1
DISSEMINATION AND SCALING UP OF DEMAND DRIVEN
AGROFORESTRY TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATIONS IN
UGANDA
Uganda Stakeholders’ Workshop Report on TOFNET Project 3:
Dissemination and Scaling Up of Demand Driven Agroforestry Technologies
and Innovations in the ECA Region
HELD AT MUKONO ARDC, 10TH
- 11TH
AUGUST 2006
Clement A. Okia
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Table of contents
Acronyms and abbreviations ------- ---------------------------- --------------------------------- 3
1. Introduction ---------------------- ---------------------------- --------------------------------- 4
2.Workshop overview and objectives -------------------------- --------------------------------- 6
3. Workshop opening ---------------- ---------------------------- --------------------------------- 6
4. Validation of AF technologies/innovations ---------------- --------------------------------- 7
5. Prioritization of AF Technologies --------------------------- -------------------------------- 11
6. Group work ---------------------- ---------------------------- -------------------------------- 13
6.1 Priority AF technologies for different problems domains in Uganda ----------------- 14
6.2 Challenges to tree nursery development in Uganda ----- -------------------------------- 15
6.3 Priority facilitation aspects for tree nurseries ------------ -------------------------------- 15
6.4 Priority information needs for different stakeholders --- -------------------------------- 16
6.5 A strategy for information, communication and dissemination ------------------------ 16
6.6 Roles of different partners and their training needs ----- -------------------------------- 17
6.7 Criteria for identifying effective CBOs and partners---- -------------------------------- 18
6.8 Requisites for strengthening partnerships ----------------- -------------------------------- 18
7. Elements of a framework for scaling up AF in Uganda -- -------------------------------- 18
8. Policy issues relevant to scaling up of AF in Uganda ---- -------------------------------- 19
8.1 opportunities and constraints of policies relevant to AF -------------------------------- 19
8.2 Recommendations on policies to facilitate scaling up of AF in Uganda -------------- 20
9. A framework for scaling up fruit trees considering economic aspects ---------------- 21
10. A framework for scaling up woodlots considering gender aspects -------------------- 23
11. A framework for scaling up trees on cropland considering environmental aspects - 25
12. A framework for scaling up home gardens considering social aspects ---------------- 26
Conclusion ---------------------- ---------------------------- -------------------------------- 27
Appendices ---------------------- ---------------------------- -------------------------------- 28
Appendix 1 – List of participants -- ---------------------------- -------------------------------- 28
Appendix 2 – Workshop Programme -------------------------- -------------------------------- 28
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
AF Agroforestry
ARDC Agricultural Research and Development Center
ASARECA Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in East and Central
Africa
CBO‟s Community Based Organizations
CIG Common Interest Groups
ECA Eastern and Central Africa region
FBO Faith Based Organization
FFS Farmer Field Schools
FORRI Forestry Resources Research Institute
ICT Information Communication Technology
ICRAF International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (World Agroforestry
Centre)
LATF Local Authority Transfer Fund
NGO‟s Non Governmental Organizations
PRA Participatory Rapid Appraisal
R4D Research for Development
TOFNET Trees on Farm Network of ASARECA
ToT Training of Trainers
UGADEN Uganda Agroforestry Development Network
UNFFE Uganda National Farmers Federation
VI VI Agroforestry Project
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1. INTRODUCTION
Mr. Jude Sekatba welcomed participants and led them in introducing themselves,
indicating their names, organizations and the latest exciting experience for each
participant. The introduction revealed a rich diversity of resource persons drawn from
various institutions, a condition that augured well with for the development of authentic
deliberations. Mr. Clement Okia then took participants through the workshop programme
indicating key issues to be deliberated in the workshop. The session on workshop
introduction and objectives then followed. Participants were given apologies from the
Project PI Mr. Collins Obonyo who was engaged in Nairobi hence could not be able to
attend the workshop.
2. WORKSHOP OVERVIEW AND OBJECTIVES
By James Aucha
2.1 About Trees on Farm Network (TOFNET) of ASARECA
The Association for Strengthening Agricultural Research in Eastern and Central Africa
(ASARECA) is a not-for-profit organization of the National Agricultural Research
Systems (NARS) in the ten countries of Eastern and Central Africa (ECA) - Burundi,
D.R. Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda.
ASARECA is governed by a Committee of the Director Generals of the National
Agricultural Research Organizations (NAROs) in the 10 countries. A Secretariat headed
by an Executive Secretary and located in Entebbe, Uganda, coordinates and facilitates
the implementation of the regional agricultural research activities through a number of
networks. These are conducted through collaborative links with International
Agricultural Research Centres (IARCs), Advanced Research Institutes (ARIs,) and
National Agricultural Research Systems (NARS) in a range of thematic Networks
Programmes and Projects (NPPs).
The ASARECA Trees On-Farm Network (TOFNET) or the „‟agroforestry network” of
ASARECA is designed to concentrate its research for development programme in
promotion and support of agroforestry and tree crops research for development within the
entire ASARECA region. The goal of TOFNET is to contribute to increased economic
growth and improved social welfare of smallholder farmers in ECA Region while
enhancing the quality of environment through agroforestry interventions and practices
in a sustainable manner
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In pursuit of this goal, the network is expected to deliver the following four main
results:
1. Demand driven agroforestry technologies/innovations utilized.
2. Enabling regional policy environment for agroforestry as relates to agricultural
transformation in ECA Region facilitated.
3. Performance driven institutional arrangements for agroforestry promoted.
4. Enhanced utilisation of information for regional agroforestry research for
development.
