nigeria was hit by a devastating
drought with socio-economic consequences that caused the nation
loss of lives and property worth millions of Naira. This made it
important for the Government to consider a response body to take
care of disaster issues. Thus, the establishment of National
Emergency Relief Agency (NERA) by Decree 48 of 1976, charged with
the task of collecting and distributing relief materials to
disaster victims. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of
EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 14
National Disaster Contd NEMA was established in March 1999 via
Act 12 of 1999 as amended by Act 50.The Agency was saddled with the
responsibility of coordinating disaster management activities for
the country. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID
UITH [email protected]
Slide 15
FUNCTIONS & RESPONSBILITIES OF NEMA Disaster preparedness
and mitigation; Notifying, activating, mobilizing, deploying staff
and setting up the necessary facilities for response; Evaluating
and assessing disaster damage and requests; Managing Disaster
Management funds; Public Information and Enlightment; Formulating
policy/guidelines for Disaster Management in the country; Liaising
with State Emergency Management Committees (SEMCs), Regional,
International bodies and NGOs to assess and monitor, and where
necessary, distribute Relief materials to disaster victims.
Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 16
NEMA achieves its Disaster Management NEMA achieves its
Disaster Management objectives by collaborating with: State
Governments. Local Governments. Voluntary Organizations and The
international specialized and donor agencies. 57 Disaster Response
Units Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 17
Operational Procedures and Policy Guidelines of the National
Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) The National Disaster Response
Plan (NDRP) The NDRP was approved by the Federal Executive Council
(FEC) of Nigeria to serve as a policy guideline for managing
disasters in Nigeria. The Plan establishes a process and structure
for the systematic, coordinated and effective delivery of Federal
assistance, to address the consequences of any major disaster or
emergency declared by the President of the Federal Republic of
Nigeria. Now we also have Search and Rescue and Epidemic evacuation
plan Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 18
Cospas-Sarsat Mission Control Center The Cospas-Sarsat is a
satellite based distress alert system with locational facility that
provides data to assist in aviation and maritime Search and Rescue
operations. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID
UITH [email protected]
Slide 19
Cospas-Sarsat Mission Control Center Based on the Unique
Advantage of Nigeria as central to Africa Presented on 7th July
2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 20
OTHER FACILITIES ON GROUND FOR PREPAREDNESS AND MITIGATION The
Geographic Information System (GIS) + Vulnerability study of
Nigeria Emergency Lines Rescue Helicopter Contingency stockpiling 6
Zonal Offices in the 6 Geo-Political Zones of the Country.
Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 21
Disaster Response Unit In Nigeria Presented on 7th July 2011 by
Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 22
Slide 23
The Physicians Role in Disaster Preparedness & Response
Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 24
General Public Health Effect of Disaster Victims of a disaster
often suffer great loss: Home Family Friends Pets, Animals
Possessions etc An understanding of family dynamics by the
physician is needed to deal appropriately with disaster situations.
Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 25
General Public Health Effect of Disaster Unexpected numbers of
deaths, injuries, illnesses, exceeding local capacity Destruction
of local health infrastructure Destruction of homes and public
buildings Spontaneous displaced population movements Interruption
of communication Water supply interruption / contamination Power
outages Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 26
General Public Health Effect of Disaster Contd Food/Water
Shortage or Safety Inadequate / insufficient shelters Crowding of
displaced populations Inadequate Sanitation Environmental Effects
Identification and management of the dead (assistance to police)
Psycho-Social Reactions Abandoned animals Presented on 7th July
2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 27
What Physicians can Do Physicians can provide the expertise to
address the needs and special problems of disaster victims in all
three phases of a disaster: Before, During and immediately after
(day 0-2) During aftermath and recovery (day 3 on) Presented on 7th
July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 28
The diagram below shows the Disaster Management Cycle Presented
on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 29
Disaster Mgt Circle Mitigation: Measures put in place to
minimize the results from a disaster. Examples: building codes and
zoning; vulnerability analyses; public education. Preparedness:
Planning how to respond. Examples: preparedness plans; emergency
exercises/training; warning systems. Response: Initial actions
taken as the event takes place. It involves efforts to minimize the
hazards created by a disaster. Examples: evacuation; search and
rescue; emergency relief. Recovery: Returning the community to
normal. Ideally, the affected area should be put in a condition
equal to or better than it was before the disaster took place.
