Digital Transformation,
IoT and 5G
Claes Beckman
The Internet Protocol changes
the world
● Internet access = dominant design for all ”non-critical” services (fixed & mobile)
● Dramatic change: From infrastructures driven by ”killer applications” and
”one-trick ponies” general IP-based access infrastructures
● However, for critical services (e-health, vehicle-vechicle, industry 4.0), IP is
NOT reliable enough
The Digital Disruption has
allready happened
The World’s largest Taxi company owns no taxis
Largest accomodation provider owns no real estate
The most popular media owner creates no content
The worlds largest music store owns no sales no records
The World’s largest movie house owns no cinemas
Mediocristan• Selling its time
• Selling local products
• Performs infront of a local audiance
• Local limited market
• Many actors sharing a local market
• Growth= more jobs
Business Consequences of
Digitization
Extremestan• Selling ideas, IPR,
• selling software and algorithms
• Performs infront of a global audiance
• Global, unlimited market
•
• Few actors sharing a global market
•”Jobbless growth”
Fritt efter Taleb: ”The Black Swan”
Extremistan IRL: Mobil ICT
• Standardized platforms: all Android & Apple
smartphones behave in same way, everywhere
• English – ”lingua franca”
• Billions of potential customers can be reached in
minutes through the ”app store”
• Millions of ”app”-developers
• Payment not connected to the operator’s service
Telco
operatorvendors
consumers
’90s and before
The changing value chain in Telecom
Telco
operatorvendors
evolved usersToday and the future
7
Consequence: The Revenue Gap
- Operators are forced to support “Over The
Top” services without sharing the revenues
- Competition and regulation (e.g. roaming
fees) pushes the traditional revenues for
operators down
- Sophisticated HD Video services such as
Netflix requires the operators to build out
their networks
Time
Data dominant
Traffic
Telcos’
revenues
Voice dominant
Traffic,
$
Data dominant
The Revenue Gap
Consequences:
- Reduced investments in infrastructure (network
sharing)
- Search for new potential revenue streams
Dramatic drop in sales of
infrastructure
8
Potential New Revenue streams:
”Things that communicate”Internet of Things
• Billions of devices
• Low power
• Low cost
Questionmarks:
4G - a scalable solution?
SIM-cards in every device?
Reliability
Delay?
Potential revenues?
”The Internet of Action”
The physical world is under
Remote control by people and
machineswww.davincisurgery.com
Källa: The Economist
Industrial IoT is just M2M all
over again… In the late 90s a EU directive drove Europe to start connecting electric meeters
wirelessly (mainly over GSM but also via a number of different propriotary
an Åkersberga based company and the pioner in wireless meetering
Already in 2008 the number of connected devices (M2M) > worlds population (~6.5 Billion)
Ericsson predicted 50 Billion connected devices in 2020, five years ago
According to Machina Research (2015) the forecast is 30 Billion connected devices in 2025
Most of these are expected to be fixed or short range for e.g. meetering.
Long wireless range will be needed for many applications
Low Power Wide Area Network
Many IoT/M2M applications will require long wireless range and robust links (rural & deep indoor) and traditional cellular technologies are often not very suitable (expensive, short battery lifetime …)
Most of these applications only require very low data throughput, while occasionally higher throughput may be required (e.g. for FW upgrade of remote sensors)
The term LPWA (or LPWAN) is commonly used for Low Power Wide Area Network Coverage
The competitive landscape for LPWA include “proprietary” technologies (Sigfox, LoRa etc) and the new cellular IoT/M2M related standards by 3GPP
While 3GPP based technologies are using licensed frequency bands (mainly the low bands operating in the 800, 850, 900MHz bands), other competing solutions uses unlicensed (ISM) bands, primarily sub-1GHz bands (868MHz, 902MHz)
Licensed or Unlicensed, that is the question..
Unlicensed Networks (Already Deployed) such as LoRaWAN, Sigfox and OnRamp wireless, Weightless -N & -P
etc. Most of these networks take advantage of industrial, scientific, and medical – ISM – unlicensed frequency bands.
These technologies are ready and already deployed and meet the important factors for LPWAN (long range, very low
power, low data rate, and very low cost). Some are based on standards protocols supported by industry alliance like
LoRaWAN Alliance and Weightless SIG, some are based on proprietary protocols and some are standards in-
progress.
3GPP Licensed Networks Evolution (Came later to the party)
• LTE MTC (machine type communication) evolution : based on amending the LTE to support MTC. The 1st
version was released with 3GPP Rel 8 based on CAT 1 but it does not meet the IoT requirement (battery/cost/range)
and a new release is released with R12 with Cat 0 and currently enhanced version (eMTC) is under evaluation in
Rel 13 to meet LPWAN requirement (CAT M).
• NB-CIoT and NB-LTE (will be evolved into NB-IoT) as per latest 3GPP RAN meeting and is expected to be
released with 3GPP Rel 13.
• GSM Evolution : upgrade of GSM by using one carrier for IoT and extending the coverage by (EC-GSM) is
expected with 3GPP Rel 13.