TOFNET has been developed from the previous Agroforestry Research Networks for
Africa (AFRENA-ECA) but structured in the framework of ASARECA networks with
expanded technical mandate to promote agroforestry for products and services targeting
tree crops with emphasis on economic trees (fruit trees, medicinal trees and nuts). In
addition, the network seeks to strengthen the capacity of national institutions to conduct
research and development on agroforestry, and ultimately to be able to develop
agroforestry interventions and practices for improving the productivity, profitability and
sustainability of agricultural systems and environment in the region.
TOFNET‟s research agenda is developed on the basis of identified and prioritized
Problem Domains (PD). Problem domains are broad problem categories of geographic
and socio-economic significance within the region. As such, five principal problem
domains have been identified and prioritized as follows (in decreasing order): (1)
productivity and sustainability of smallholder agriculture in high potential highlands,
humid and sub-humid lowlands; (2) relationship of land use systems and environmental
problems of Lake Victoria and associated river basins (e.g., Nile basin); (3) Interaction
between agriculture and forests in areas bordering forest/conservation areas; (4)
agroforestry and natural resource management in ASAL through tree domestication and
improved land management; and (5) agroforestry technologies and innovations for urban
and peri-urban agricultural and landscape management systems.
2.2 TOFNET current projects
The Network currently runs the following 3 projects;
1. Tree products market chains and trade arrangements in the ECA region
2. Development of sustainable regional seed and germplasm supply system
for priority AF species, fruit trees and medicinal plants
3. Generation and scaling up of demand driven of technologies &
innovations in the ECA sub region
This workshop report is part of the progress achieved by UGADEN initiatives under
TOFNET project 3 (Dissemination and scaling up of agroforestry technologies and
innovations in the ECA region). Generation, promotion and scaling up of priority
agroforestry technologies and innovations is significant in ensuring that demand driven
agroforestry technologies and innovations are utilized (TOFNET Result 1). The project is
designed with the understanding that a considerable number of promising agroforestry
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technologies and innovations have been generated but their impact in improving
livelihoods is less due to low uptake by the target users. It is therefore imperative that
strategies be developed to promote uptake. This effort is being realized by undertaking
R4D to develop a framework to refine, package and promote promising technologies for
enhanced uptake by technology users.
Similarly, the adoption and scaling-up potential of successful technologies and
innovations has been constrained by a number of factors ranging from biophysical,
technological, socio-economic/cultural, human resource capacity, policy and institutional
framework. Meaningful regional impact of agroforestry will seldom be realized unless
the capacity of agroforestry stakeholders is strengthened. Therefore, the project proposes
that future investment in agroforestry R4D should be accompanied by initiatives that
strengthen local institutions and help public sector agencies, promote public policies that
favour agroforestry and also promote technology transfer mechanisms that can take
agroforestry innovations to scale.
The workshop was convened to enhance collaborative efforts in scaling up and scaling
out of agroforestry technologies and innovations. The workshop addresses all the four
Network results.
2.3 Workshop objectives
1. Validate AF technologies and innovations as per the 5 problem domains
2. Review AF dissemination frameworks & their associated constraints and
opportunities
3. Develop a suitable framework for scaling up AF technologies and innovations
4. Review policy constraints and opportunities to scaling up of AF technologies and
innovations
5. Develop policy guidelines and recommendations for scaling up AF technologies
and innovations
3. WORKSHOP OPENING
Mr. Clement Okia invited the UGADEN Coordinator, Dr. John Okorio to invite the
Director of FORRI Mr. Francis Esegu to open the workshop. Dr. Okorio underscored the
importance of validating the technologies and developing guidelines for effective scaling
up of agroforestry technologies and innovations. He encouraged participants to contribute
freely to realize the objectives of the workshop noting that prioritization is a dynamic
process. Mr. Francis Esegu encouraged participants to aim at achieving all the workshop
objectives. On validation of demand driven technologies and innovations, he reiterated
the importance of considering the impact of technologies to improvement of livelihoods.
This is to be achieved through increased incomes to households. He encouraged
participants to look critically into tapping the domestic market for agroforestry produce
by timing the production, value addition and increasing the shelf life of the products. This
would ensure consistent supply of the produce and reduce post-harvest losses. For
effective uptake of the technologies, he encouraged participants to display the
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technologies indicating where they can take end users (i.e. benefits of the technologies),
giving an analogy of the many taxis in stages with clear indication of the destinations.
Mr. Esegu further shared the vision of FORRI with participants which focuses on
creating a centre of excellence for forestry research for improved livelihoods, economic
growth and conservation of natural resources. Its mission centers on generating and
disseminating technologies on forests and tree resources to ensure increased productivity,
conservation of biodiversity and enhancement of environment. He underscored the
workshop‟s output in achieving FORRI mission and vision. He looked forward to getting
a document that would enhance the scaling up of agroforestry technologies and
innovations in Uganda. He declared the workshop officially opened.
4. VALIDATION OF AF TECHNOLOGIES/INNOVATIONS
A stepwise method was used to achieve this objective. The first stage involved the
presentation of an overview of agroforestry technologies and innovations by Mr. Hillary
Agaba. Two survey reports were then presented by Messrs Jude Sekatuba and Katumba
respectively. The following nine technologies and innovations were identified in the
overview;
(i) Scattered trees in fields
This includes trees found scattered in crop fields without any particular pattern. This was
found to be a common practice in the country. The trees were managed for various
products such as poles, firewood, fruit, timber, fodder and medicine. Management of
trees scattered in crop fields requires reducing shade by pruning of branches and tops
(ii) Contour hedges for soil conservation
This is a common practice in highland areas like Kabale and Mbale districts. It involves
planting trees nitrogen fixing fodder legumes along contour bunds with or without grass
strips. Calliandra and Leucaena are the main species under this practice. Management of
such trees involves periodical pruning at knee height, and prunings may be used for
fodder.