Examples: temporary housing; grants; medical care. Presented on 7th
July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 30
Mitigation Mitigation refers to all actions taken before a
disaster to reduce its impacts, including preparedness and
long-term risk reduction measures. Mitigation activities fall
broadly into two categories: 1 Structural mitigation construction
projects which reduce economic and social impacts 2 Non-structural
activities policies and practices which raise awareness of hazards
or encourage developments to reduce the impact of disasters.
Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 31
Preplanning for a Disaster Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr
Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 32
Hospital Preparedness Mitigation;- Reducing or minimizing an
impact of a hazard or disaster. Basic considerations: treatment
potential based on manpower, space and means medical care differs
from regular procedures treatment priorities based on saving
salvageable patients stabilization and inter- hospital transfer of
patients as needed Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J
Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 33
Hospital Preparedness main hospital deployment areas: triage -
entrance to (ambulance bay) decontamination and triage area
treatment area for non-urgent cases area for acute post traumatic
stress cases treatment area for urgent cases: trauma room -
resuscitation area treatment area for stretcher cases holding -
treatment area for transfer cases Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr
Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 34
Hospital Preparedness treatment areas (cont.): operation
theatres ICUs hospitalization wards imaging facilities laboratory
and blood bank services public information and social services
command, control and communication center Presented on 7th July
2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 35
Hospital Preparedness activation of emergency hospital plan
when: casualties appear without warning short warning before
admission of patients immediate response: sounding internal alarm -
call up staff discontinue regular operations (inc. in OTs) vacate
beds in Emergency Dept. distribute equipment to treatment areas
start emergency registration and recording Presented on 7th July
2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 36
Hospital Preparedness treatment level and surgery: temporary
decline in treatment standards priority to life-saving surgical
procedures about 2/3 of admissions will be discharged within hours
about 1/10 will require immediate surgery ICU and hospitalization a
senior surgeon will decide on priorities for surgery Presented on
7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 37
Hospital Preparedness registration and medical recording:
shorten registration procedures prepare emergency patient charts,
forms for imaging, laboratory and blood bank briefly record vital
signs, findings, treatment procedures and disposition record
surgical procedures record external findings and photos of dead
Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 38
Social Services and Support Establish information desk (near
entrance to hospital) Provide social counseling to next of kin
Update information on hospitalized patients Collect information on
missing persons Present pictures or particulars of un-identified
persons Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 39
Hospital Preparedness medical and general equipment: prepare
emergency equipment on trolleys prepare replenishment of
disposables prepare drugs and i.v. fluids ensure medical gas
supplies and uninterrupted power and water supply Presented on 7th
July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 40
Hospital Preparedness command and control: activate emergency
operational center request information and update staff aids
delegate authority to medical directors and administrative managers
activate emergency radio communication public information: activate
information center and emergency telephone fax and computer inf.
lines Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 41
Hospital Preparedness Volunteers Plan for call-up of local,
regional and international volunteers Inform volunteers on
requirements and specific and defined tasks Screen qualifications
Educate and train volunteers in hospitals / possible work places
Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 42
Hospital preparedness and drills Conduct periodic exercises in
General Hospitals: Education and training of hospital personnel
(doctors, nursing staff, administrators, technical and laboratory
staff) Conduct internal drills in classrooms (table top) Presented
on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 43
Hospital preparedness and drills Once a year conduct a general
drill of all sectors with simulated casualties Conduct debriefing
sessions after all real emergencies and drills Conduct external
auditing procedure by NEMA and MOH etc Disseminate lessons learned
to all hospitals within the State or in the country Presented on
7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 44
Summary of Preparedness During the preparedness phase,
governments, organizations, and individuals develop plans to save
lives, minimize disaster damage, and enhance disaster response
operations. Preparedness measures include: Preparedness plans
Emergency exercises/training Warning systems Emergency
communications systems Evacuations plans and training Resource
inventories Emergency personnel/contact lists Mutual aid agreements
Public information/education Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka
M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 45
SUMMARY OF PREPAREDNESS MEASURES INCLUDE: Preparedness plans
Emergency exercises/training Warning systems Emergency
communications systems Evacuations plans and training Resource
inventories Emergency personnel/contact lists Mutual aid agreements
