Domains, Kingdoms, and Phyla

Grouping Organisms

And Classification

Age of Life on Earth

• 3.5 billion years ago (prokaryotes came first)

• 1.5 million species have been named by classification system called taxonomy (to name and group organisms in a logical manner)

Taxonomy

• Discipline where scientists classify organisms and assign them a scientific name

Domains3 largest classification groups

Archaea

Eubacteria

Eukarya

THREE Domains…Kingdoms

Eubacteria Archaea EukaryaProkaryotic (no true nucleus) (true nucleus)

(true bacteria) (extreme (protists

bacteria) fungi

plants

animals)

TAXONS

• Domain (3): Archaea, Eubacteria, Eukarya

• Kingdom (6)

• Phylum

• Class

• Order

• Family

• Genus

• Species

TAXONS: levels of taxonomy

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

King Phillip Came Over

From

Great Spain

memorize

LINNAEAN CLASSIFICATION OF HUMANS

Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Chordata

Class: MammaliaOrder: Primates

Family: HominidaeGenus: Homo

Species: sapiensThis is the one organism you need to memorize.

Ever hear of E. coli?

• It is the abbreviated form of the scientific name of Escherichia coli

T. rex.

• Tyrannosaurus rex

• Often lazy scientists just abbreviate the Genus with just a letter.

binomial nomenclature

• is the two part name of

organisms.

two terms: the genus name and the species

• Example: Common name = sugar pineScientific name = Pinus lambertiana

• ponderosa pine: Pinus ponderosalodgepole pine: Pinus contorta

Some Unusual Names

• Calponea harrisonfordi (spider) Named after Harrison Ford in appreciation of his narrating a documentary.

• Lalapa lusa (tiphiid wasp)

• Phytophthora infestans (fungus of the Irish potato famine)

• Tabanus nippontucki (horse fly)

• Gelae baen (fungus beetle)

Escherichia coli or Escherichia coli

• Genus first letter is CAPITALIZED (written first)

• Species is

lower case• Written in Latin• Italicized OR underlined

How do you write scientific name for humans?

• Homo sapiens

• OR

• Homo sapiens

Carolus Linnaeus: devised the binomial nomenclature system

1707-1778• Studied medicine

• Disappointed parents that he did not enter priesthood

• Studied plants to make medicines

Our Hero

Linnaeus’ Botanical GardenClassification Chart of Primates

Where do the name come from?

• Often they are Latin words, but they may also come from Ancient Greek, from a place, from a person (preferably a naturalist), a name from a local language, etc. In fact, taxonomists come up with specific descriptors from a variety of sources, including inside-jokes and puns.

Some Unusual Names

• Calponea harrisonfordi (spider) Named after Harrison Ford in appreciation of his narrating a documentary.

• Lalapa lusa (tiphiid wasp)

• Phytophthora infestans (fungus of the Irish potato famine)

• Tabanus nippontucki (horse fly)

• Gelae baen (fungus beetle)

Dichotomous Key

• An identification key, also known as a dichotomous key, is a method of deducing the correct species assignment of a living thing.

Two Ways to Make the Key

• "Dichotomous" means "divided into two parts". Therefore, dichotomous keys always give two choices in each step.

• 1 A. Metal....................................................go to 2 • 1 B. Paper....................................................go to 5 • 2 A. Brown (copper)........................................penny • 2 B. Silver....................................................go to 3 • 3 A. Smooth edge...........................................nickel. • 3 B. Ridges around the edge...............................go to 4 • 4 A. Torch on back..........................................dime • 4 B. Eagle on back...........................................quarter • 5 A. Number 1 in the corners...............................$1 bill • 5 B. Number 2 in the corners...............................$2 bill

EEK! - Dichotomous Tree Key (click Here)

All Tree Leaves

• Needles Broadleaf

Can use tree guides.

Avoid using subjective terms: colors, big/small (numbers are better)

Tips

• Better if the choice a positive one - something "is" instead of "is not".