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(iii) Rotational wood fallows
This practice uses improved fallows of leguminous shrub species shorten the fallow
period and restore fertility. Common trees/shrubs used are Sesbania sesban, Crotalaria
grahamiana, C.paulina, C.ochloleuca and T.vogelli. Trees/shrubs are established at close
spacing to encourage quick production of large amounts of biomass and to suppress
weeds. Management of such trees involve initial weeding to give trees an advantage over
the weeds
Fig. 2: A newly established rotational fallow
Fig. 1: Hedge row intercropping with calliandra
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(iv) Fodder banks
This entails establishment of fast growing fodder tree species planted in a block on their
own or in a mixture with fodder grasses for cut and carry. Common shrubs used are
Calliandra calothyrsus, Leucaena diversifolia, Gliricidia sepium. The shrubs have high
level of protein which is beneficial for milk production. Management of fodder banks
involves cutting of the leaf biomass to encourage more growth.
(v) Woodlots
These are single tree species or a mixture established usually for firewood, poles and
timber. The common tree species are Eucalyptus, Grevillea, Cupressus. A major
limitation of the system is shortage of land. Management involves initial spot weeding
and protection from fires.
(vi) Trees in home gardens
These are common in areas of high population density. Trees or shrubs are grown in close
association with annual and perennial crops within compounds of individual homesteads.
Dominant species include avocadoes, mangoes, tree tomatoes, Ficus natalensis,
Markhamia and Maesopsis eminni. Trees in home gardens are managed conveniently
with associated crops in the garden
(vii) Trees on pastures and rangelands
Under this practice, trees are either scattered randomly or arranged according to some
systematic pattern on established pastures or rangelands. This is commonly done in areas
of extensive grazing land. Some of the common species include Acacia spp., Ficus spp
and Euphobia spp. Management involves letting trees establish well before livestock are
allowed in. Otherwise area with young trees should be fenced off.
(viii) High value tropical fruit trees
Under this practice, grafting of selected high yielding fruit varieties is done. Scions are
gotten from elite mother trees. The species currently grafted include mangoes,
avocadoes, oranges. The advantages of this practice include high value, fast maturity and
high market demand. Management involves pruning off branches below the union point,
protection from grazing animals when young and spraying against pests
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Fig. 3: Mango rootstocks for grafting aT FORRI Agroforestry nursery in Kifu, Mukono
(ix) High value temperate fruit trees
This is common in cold highland areas, Kabale and Mbale. Preferred species include
Apples and Pears due to their high value fast maturity and high market demand.
Appropriate branch bending for maximum exposure to sunlight is needed. Artificial leaf
pruning is also recommended to imitate temperate conditions.
Fig. 4: Apple fruits in Kabale, South western Uganda
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5. PRIORITIZATION OF AF TECHNOLOGIES AND INNOVATIONS
Participants prioritized the above technologies by scoring them on a scale of 1(least
contribution) to 10 (maximum contribution). An average score for each technology was
got from the participants‟ ranking (Table 1).
Table 1: Stakeholder Prioritization of agroforestry technologies
Agroforestry technology
Economic
growth
Environ-
ment Gender Social Adoption
Average
score
1. Fruit tree gardens/orchards 9 6 8 8 8 8
2. Home gardens 8 8 8 7 8 8
3. Trees on cropland 7 8 6 6 6 7
4. Woodlots 8 8 6 6 5 7
5. Terrace
stabilisation/contour hedges 7 8 5 6 5 6
6. ornamental/Avenue
planting 5 7 6 7 6 6
7. Fodder banks 7 6 6 6 6 6
8. Fallowing (improved,
coppicing, relay,
Rotational) 7 7 6 6 5 6
9. Boundary planting 5 7 6 5 6 6
10. Trees on hillsides 6 8 5 5 5 6
11. Apiary systems 8 7 5 5 4 6
12. Aquaculture 8 6 5 5 4 6
13. Windbreaks & shelter belts 5 8 5 6 5 6
14. Medicinal tree gardens 6 6 6 6 5 6
15. Trees on pastures and
rangelands 6 7 4 5 5 5
16. Hedgerow/ Alley cropping 6 7 5 5 4 5
17. Seed banks 7 6 5 5 4 5
18. Taungya system 5 6 5 5 4 5
19. Biomass transfer 5 6 5 4 5 5
20. Sericulture 7 6 4 4 4 5
21. Live fences 4 6 5 5 5 5
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The average scores in table 1 were then weighted on the basis of the ASARECA criteria
outlined below;
Economic criteria - 30%
Environmental criteria - 25%
Social criteria - 20%
Adoptability - 15%
Gender parity - 10%
The results of the weighted averages are as shown in Table 2 below.