Public information/education Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka
M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 46
Emergency Operations Plan Physicians should participate,
individually or collectively as part of the community or hospital
in the development of a community disaster response plan Emergency
Operations Plan Communication Resources and Assets Safety and
Security Staff Responsibilities Utilities Patient/Clinical Support
Activities Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID
UITH [email protected]
Slide 47
Governance for Disaster Mgt. NEMA Regional offices in Nigeria
Terrorism Preparedness Committee Hospital Disaster Preparedness
Committee Hospital Committee UITH Emergency Management Committee
Contact Safety Officer Phone ------- Presented on 7th July 2011 by
Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 48
Operation of pre-hospital medical services in mass casualty
situations (terrorism) Volunteers Volunteers * by-standers,
first-aiders (Red cross ), nurses, doctors, medics - army EMS EMS *
standard (white) and MICU ambulance teams * MDA volunteers with
mobile first aid station on motorbikes * MDA command post on site
Home Front Command Home Front Command * army mobile medical posts,
command and control Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J
Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 49
Organization of incident Site Objectives * To organize the
confusion on site, prevent un-authorized access and possible
additional injuries by second bombing (body protection of medical
teams) * Priority access for police bomb squads, fire fighters, EMS
and rescue teams * Rescue and removal of victims from immediate
danger (fire, HAZMAT), explosion) * Rescue and removal of victims
from immediate danger (fire, Hazardous Materials Management
(HAZMAT), explosion) * Primary survey and assessment of the scene
(numbers and location of victims, types of injuries) * Initial
report to EMS dispatch center and to hospitals * Organization of
site (allocation of teams) and treatment of patients Presented on
7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 50
Slide 51
Medical Treatment on Site establish casualty collecting area
transfer casualties to collecting area assign responsibilities to
medical staff establish medical triage point(s) provide ATLS to
casualties, according to priorities: Airway control & cervical
spine splinting Breathing - ventilation - O 2 Circulation -
bleeding control - i.v. fluids Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr
Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 52
First Aid Treatment Assume command-be visible! Assume
command-be visible! Triage and Tagling Triage and Tagling * primary
assessment and performing life- saving procedures * prioritization
of victims for immediate evacuation in urban areas (scoop and run)
* pronouncing of death Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J
Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 53
First Aid Treatment Contd establish casualty collecting area
transfer casualties to collecting area assign responsibilities to
medical staff establish medical triage point(s) provide ATLS to
casualties, according to priorities: Airway control & cervical
spine splinting Breathing - ventilation - O 2 Circulation -
bleeding control - i.v. fluids Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr
Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 54
Medical Evacuation Transport salvageable casualties first
(airway!) Transport salvageable casualties first (airway!) Scoop
and Run-and treat during transportation (airway, i.v. line) Scoop
and Run-and treat during transportation (airway, i.v. line) Decide
on hospital according to: Decide on hospital according to: type of
injury type of injury level of trauma care level of trauma care
distance to facility distance to facility Report to hospital
through dispatch center Report to hospital through dispatch center
Provide continuous care Provide continuous care Presented on 7th
July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 55
Slide 56
Refugees Hospital wards in open tents working in shifts daily
rounds (5-6 hrs) Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of
EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 57
Following a disaster, the hospital and the community will need
to recover. The length of the recovery period depends on the nature
of the disaster and the extent of the damage. Presented on 7th July
2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 58
The healthcare community, including physicians should be
prepared to deal with continued disruption of services that will
affect their ability to care for patients. Presented on 7th July
2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 59
Develop plans to provide on-site emergency and primary health
care at emergency shelters: In-Patient & Out-Patient treatment
Infectious Disease Control Logistics and lost supplies Physical and
Mental Rehabilitation Critical Incident Stress Debriefing for
victims and Healthcare providers. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr
Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 60
The Role of Technology in Disaster Management Emergency
management systems (EMS). EMS are merely technological tools that
are expertly used to improve and enhance the Emergency Disaster
management (EDM) process. We will examine specifically the role
that Geographical Information Systems (GIS), GIS;- tool for display
of geographically-referenced information. Global Positioning
Systems (GPS) and Remote Sensing Technologies play in disaster
management. While these subjects are presented individually, it is
important to note that in reality these technologies are usually
deployed in an integrated manner. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr
Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 61
Usefulness of GIS in Disaster Mgt. 1 To create hazard inventory
