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Water Supply in Peru & Chile
The Challenges and the solutions
-.
Hu Fleming & Amin Ghobeity, Hatch North AmericaOscar Osores, Hatch Peru
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Water availability
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Water availability in Peru & Chile
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Water in Peru
50% of rain water is lost
Increasing glaciers retreat rates
Only 22% of sewage water from cities receives
some kind of treatment prior to discharge.4/5 is discharged & lost
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Water Availability in Peru & Chile
Water Resources reduction inPeru & Chile 1990 2010 in
m3 (Euromonitor)
Peru & Chile water supply has
reduced by ~30% in 20 years
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Water challenges in Chile
Chiles Water Offer and
Demand 2011 (DGA)
Chiles Projected Water
Demand for Mining in m3/s
(2009 2020)
Cochilco, 2009
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How to close the gap?
Gap
- There is a gap & will
grow
- How are we going to overcome theproblem?
GROWING GAP
1950 2000 2010
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Identification of Groundwater sources
Identify potential groundwater sources
Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) to
optimize water storage
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Purification of Contaminated Water
Innovative technologies
Process optimization to reduce waste water
volumes
Zero liquid discharge approach
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Storage and transport of water
Interbasin transfers. Catch it & take it to other places.
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Desalination PlantProcess Water
Tanks
Chemical Dosing
Buildings
Process
Buildings
Intake Pump Station
Buildings
IntakeOutfall
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Desalination Opex & CapEx Forecast
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m3
Desalination & Water Reuse
are closing in on Fresh
water treatment costs
Reverse Osmosis EnergyTrends
$
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Desalination capex
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ERI Pressure Exchangers
150,000m3/d SWRO expansion at Al Shualbah, Saudi Arabia
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Expected renewable energy growth in GWHydro resources in South America
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Seawater Desalination using
renewable energies Why use renewable energy
for desalination?
Desalination is energy-intensive
Wh use solar ener ?
Solar energy abundantalmost anywhere drinkable
water is scarce solar
powered desalination
seems plausible!
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Seawater Desalination using Solar
Energy Desalination by solar-
thermal
Compound parabolicconcentrators (CPS) in
Spain (Plataforma Solar
de Almera)
to handle brine
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Advanced Renewable Power and Water
Cogeneration and Hybrid System? Cogeneration increases
efficiency
Thermal energystorages ensures
continuous operation
Hybrid desalination
purposes, includingoperation flexibilities,
meeting potable water
standards more
efficiently, etc.
Ghobeity et al, Solar Energy, V. 85, 2011
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Seawater Desalination using
renewable energies Desalination with wind power
0
5
10
15
20
25
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Cost/KWh(centsUS)
Cost reduction of wind power
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Wind-driven SWRO
Concept design suggested
by U.S. Department of the
Interior Bureau of
Reclamation for Wind
Driven RO for Pacific Islandsand Remote Coastal
Communities
Hybrid power system (wind
Electricity produced from windturbines (large scale) used
directly to pressurize feedwater
to SWRO
Solar PV (small scale) produces
electricity required for control
systems
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Acquasol Desalination Project
Point Paterson, South Australia 180MW Integrated Combined Cycle Power 150MW Combined Cycle gas turbine + 30MW solar thermal
26 MGD Multiple Effect Distillation (MED), 28 MGD total
2 km square field of parabolic trough mirrors Heat storage of 7.5 hours for night or cloudy weather
By-product brine sent to salt harvesting Zero Liquid Discharge
ZLD
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Water Reuse Western Corridor
Luggage Point, Australia Water Reuse Project of the Year 2009
At 90 mgd, 2nd largest water reuse in the world; largest in
Southern Hemisphere
$1.5 billion and includes MF, RO, residue dewatering
27 months, world record
1,300 km of pipeline feeding a drinking water reservoir, 2 power
plants, and 2 petroleum refineries
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Luggage Point, Australia
Advanced Water Treatment PlantThe plant includes: Feed Pumping
Flow
Equalization Coagulation /
Precipitation& Clarification
Microfiltration
Reverse Osmosis
AdvancedOxidation
ResidueThickening& Dewatering
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NG Proved reserves & demand
600
800
1000
1200
10
15
20
TCF
300
400
500
600
109
m3
0
200
400
2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027
Uso Elctrico Uso Industrial Uso Vehicular Uso Residencial-Comercial
-
5
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
0
100
200
Selva Sur Selva Central Noroeste Nuevos descubrimientos
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General Conclusions
Growing shortage of water & at the same time the demand is growing.
The way to answer is the following:
More efficient use of water we have
Recover & reuse the waste water
Catch the run off water that is currently lost
Remove salt from sea water
Desalination Potential of using RE for desalination
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Desalination with RE Conclusions Desalination with renewable energy technically makes sense but economy
depends on location.
Viability/cost of RE vs grid or conventional is site specific:
A study is needed for the Peruvian Pacific coast & Northern Chile.
Sun and wind are more reliable in Peruvian coast and Northern Chile
Solution is needed for more efficient, lower cost & reliable option
Solar & wind energy costs are coming down. Desalination cost are
coming down too.
Large solar installations will lower the cost even further.
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Recommendation Viability/cost of renewable versus grid or conventional energy is site
specific so studies have to be done for the places underconsideration.
Looking into the future a comparison is needed between solar &conventional with real projections for Peruvian coast and NorthernChile
We have to remember that protection of the environment and theconcern about global warming can override costs viability. This isespecially true in light of new data presented at a global climatechange meeting where it has been shown that warming is occurring
much faster than has been predicted and that we may have reachedthe "tipping point." This is where it will be very difficult to stop thewarming if not impossible.
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