Table 2: Weighted scores of AF technologies
Agroforestry technology
Economic
growth
Environ-
ment Gender Social Adoption
Weighted
score
1. Fruit tree gardens/orchards 2.7 1.6 0.8 1.5 1.2 7.8
2. Home gardens 2.3 2.0 0.8 1.5 1.1 7.6
3. Woodlots 2.4 2.0 0.6 1.1 0.8 6.9
4. Trees on cropland 2.1 2.0 0.6 1.2 1.0 6.9
5. Terrace
stabilisation/contour hedges 2.1 2.0 0.5 1.2 0.8 6.7
6. Fodder banks 2.2 1.5 0.6 1.2 0.9 6.4
7. Fallowing (improved,
coppicing, relay,
Rotational) 2.1 1.8 0.6 1.1 0.8 6.3
8. Ornamental/Avenue
planting 1.6 1.8 0.6 1.4 0.9 6.3
9. Trees on hillsides 1.9 2.1 0.5 1.1 0.7 6.3
10. Apiary systems 2.3 1.6 0.5 1.0 0.7 6.2
11. Aquaculture 2.3 1.5 0.5 1.1 0.7 6.0
12. Boundary planting 1.6 1.8 0.6 1.1 0.9 6.0
13. Windbreaks & shelter belts 1.6 1.9 0.5 1.1 0.7 5.9
14. Trees on pastures &
rangelands 1.8 1.9 0.4 1.0 0.7 5.8
15. Seed banks 2.1 1.5 0.5 1.1 0.6 5.7
16. Medicinal tree gardens 1.7 1.5 0.6 1.2 0.7 5.7
17. Hedgerow/ Alley cropping 1.7 1.8 0.5 1.0 0.6 5.6
18. Taungya system 1.6 1.6 0.5 1.1 0.6 5.4
19. Sericulture 2.0 1.5 0.4 0.9 0.5 5.3
20. Biomass transfer 1.6 1.5 0.5 0.9 0.7 5.3
21. Live fences 1.1 1.4 0.5 0.9 0.8 4.7
The stakeholder ranking above revealed that direct income generating agroforestry
technologies/innovations were the most preferred. The table shows that fruit tree gardens,
home gardens, woodlots, contour hedges and fodder banks were the six top priority
agroforestry technologies for Uganda.
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6. GROUP WORK
After the general ranking of the technologies using sheets, participants were divided into
three groups with the terms of reference as shown in table 3 below:
Table 3: Working group tasks
Group Task (s)
Group 1
1. Prioritize agroforestry technologies according to the following problem domains;
(a) Lake Victoria and associated river basins
(b) Humid highlands
(c) Marginal areas
(d) Buffer zones
(e) Urban and peri-urban sites
2. (a) Identify challenges to nursery development in Uganda
(b ) List facilitation aspects for nurseries
Group 2
(a) Prioritize information needs
(b) Identify appropriate communication channels
(c) Challenges to effective information and communication
(d) Develop a strategy for communication information dissemination
Group 3
(a) Prioritize capacity building needs for effective partnerships
(b) Develop a framework for scaling up agroforestry technologies/innovations
(c) Develop a criteria for identifying effective CBO‟s and partners
The group reports were presented and discussed during a plenary session. The following
sections present below present the final group outputs:
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6. 1 Priority AF technologies for the different problems domains in Uganda
Table 4: Priority AF technologies for the different TOFNET problems domains in Uganda
Problems domains Priority AF technologies/innovations
Victoria and associated
river basins
Apiary systems
Boundary planting
Aquaculture
River bank /lakeshore /terrace stabilization
Windbreaks & shelter belts
Jatropha-vanilla
Taungya
Humid highlands
Trees on hillsides
Terrace stabilization & contour hedges
Fruit orchards (temperate)
Hedgerows
Woodlots
Fallowing
Marginal areas (drylands)
Apiculture
Trees on pastures and rangelands
Fodder banks
Windbreaks & shelter belts
Live fences
Fruit orchards (tropical)
Taungya
Buffer zones
Apiary
Seed banks
Boundary planting
Biomass transfer
Medicinal trees
Sericulture
Peri-urban areas Home gardens
Ornamental/avenue plantings
Windbreaks and shelter belts
Biomass transfer
Fodder banks
Boundary planting
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6.2 Challenges to tree nursery development in Uganda
Unavailability of tree planting material (germplasm)
Poor quality of planting material
Labour intensity
Water unavailability
Diseases and pests
Lack of necessary technical skills (e.g. timing for sowing for different tree
species)
Market for seedlings
Theft of seedlings
Initial capital for potential nursery operators
6.3 Priority facilitation aspects for tree nurseries
Training on:-
simple water harvesting techniques
marketing aspects
skills in seed collection and handling
nursery operations and management
Sensitization of the masses to create market
Decentralize tree seed centres
Formation of nursery operators groups in order to curb thefts and streamline
activities.