maps: At this level GIS can be used for the pre-feasibility study
of developmental projects, at all inter-municipal or district
level. 2 Locate critical facilities: Proves information on the
physical location of shelters, drains and other physical
facilities. for planners in the early phase of regional development
projects or large engineering projects. It is used to investigate
where hazards can be a constraint on the development of rural,
urban or infrastructural projects. 3 Create and manage associated
database;- GIS is intended for planners to formulate projects at
feasibility levels, but it is also used to generate hazard and risk
maps for existing settlements and cities. 4 Vulnerability
assessment: GIS can provide useful information to boost disaster
awareness with government and the public, so that (on a national
level) decisions can be taken to establish or expand disaster
management organizations Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J
Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 62
GPS and Disaster Mgt The term global positioning system (GPS)
is used to refer to the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
developed by the US Dept. of Defence. GPS is particularly useful
during disasters because it operates in any weather, anywhere and
at all times. While it functions simply to give the location of the
receiver, the level of precision of GPS makes it quite useful in
disaster management. In many instances GPS data is integrated with
GIS Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 63
Remote Sensing and Disaster Mgt. Remote sensing is the use of
electromagnetic (EM) wave radiation to acquire information about an
object or phenomenon, by a recording device that is not in physical
or intimate contact with the object. As you read this material you
are actually engaging in remote sensing; we do this so naturally
that we seldom realize it. We could take this a step further - we
use telescopes to view distant planets. We are definitely sensing
objects remotely. In both cases the sensor is our eyes and the EM
wave is light IS EM new to us (Yes/No) Presented on 7th July 2011
by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 64
Remote Sensing (EM) If the term EM waves seems new to you it
shouldnt. Everyday light, radio waves and microwaves and x-rays are
examples of EM waves. EM waves transport energy and information
from one place to another. They are used in cellular networks,
microwave ovens, portable radios, x-ray machines and satellites
systems Remote sensing in the context of disaster management
usually refers to the technology that includes man-made sensors
that are attached to aircrafts, or satellites. Instead of viewing a
far away planet from earth, the sensing equipment is usually high
above looking down at our distant planet - earth. Distant in this
context can mean just a few hundred feet overhead or miles above
the earths surface (See Next Slide). Presented on 7th July 2011 by
Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 65
Diagram showing how Remote Sensing is operated and utilized
Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 66
Comparison of Active and Passive Remote Sensing Remote Sensing
Remote sensing can also be categorized into two broad categories:
passive or active. Passive remote sensing makes use of sensors that
detect the reflected or emitted EM radiation from natural sources
(usually sunlight). Active remote sensing makes use of sensors that
detect reflected responses from objects that are irradiated from
artificially-generated energy sources, Presented on 7th July 2011
by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 67
Comparison of Active and Passive Remote Sensing and Disaster
Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 68
Advantages of Remote Sensing Saves time Users of the technology
do not have to be in direct contact with danger zones. Shows image
of very large areas of land or space. Detect features at
wavelengths not visible to the human eye. Data can be regularly and
routinely acquired and archived. The most cost-effective dataset
for monitoring change over large areas. Can assist with damage
assessment monitoring. The imagery obtained, using remote sensing,
can be useful for forward planning and reconstruction of an
affected area. Helps to prevent the recurrence of the same disaster
in the future. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of
EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 69
Challenges faced using Remote Sensing It can be costly to build
and operate a remote sensing system Small size activities cannot be
delineated on remote sensing imagery or through aerial photography
Data can be difficult to interpret and may require expert skills.
Resolution is often coarse. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka
M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 70
Disaster Epidemiology Activities Rapid Community Health and
Needs Assessments Determine critical needs and health status
Systematic sampling Strengthen response Improve prevention and
mitigation strategies for future disasters Presented on 7th July
2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 71
Disaster Epidemiology Activities Surveillance Specific
illnesses and injuries? Clusters and outbreaks? Geographic
differences? Dispel rumors Systematic and factual information
Reporting to local/ National health Authorities Presented on 7th
July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]
Slide 72
Recommendation Hospital Disaster Mgt. Committee/Unit Hospital
Epidemic Committee/Unit Rapid response Unit Drilling Systems
Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 73
Being Prepared to effectively respond to a disaster in our
community involves a team effort. By working together, we can be
ready. Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J Dept.of EPID UITH
[email protected]
Slide 74
For you Attention Presented on 7th July 2011 by Dr Saka M.J
Dept.of EPID UITH [email protected]