DO NOW•LIST 3 INVENTIONS YOU USE TODAY THAT YOU DO NOT THINK EXISTED IN 1850. THEN IN 4-5 SENTENCES, DESCRIBE HOW YOUR LIFE WOULD BE DIFFERENT WITHOUT THEM.
•BE SPECIFIC/REALISTIC
THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTIONThe shift, beginning in England in the 18th century, from
making goods by hand to making them by machine.
England before the Industrial Revolution
1.Medieval or
Pre-Industrial
Society
A. Farming
Villages
i. Strips
divided
equallyii.Common
fields
iii.Fallow
THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
2. The Agricultural Revolution
A. Overview
Population Explosion• England - huge increase in population in
the late 1760s.
• More people need more food.
• The French blockade meant that the British had to produce more food.
• Large landowners chase small tenant farmers (renters) off their lands to try to make the most profit from the increased price of food.
Britain’s Agricultural Revolution
• The large landowners consolidate
their property into enclosures –
land that is walled off.
• Increased technology and new inventions make the
British farmers the most productive in the world. Fewer
farmers can now produce more food than ever before.
• This allows the rural population to feed a growing urban
population.
DO NOW
Referring to page 282, list all the negative aspects of child labor and working in factories
THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
2. The Agricultural Revolution
A. Overview
B. Enclosure Movement
i. landlords fenced in common land and used new
farming technology
ii. peasants became poorer
•Landlords started crop rotation.
•This helps the fields retained their nutrients.
•Clover, alfalfa, turnips
New crops such as corn and
potatoes were introduced that increased the
amount of food that Britain produced.
The changes in the way the
people in Britain farmed resulted
in huge increases in the amount of
food that the land produced. =
YIELD
Turnip
•Nitrogen•Charles
“Turnip” Townshend
•Helps with moving away from 3-field system
The Seed Drill
• Jethro Tull•The Seed
Drill• Increases
Yield
Selective Breeding
Better and More MeatBetter Wool and
Better Meat
THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION2.The Agricultural Revolution
A.Enclosure Movement
i. landlords fenced in common land and
used new farming technology
ii.peasants became poorer
B.Crop Rotation
i. fields regained nutrients by planting
different crops
C. Other Discoveries
i. seed drill planted seeds quickly
ii.new crops: corn and potato
D.Selective Breeding
THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION2.The Agricultural Revolution
A.Enclosure Movement
i. landlords fenced in common land and
used new farming technology –
Scientific Farming
ii.peasants became poorer
B.Crop Rotation
i. fields regained nutrients by planting
different crops
C. Other Discoveries
i. seed drill planted seeds quickly
ii.new crops: corn and potato
D.Selective Breeding
E.Results in more food and population
increase
Enclosure results in Urbanization
The former tenant farmers that were chased off the lands during the period of enclosure were forced to move into towns and cities.
Many found work at home making textile products (making wool, flax, and cotton into cloth).Entrepreneurs (businessmen/merchants)
started businesses by taking wool and flax to the cottages (homes) of peasant
spinners. After the wool and flax were spun carded, the capitalists would then take it to
the weavers.
The Result ==The Cottage Industry
(aka Domestic System)
This is early capitalism
3.Cottage Industry and Early Capitalism
A.Merchants Role
i. supplied materials – wool and cotton
ii.transported supplies
iii.merchants make profits
Positives• Circumnavigate the
town guilds• Met a grown demand
for goods• Merchants avoid costs
of expensive equipment
• Workers @ home paced work around seasons/holidays
• Not subject to factory discipline
• Entire family together• Avoid starvation
during poor harvests
Negatives•Rural homes
were poorly ventilated
•Small and crowded
•As demand grew, equipment became larger and more expensive
2.Cottage Industry and Early CapitalismA. Merchants Role
i. supplied materials – wool and cotton
ii. transported supplies
iii. merchants make profits
B.Capitalism
i. private ownership, free competition, and profit
ii.cottage industry early example of capitalism
C.Effects of the Cottage Industry
i. big profits for new class of merchants
ii.alternative source of income for peasants
The Factory SystemWhat do you see here?
What are the
machines doing?
What are the workers
doing?What is the girl next to the machine
doing?
What might be the advantages of factory spinning over cottage-industry spinning?