Starter seed packs for rare species
Seed banks
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6.4 Priority information needs for different stakeholders in Uganda
Table 5: Priority information needs for different stakeholders, appropriate communication
channels and challenges to effective information and communication
Stakeholders Information needs Communication channels Challenges
Government Available proven
technologies for
dissemination
Gazzeted laws
Contribution of the
technologies for
household improvement
should be known
Policy briefs
Media (print and
electronic),
Parliament and legislative
systems
Education institution
Workshops and
conferences
Limited funds
Lack of common language
Literacy low
Beaureacratic tendencies
Training
institutions Up to date information on
new technologies
Internet access
AC
Technology fact sheets
Internet
Telephone
Open days/field days
Seminars
Inadequate funds
Information not packaged
Remote location of some
institutions e.g. Arapai,
FORRI)
Incompetence in the use of
modern technology
Research
institutions Farmers/client needs,
constraints
Knowledge on
government policies
Extension systems
Publication
Talk shows
Agricultural shows
Farmer research linkages weak
Lack of specific target group
for some technologies
(farmers not consulted)
Faith based
organisations,
NGOs, CBOs
Publications, approved
technologies, fact sheets,
internet, well packaged
information, client/target
constraints
Latest market information
which will influence
demand for technology
Farm visits, workshops,
exhibitions, planning
review workshops,
exchange programmes,
media, newsletters
Poor networking
Conflicting messages
Fighting for clients
Failure to act according to
clients but donors interests
Farmers Simplified fact sheet
Knowledge on reliable
sources of information
Radio, farmer field days,
demos, agric shows,
exchange visits,
sensitization meetings,
research, planning and
review meetings, internet,
farmer group meetings
Continuous change of
extension methodologies
Lack of market organisation
(farmers lack common voice)
Poor market information
6.5 A strategy for communication information dissemination
Identification of information and communication needs
Organize meeting for stakeholders
Developing common packages
Up grading the knowledge base of extension of workers
Periodical review meetings by stakeholders
Establishment of a body that links stakeholders
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6.6 Roles of different AF partners in Uganda and their training needs
Table 6: Roles of different partners and their training needs
Partner Roles Capacity building needs
1. Local leaders
• Approving budgets
• Mobilization and awareness
creation
• Policy formulation
• Monitoring and
implementation
• Knowledge and awareness in
agroforestry
• Field tours and hands on training on
agroforestry issues
2. Technical staff
• Planning and budgeting
• Implementation
• Technology promotion
• Training in agroforestry
• Provision of literature on various AF
issues
3. Public extension
(NGOs, CBOs, FBOs,
NAADS service
providers)
• Planning and budgeting
• Disseminate technologies
• Technology promotion
• Mobilisation
• Training
• Facilitate farmers to plan
• Monitoring
• Feed back
• Training in agroforestry
• Provision of literature on various AF
issues
• Funds facilitation
4. Training institutions
(Primary, secondary,
tertiary and other
organisations specialising
in training e.g SATNET)
• Training in specialised skills
• Information dissemination
• Specialised training in agroforestry
• Agreed curriculum/technical guide
• Financial and human resources
• Provision of literature on various AF
issues
•
5. Business people and
marketing communities)
• providing in puts
• marketing
• provide information
• Technical information on
agroforestry
• Quality assurance
• Business plans and Feasibility
studies
• Marketing strategies
6. Research institutions
and institutions of higher
learning (NARS
institutions)
• Technology development
• Innovations and value
addition
• Human and financial resources
• Participatory approaches in research
• Gender sensitivity
7. Farmers
• Technology development
• Technology transfer
• Mobilisation
• Technology adoption
• Training in relevant AF technologies
• Literature on AF issues
• In puts (start up packages)
• Technical backstopping
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6.7 Criteria for identifying effective CBOs and partners
Area of operation
Membership (associations, networks etc)
Activities on ground and their relevance
Administrative and management structures
Resource base (human, financial, assets and equipment)
Experience
Goals and objectives (mutual
6.8 Requisites for strengthening partnerships
Participatory planning
Information sharing
Roles sharing
Formal agreements (MoUs)
Training of human resource
7. ELEMENTS OF A FRAMEWORK FOR SCALING UP AF IN UGANDA
The following important elements are to be taken into account when scaling out and
scaling up agroforestry technologies at the grassroots level.
Strengthen UGADEN to effectively implement its activities, especially, information
dissemination, capacity building and lobbying and advocacy.
Development of extension materials that can then be translated into various local
dialects
Lobby and advocate for favourable policy environment for agroforestry and also for
its integration into the various government development programmes
Carry out massive awareness creation in all the agro-ecologial zones of Uganda
Identify strategic partners in different zones of the country
Carry out situational analysis/needs assessment in different regions and develop
targeted programmes/activities
Carry out participatory planning and be clear on roles of the different partners
Support partners in participatory monitoring and evaluation
Institutional support for UGADEN and some its key partners
Strengthen the existing interactive learning sites
Facilitate acquisition of the required tree planting materials, especially seed.
Establish interactive learning sites in the different zones of the country
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8. POLICY ISSUES RELEVANT TO SCALING UP OF AF
TECHNOLOGIES IN UGANDA
8.1 Opportunities and constraints of policies relevant to agroforestry
This subject was first discussed a second session of group work and later presented
during a plenary session. The outcome of the plenary session is presented below:
Table 7: Opportunities and constraints of policies relevant to agroforestry in Uganda
Policy Opportunities Constraints
1. PMA Increased access to Agroforestry information
Opportunities for market oriented production
(woodlots, fodder, ornament, fruit trees, seed
banks, apiary systems, medicinal trees &
aquaculture).
Sustainable use of natural resources (terrace
stabilization/ contour hedges, trees on hillsides,
windbreaks & shelter belts, fallowing, trees on
cropland).
Over emphasis on agriculture
versus forestry in resource
allocation.
Conflicts with sectoral policies e.g.
PMA advocates for
commercialization yet the land act
favours customary tenure (land
belongs to the people)
Articulation for forestry minimal
as compared to agriculture
2. NAADS Opportunities for service delivery, (e.i.
information & input: fruit tree growing, apiary,
fodder)
Enables scaling out & scaling up of AF
technologies to farmers
Building capacity of extension service providers
especially on AF technologies that require high
technical skills (improved fallows, apiary systems)
Advocate NRM as a cross-cutting issue in
technology selection: (e.g. trees on cropland)
Low of priority given to
Agroforestry enterprises
Emphasis on short term, income
generating enterprises (lack of
economic valuation of AF
technologies).
3. Land act & policy Provides legal protection on land & tree
tenure, which favors long-term technologies e.g.
Woodlots, trees on croplands, windbreaks/shelter
belts & boundary planting.
Land tribunals help in settling disputes that
are common with boundary planting, live fences,
ornamental & fruit trees.
Lack of implementation due to
weak structures and corruption.
Short tenure (less than 12 years)
does not encourage squatters to
engage in tree growing e.g.
woodlots, boundary planting.
4. Forestry policy &
National tree
planting act
Encourages farm forestry to boost incomes &
reduce pressure on natural forests: fruit trees, trees
on croplands, home gardens, and medicinal trees.