• If possible, start both choices of a pair with the same word.

• 1. a. leaves with lobes

• b. leaves single (no lobes)

Some common terms

• lobed and one entire

•

» serrated

Some examples

• Round, serrated Base not even

• Teeth wide, sunken veins

Examples

• Four pointed lobes Leaflets across

• Deep lobes

almost to rib

Some even have more than one shape on the same tree

Get Handout: Good Tips• Make a dichotomous key of 15 leaves• One key/lab table• Use 4 feet of white paper• Use measurements (5 cm) rather than terms

like "large" and "small".• Use terms others would understand. • Always make two choices.• Leaves will be taped at the end of the

division.

Comparing Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

• PROKARYOTIC

• No true nucleus (called a nucleoid)

• smaller

• EUKARYOTIC

• True nucleus with a membrane

• larger

• Comparing prokaryotic and eukaryotic

Six Kingdoms: Get Handout

Two Domains are Prokaryotic• Genetic material NOT in a nucleus

(called a nucleoid instead)• INCLUDES:

1.Eubacteria –true bacteria

2. Archaea – extreme bacteria

(sometimes “archaebacteria”)• Bacteria Youtube (Archaea and Eubacteria) (2:33)

Kingdom: Archaeaor Archaebacteria)

• Prokaryotic –no true nucleus• Cell walls with no peptidoglycan

(see next slide) • Unicellular – one celled• Live in most extreme

environments• Discovering Archaea (3:24) FYI: Discovered

1977

What is peptidoglycan?

• A cross-linked complex of polysaccharides (sugars) and peptides (proteins) found in the cell walls of bacteria

Kingdom: Archaea

• Thermophiles –love heat

• Psychrophiles –cold-loving

• Acidophiles –love acidic environments

• Halophiles-love salty

• Barophiles-high pressure (ocean bottom)

Archaea Examples

• Thermus aquaticus (Extremophiles Youtube)

Found in hot springs

Archaea ExamplesA-thermophile

B-halophile

C-halophile

D-carbonatphile

E-halophile

F-calcium carbonatphile-What are extremophiles? (54 secs)

-Extremophiles (1:25)

-Bozeman Biology: Archaea (7:16)

Kingdom: EUBACTERIA (true bacteria)

• Prokaryotic – no true

nucleus (just a nucleoid)

• Cell wall with peptidoglycan

• Unicellular –one-celled

• Diverse environments and metabolism

Eubacteria (Common)

• Staphylococcus

• Anthracis bacillus

• Escherichia coli

• Streptococcus

Eubacteria Examples

• Neisseria gonorrhoeae

• Staphylococcus aureus(skin)

Domain: Eukarya

HAVE A NUCLEUS (membrane around the Genetic material)Includes 4 Kingdoms:

Protists FungiAnimalsPlants

Kingdom: Protista

• Eukaryotic – DO have a nucleus

• Usually unicellular• Varied cell walls• (Plant-like, animal-

like, fungus –like)

PROTISTA

• Plant-like protists (have chlorophyll)

• Animal-like protists (Move)

Fungus-like protists(slime molds move like

amoeba, decomposer)

Protista ExamplesProtist Youtube

Euglena • Paramecium

Volvox(colonial)

Stentor

Kingdom: FUNGI

• Eukaryotic• Cell walls of

chitin –stiffener

• Can be multicellular or unicellular

Fungi

• Yeast (unicellular fungi)

• Can you see the budding?

More Fungi

• Bracket Fungus Toenail Fungus

Bread mold

More Fungi

• Penicillium Black Mold

Hot dog mold

Kingdom: Plantae• Eukaryotic• Cell wall made of cellulose• Multicellular –more than one

cell• Autotrophic –photosynthetic

– make their own food

What is cellulose?

Stiff, interlocking fibers in plants

Examples:

Kingdom: Animalia

• Eukaryotic

• No cell wall

• Multicellular

• Heterotrophic –need to get food from other sources (plants and animals)

Animalia

What kingdom are you?