The Factory System
Entrepreneurs decided to combine all of the factors of
production into one place
workers
+ raw materials+ machines+ building= factory system
The Factory System
3.Textile Industry and Factory System
A.Textile Industry Invented
i. cottages couldn’t keep up with demand for textiles
ii.new machines make textiles quicker
iii.cotton gin separated seeds from cotton
B.Rise of the Factory
i. new machines, often too big for homes, were put in factories
ii.located near power source: coal, iron, water
3.Textile Industry and Factory System A. Textile Industry Invented
i. cottages couldn’t keep up with demand for textiles
ii. new machines make textiles quicker
iii. cotton gin separated seeds from cotton
B. Rise of the Factory
i. new machines, often too big for homes, were put in factories
ii. located near power source: coal, iron, water
C.Effects of Textile Factories in Britain
i. Amount of textiles increased and prices lowered
ii.most villagers left home to find work in urban factories
.iii URBANIZATION
The Steam Engine
Steam power
4.Steam Engine: Energy for the Industrial
Revolution
A.Steam Engine built for increasing
need for power
B.Steam forced from low to high
pressure produces power
C.Steam Engine improved mining
which increased metals
Coal and Iron
5.Iron and Coal: Energy for the Industrial Revolution
A.The Need for Iron
i. farming tools, new factory machinery, railways
B.The Need for Coal
i. steam engines powered by coal
C.Effect of Iron and Coal
i. Britain produced more iron than rest of the world
ii.coal powered Britain’s enormous navy
Iron and Coal: Energy of the Industrial Revolution
many workers die because of dangerous machineryBritish engineers learned that coal could be used
for energy and carbon. It burned slowly and had the carbon needed to make iron.
The use of iron was essential in the
industrial revolution. Iron was a very hard metal that could be used to make strong
machines.
The problem was that iron needed carbon
added to it to be flexible and durable.
Coal could also be used to produce steam power.
The British used iron to build the
world’s most powerful navy.
This navy controlled the world’s oceans using coal for
energy.
Improved Transportation
Transportation Before the industrial revolution merchants used to transport goods by horse or mule cart over
poor roads.
Merchants had to wait for good weather to travel.
The industrial revolution needed quicker, cheaper, and more reliable forms of
transportation.In 1829 Stephenson invented the
steam locomotive.
The Rocket
The Rocket Animation
BBC Animation of the Rocket
Soon railroads covered Britain.
Goods and people could travel quickly and cheaply across the country.
In addition to railroads, the British also constructed additional canals and better roads to meet the demands of the new
businesses.
6.Transportation
A.Need for Better Transportation
i. increased production needed quick and cheap transportation
B.Inventions
i. roads, canals, railroad
C.Effects of Railroads
i. cheaper transportation increased production and profits
ii.helped other industries
Britain starts the Industrial RevolutionNatural
Resources
• System of navigable rivers and canals.
• surrounded by harbors
• coal, iron, and other fuel
• food sources
Population• A population explosion gave England plenty of workers
• Large population also meant a large market
Technology
• Inventors that changed working life
• Roads and railroads were invented in England and helped transportation
Money
• England had a bank that loaned entrepreneurs money to start companies.
7.Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution
A.Geography
i. natural resources - iron and coal
ii.separation from the European continent kept them out of wars
B.Government
i. trade encouraged and population allowed to relocate
ii.helped build canals and roads
C.Social Factors
i. British society less rigid than other European countries
Industrialization and the World
The problem with industrialization was that it demanded a lot of natural resources.
England could not continue to provide all of the natural resources the growing factories
demanded.The people of England could not continue to keep buying all of the goods that the
factories produced.The answer was to take
over the world and bring in
natural resources from
other countries and
sell them factory-made
goods.
7. Why Britain Led the Industrial Revolution
A. Geography
i. natural resources - iron and coal
ii. separation from the European continent kept them out of wars
B. Government
i. trade encouraged and population allowed to relocate
ii. helped build canals and roads
C. Social Factors
i. British society less rigid than other European countries
D.Colonial Empire
i. supplied raw material and provided market for goods
E. Advantages of Industrializing First
i. no other competition for manufactured goods monopoly on technology
Development of New Cities
Effects of the Industrial Revolution
rapid urbanization led to crowded and dirty
cities that were unhealthy
Effects of the Industrial Revolution
destroyed social order
whole families
are forced to work in
factories
parents have to work two jobs and can not feed and raise children – many live
on the streets and join gangs
Effects of the Industrial Revolution
many poor families need their children to
work long and dangerous hours at
jobs that pay very little
Effects of the Industrial Revolution
workers eventually join unions to fight
for better wages, shorter working days,
and safer working
conditions
Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Positive Effects• a new middle class developed to
serve the interests of the owners
• shopping – more goods were made for
much cheaper and many people could
afford goods that they would never
have been able to before
• medical care and city planning improved
• new inventions improved the quality of life
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