Clarity on land & tree tenure which favors long
term AF technologies.
Lack of awareness about the policy
& the act.
FP & NTPA do not recognize all
land tenure systems e.g.communal
systems which makes growing
trees on rangelands difficult.
Lack of political will to support
forestry policies.
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5. Decentralization
policy AF promoted at village & district levels
Provides better access to services as they are
nearer to the farmers
Easier to lobby for resources for AF
Corruption does not allow funds
provides for AF to trickle down.
Difficulty in instituting checks &
balances.
6. National Gender
policy Brings out issues of resource ownership, division
of labour, & benefit sharing in AF
Encourages more involvement of both men &
women farmers in tree growing
Men feel the policy deprives them
of some of their traditional rights
The policy created more conflicts
in land use e.g. over which trees to
grow & who owns the trees planted
on-farm.
7. National bio-
diversity plan Encourages integration of more trees on farm
(trees on croplands, apiculture, medicinal trees)
Farmers complain that trees attract
vermins e.g. baboons, monkeys &
other pests like birds.
8. National
environmental
policy
NEMA mandates every one to plant trees
(boundary planting, ornamental, wind breaks, live
fences, and terrace stabilization).
NEMA provides resources to organized farmer
groups for tree planting activities.
Over emphasis on tree planting for
environmental conservation.
9. Privatization
policy Promotes more tree planting especially by private
investors (Trees on hillsides, trees in rangelands,
woodlots & fruit orchards).
Policy denies poorer farmers the
opportunity for involvement as
they can not access large pieces of
land.
Also allows government to give
forest land to developers e.g.
Namanve & Mabira forests.
8.2 Recommendations on policies to facilitate scaling up AF in Uganda
General policy recommendations
Packaging policy concerns into policy briefs rather than large documents that are
often not read.
Popularization of policies through strategic media avenues e.g. radio.
Establishment of information kiosks at community level to enhance awareness.
21
Table 8: Policy specific recommendations for scaling up of agroforestry
Policy Specific recommendation
Land Act Needs to discard communal land ownership and advocate for private land ownership
Gender policy Needs to sensitize people on the intents of the policy especially its benefits to other
gender categories other than women
Decentralization
policy
Should institute sound mechanism for monitoring at the grassroots (i.e. village, parish
levels).
PMA & NAADS Check the system used in contracting extension service providers (SPs) and whether
these SPs target beneficiary farmers, and advocacy for AF service delivery as one of the
enterprises promoted.
Forestry policy &
tree planting act
farmers should be made aware of the policy especially on aspects of farm forestry
Privatization
policy
Revise land privatization procedures in order to accommodate the interests of small scale
tree farmers.
9. A FRAMEWORK FOR SCALING UP FRUIT TREES CONSIDERING
ECONOMIC ASPECTS
9.1 Some considerations for scaling up fruit tree growing
Table 9: Some considerations for scaling up fruit tree growing
Sparks/
motivating
factors
Understanding scaling
up
Managing scaling up
process
Monitoring
indicators
Desired Impact
Household
nutritional
requirements
Income
generation
Food security
Inadequate superior
germ plasm/planting
material
Inadequate knowledge
on fruit production and
management
Lack of market
information
Lack of value addition
(processing, sun drying)
Carry out more
outreach through group
work with increased
access to improved fruit
trees.
To have many
commercial fruit
farmers, through group
work approach
Popularizing
commercial fruit
growing through group
approach
Tones of fruits
produced,
processed and
marketed
Number of
organized groups
engaged in fruit
production,
processing and
marketing
Farmers becoming
rich
Improved standards
of living (able to pay
school fees, food,
housing and health)
Empowered farmers
in fruit production
22
9.2 Strategic elements for scaling up fruit tree growing
Pre-project strategic element I: Policy
Marketing
Germplasm/planting material
Land tenure /ownership
Implementation Phase
Revisit and Improve existing policies on Gender (ownership/marketing)
Post-Project phase
Marketing policies
Strategic element II (Situation analysis)
Strength
Research institutions
Start up germplasm
Existing fruit growers
Existence of fruit processors
Local and international markets
Weaknesses
Poor marketing systems
Inadequate quantities for export
Scattered and un-networked producers
Lack of skills in processing and post harvest handling
Pests and diseases
Strategic elements III: Research objectives
Type of varieties required
Source of dissemination materials
How to handle diseases and pests in fruit gardens
Research in post harvest handling
Strategic element IV: Indicators
Number of farmer groups created
Tonnes of fruits produced, processed and marketed
Type of variety of fruits
Strategic element V: Networks
Advocacy for farmer institutions at local, regional and national levels e.g District
Farmer Associations, then national which is Uganda National Farmers Federation
(UNFFE)
23
Strategic element VI: Capacity building
Capacity building in leadership and Communication
Marketing
Group sustainability
Training in disease and pest management
Training of extension officers in appropriate technologies
Strategic element VII: Funding mechanism
Fundraising
Writing proposal
Members/farmers savings
In built income generating projects for sustainability
Strategic element VIII: Exit strategy/sustainability issues
Connect farmers to district farmer organisations
In built income generating projects for sustainability
10. A FRAMEWORK FOR SCALING UP WOODLOTS CONSIDERING
GENDER ASPECTS
10.1 Some considerations for scaling up woodlots
Table 10: Some considerations for scaling up woodlots
The sparks/
motivating
factors
Understanding
the scaling up
Managing the
scaling up process
Monitoring
indicators
Desired Impact
Outcome
Firewood
Timber
Poles
(house
constructio
n and
fencing)
Income
Ownership
(mainly owned
by men)
Conflict on
benefits of the
woodlots
Who receives
the technical
information
Having a
community
engaged in
woodlot growing
where both men
and women
participate and
benefit
Easy access
to the
“sparks”
Equitable
access to the
benefits of
woodlot
both h men
and women
Attendance
of training
of both men
and women
Reduced time
wasting and
workload on the part
of women
Available cheap
fencing materials
Sharing of roles and
responsibilities by
both men and women
in woodlot growing
Equitable sharing of
benefits from
woodlots
Self
sufficiency
and
sustainability
in woodlot
products and
services
Equitable
sharing of
products and
benefits
24
10.2 Strategic elements for scaling up fruit tree growing
Policy Issues
During Pre-project, there is need for sensitization on gender and creating awareness on
the roles of men and women in woodlot production. At the Implementation phase, it was
noted that guidelines on equitable sharing of benefits are needed. For the Post-project
phase a gender policy in agroforestry practices are gender mainstreaming will be
necessary.
Situation analysis
Strength include the Millennium Development Goals, awareness of the problem,
Existence of the Ministry of Gender and Social Development and the Department of
gender at the district level, It is being demanded by some farmers under NAADS
programme, and its taught in tertiary institutions. The weaknesses include; Cultural
hindrances and Lack of appreciation on achievements in gender
Research objectives
Varieties that are accepted by both men and women
Fast growing trees to ease on time spent by women and men in firewood
collection
Gender requirements (gaps in woodlot production)
M & E (indicators)
Number of households having easy access to wood products and services
Number of men and women participating and benefiting from woodlot production
Networks
Advocacy for farmer institutions at local, regional and national levels e.g District
Farmer Associations, then national which is UNAFFE
Appropriate funding mechanisms to sustain capacity for expansion and replication
(i) Funding mechanism
Fundraising
Writing proposal
Members/farmers savings
In built income generating projects for sustainability
(ii)Exit strategy/sustainability issues
Connect farmers to district farmer organisations
In built income generating projects for sustainability
25
11. FRAMEWORK SCALING UP TREES ON CROP LAND AF
TECHNOLOGY CONSIDERING ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
Policy issues
These relate to land ownership, land use, advocacy for tree planting…(national tree
planting days), corporate social responsibility (saw millers, paper industry, BATU,
petroleum companies, tea companies, sugar corporation etc.
Situation analysis
The strengths include; technology is already in practice, it is already available and land is
available. Opportunities are; supporting policy exists under the Land and Tree Planting
Act, Environment Act, National Biodiversity Plan act (trees on farm), institutions with
technical knowledge do exist, there are some market for tree products, availability of
environmentally friendly tree species.
However some of the weaknesses identified included, farmers do not value tree growing,
Subsistence nature of most Ugandan farmers, lack of knowledge on the existing policies
and low priority given to natural resource management both at national and lower
government levels. The associated threats were identified to be; small land holding, land
fragmentation, long rotation nature of trees and the bad attitudes to tree planting by
farmers.
Appropriate research objectives
More research into improving the rotation of trees,
Research on varieties of tree species for farmers to select
Research on tree management options and develop trees that are compatible with
different crops
Indigenous knowledge on the tree planting on crop land
Indicators and planning, monitoring and evaluation methods
Initial bench marks to establish what there was
Numbers of trees planted
Number of farmers planting trees
Increase in yields
Reduced soil erosion
Firewood availability
Building networks and partners
Participatory planning
Information sharing
Roles sharing
Formal agreements (MoUs)
Training of human resource
26
Building capacity and institutional systems to sustain
Specialised training
Financial and human resources
Provision of literature on various AF issues
Technical information on agroforestry
Quality assurance
Business plans and Feasibility studies
Marketing strategies
Participatory approaches in research
Gender sensitivity
Appropriate funding mechanisms to sustain capacity for expansion and replication
(i) Funding mechanism
Identify partners and their roles, then develop various proposals for funding
Community / group level
NGOs together with communities to develop proposals
(ii) Exit strategies/sustainability issues
Local contributions
Social acceptance and ownership
Involve the communities right from the initial stages
Final evaluation to be made and come up with clear recommendations for
sustainability
12. FRAMEWORK FOR SCALING UP HOME GARDENS AF
TECHNOLOGY CONSIDERING SOCIAL ASPECTS
Policy issues
Mainly relate to land ownership and land use
Situation analysis
Strengths include; the technology has long been in practice and is already acceptable.
Further more, the land available
Opportunities are; the multipurpose nature of home garden tree species, high demand for
tree products and services, and fire wood needs for households. The identified weakness
is the limited access to knowledge on home garden management. On the other hand,
threats included; small land holding, unsuitable tree species, misconception on some tree
species gender aspects (women not having rights to plant on men‟s land) and division of
labour within households.
27
Appropriate research objectives
There is need for research on Market issues and value addition
Indicators and planning, monitoring and evaluation methods
Initial bench marks to establish what there was
Numbers of trees planted
Number of farmers planting trees
Increase in yields
Reduced soil erosion
Firewood availability
Fruit consumption at home
Medicinal tree species on farm
Building networks and partners
House holds forming farmer groups
Information sharing among farmer groups
Roles sharing within the home (children and parents)
Exposure to Trainings on home garden management
Building capacity and institutional systems to sustain
Specialised training in home garden marketing
Local ownership of nurseries
Involvement of CBOs
Technical information on agroforestry
Marketing strategies
Gender sensitivity (children and parents role in home garden management)
Appropriate funding mechanisms to sustain capacity for expansion and replication
(i) Funding mechanisms
CBOs to coordinate the proposal for capacity building on management
Community / group level
NGOs together with communities to develop proposals
(ii) Exit strategies/sustainability
Local nurseries at group for continued availability of germplasm
Involve the communities right from the initial stages
Organized marketing system for home garden products
Conclusion
It was established in the workshop that there are a number of candidate AF
technologies/innovations that can be scaled up for livelihood improvement. There is also
a high level of indigenous knowledge on the technologies that needs to be utilized in
effective scaling up and scaling out. With the successful validation and prioritisation of
technologies alongside identification of scaling up methods, the challenge for the region
is the implementation of scaling up process. Effective partnerships and resource
mobilization is pertinent in the success of this process.
28
APPENDICES
AAPPPPEENNDDIIXX 11:: LLIISSTT OOFF PPAARRTTIICCIIPPAANNTTSS
NAME DESIGNATION ORGANISATION
CONTACT ADDRESS
POSTAL ADDRESS TEL EMAIL
Agaba Hillary Research Officer FORRI Box 1752, Kampala 772508513 [email protected]
Agea Jacob
Godfrey Lecturer
Makerere
University Box 7062, Kampala 782653994 [email protected]
Ameja Stella Secretary FORRI Box 1752, Kampala 772849410 [email protected]
Asege O Janet DNC NAADS Box 44, Kumi 782415810 [email protected]
Aucha James Consultant AGEBB
Box 478-50300,
Maragoli 721828058 [email protected]
Balitta Paul Research Assistant FORRI Box 1752, Kampala 772891663 [email protected]
Bbongole Ernest Farmer Trainer FORRI 782469335
Esyara Sam AF Technician FORRI Box 358, Iganga 772376798 [email protected]
Ibwala-Opolot
Vincent Research Assistant FORRI Box 1752, Kampala 772452552 [email protected]
J F O Esegu Director FORRI Box 1752, Kampala 772470764 [email protected]
Katumba BM Research Assistant FORRI Box 1752, Kampala 772675333 [email protected]
Leonard
Imanishimwe Head of Programs SATNET Box 884, Fort Portal 772912350 [email protected]
Masiko David
Project
Coordinator
Kigezi Integrated
Development
Project Box 3, Kabale 772341092 [email protected]
Mugerwa James
Field Extension
Officer
Mukono District
Dept of Agric Box 72, Mukono 772496153 [email protected]
Nakyeyune Cotlida
Training
Coordinator
SCC-VI
Agroforestry Box 1732, Masaka 772586255 [email protected]
Kyakunzire Annet Field Officer
Mbarara Farmers
Association Box 1592, Mbarara 772306381 [email protected]
Ocar Stephen Volunteer UGADEN c/o Box 1752, Kampala 712216423 [email protected]
Okia Clement
Development
Facilitator UGADEN c/o Box 1752, Kampala 772391311 [email protected]
Okorio J
National
Coordinator UGADEN Box 1752, Kampala 772710125 [email protected]
Oluka Nicholas P Agric Advisor
Kumi District
Farmers
Association Box 3, Kumi 782450738
Ongodia Gerald Research Assistant FORRI Box 1752, Kampala 772695262 [email protected]
Sekatuba Jude Socio-scientist FORRI Box 1752, Kampala 772570452 [email protected]
Ssentongo JB Agric Advisor
Ntungamo District
Farmers
Association Box 19 Ntungamo 772511597 [email protected]
Tweheyo Anthony
Project
Coordinator A2N Uganda Box 619, Iganga 772838982 [email protected]
29
Appendix 2: Workshop Programme
Timing Activity Responsible person
Day One Wednesday 9th
August 2006
6:00pm Arrival of upcountry participants ARDC-Mukono
Day Two Thursday, 10th
August 2006
8:30 – 9:00 am Arrival and registration Steven
9:00 - 9:20 am Welcoming remarks & introductions Jude
9:20 - 10:00 am Workshop introduction (TOFNET and UGADEN
Current Project Brief)
James Aucha/
Clement
10:00 – 10:15 am Workshop Objectives and programme James Aucha
10:15 – 10:30 Workshop Opening JFO Esegu
10:30 – 11:00am Tea Break ARDC
11:00 – 11:30 am Agroforestry technologies & innovations in Uganda:
an overview
John Okorio
11:30 – 12:00
Noon
Results of survey one: Candidate AF technologies for
Uganda
Jude
12:00 – 12:30 pm Results of Survey Two: Opportunities & challenges
for scaling Up agroforestry in Uganda
Katumba
12:30 – 1:00 pm Discussion James Aucha
1:00 – 2:00 pm Lunch Break ARDC
2:00 – 2:30 pm Scaling up agroforestry technologies and innovations James Aucha
2:30 – 4:00 pm Group work
Prioritization of technologies, Identification of
training needs and prioritizing them, Communication
needs/strategy, support for nurseries, Development of
scaling up framework, etc)
Groups
4:00 – 4:20 Tea break ARDC
4:20 – 4:40 pm Group work cont‟d James Aucha
4:00 – 5:00 pm Wrap up of day one James Aucha
Day 2 Friday, 11th
August 2006
8:30 – 10:30 am Plenary (group one for day one) Groups leaders
10:30 -11:00 Tea break ARDC
11:00 – 11:30 am Policies and legislations relevant to scaling up
agroforestry technologies and innovations: a review
of opportunities and constraints.
Vincent Opolot
11:30 – 11:50 am Discussion James
11:50 – 1:00 pm Development of policy guidelines &
recommendations for scaling up agroforestry
technologies and innovations in Uganda (Group
work).
James
1:00 – 2:00 pm Lunch ARDC
2:00 – 4:00 pm Plenary presentations Groups
4:00 – 5:00 pm Wrap up James
5:00 pm Workshop closure and departure UGADEN
Coordinator
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