Proprietary standards for IoT in
unlicensed bands
Sigfox:IoT/M2M “global” network operator (i.e. with own infrastructure) Ultra-Narrow-Band (UNB). Uses ISM bands (868, 902MHz) Available in EU (e.g. France, Spain, the Netherlands, UK, Denmark …) and roll out in US et al
LoRaWAN:Uses ISM bands (868, 915MHz). LoRa is the radio (L1 PHY). LoRaWAN is the communicationprotocol ala LoRa Alliance (L2, L3)
Weightless:Ultra-Narrow-Band (UNB) in (all) sub-GHz ISM bands
RPMA/Ingenu:2.4GHz ISM band. LPWAN applications. DSSS/MA Used in 38 private networks worldwide
Long Range Radio
• Semtech radio using low baud rate and Chirp Spread Spectrum modulation• Semtech is (now) licensing the technology to other chip manufacturers• LoRa Alliance initiative end to end IoT solution• Based on EU legislation on 868 MHz band.
Key Info
• Frequencies 868/915 MHz (Sub GHz)• Data rates 290 bps – 50 kbps (18 bps)• Max Link budget 154 dB(168 dB)• Modulation CSS
Key Info:• Frequencies 868/902 MHz• Baud rates 100 bps user data (200bps including overhead) -> 2s / msg• Each msg is sent on 3 channels, so totally 6s for one msg• Max Link budget 156 dB Uplink / 140 dB downlink• Maximum throughput uplink in 24 h -> 140 msg*12 bytes• Modulation DL: BPSK , UL: GFSK• 3 retransmissions of each uplink message on 3 PR frequencies
• SigFox Narrow Band Low Power radio• SigFox is a Network provider, providing the Infrastructure. Partial
coverage in EU and NA.• Based on EU legislation on 868 MHz band.
SIGFOX
Antennas for 868
• LP80x used at the meeter
• TUBE868 at the concentrator
802.11ah, Halow
Bluetooth 5.0
Extended range:
4 times better range, for addressing IoT use cases Full-home, building and outdoor use cases (home automation, compare Thread)
Higher speed/throughput:
2Mbit/s on PHY layer Quicker data transfers allow lower power consumption Quicker FW upgrades
Increasing broadcast capacity:
For next generation of “connectionless” services (e.g. beacons) Boost in broadcast messaging capacity Location-relevant information & indoor navigation
Bluetooth SIG statement:
Today, there are 8.2 billion Bluetooth products in use, and the enhancements in Bluetooth5 and planned future Bluetooth technical advancements mean that Bluetooth will be in morethan one-third of all installed IoT devices by 2020
”3GPP related” IoT standards
3GPP wireless technologies for WAN (LPWAN): The ”existing ones”, i.e. GSM/GPRS, 3G, LTE The new ones (NB-IoT, LTE-Cat m, ec-GSM)
Since 3GPP recently (mid 2016) released new standards (R13) more suitable for IoT/M2M the expectation is that the market will start to deploy these standards during2017 =>
• The basic requirements for these new “3GPP cellular IoT” standards are:•Long battery life (i.e. many years, 10+ years)•Low device cost (3GPP assume less than 5USD?)•Low deployment cost (e.g. re-use of existing infrastructure)•Extended coverage (15-20dB better link budget vs. traditional 3GPP cellular)•Support for a massive number of devices (one base station may need to serve plenty …)
Three separate tracks for licensed cellular IoT technologies are being standardized in 3GPP:
LTE-M: Also known as eMTC , is an evolution of LTE optimized for IoT in 3GPP.First released in Rel.12 in Q4 2014, further optimization is being included in Rel.13 with specifications completed in Q1 2016. NB-IoT is also called Cat-M1 (or Cat. 1.4Mhz)
NB-IoT: The narrowband evolution of LTE for IoT in 3GPP, included in Rel.13 withspecifications completed in Q2 2016. (The LTE-IoT is primarily promoted by Huawei, the main contributor in this standard). NB-IoT is also called Cat-M2 (or Cat. 200kHz)
EC-GSM-IoT: an evolution of GSM optimized for IoT in 3GPP, included in Rel.13 withspecifications completed in Q2 2016. One advantage over GSM is improved linkbudget for deepindoor applications
(A 5G solution for cellular IoT is expected to be part of the new 5G framework by 2020)
”3GPP related” IoT standards, cont
The Evolution of Mobile Telephony
1st Generation
Analogue
Voice
Roaming
NMT, AMPS
TACS
2nd
Digital
Voice
Low-rate data
European
standard
GSM, PDC
IS-95, IS-136
3rd
Packet Access
Multimedia
Services
broadcast
Services
IMT-2000
UMTS, cdma1x
1980 1990 2000 2010
4th
Broadband
Internet
Smartphones
IP TV
IMT-Advance
LTE
2020
Sunspots & Wireless development
MT
A&
B
LT
E
NM
T
GS
M
3G
5GM
TD
The NGMN* 5G Use cases
*The Next Generation Mobile Networks (NGMN) Alliance
Wide range of
Use cases &
Requirements
Device-to-Device
Communications
Car-to-Car Comm.
New requirements and
characteristics due to
communicating machines
Avalanche of
Traffic Volume
“1000x in ten years”
Massive growth in
Connected Devices
“50 billion devices in 2020”
5G Wireless access:Challenges
Affordable and sustainable
5G Objectives
1000x higher mobile
data volumes
10-100x higher number of
connected devices
10-100x typical end-user
data rates
5xlower latency
10xlonger battery life
for low-power devices
Develop a concept for future mobile and wireless communications system
that supports the connected information society
Up to
10Gbps
10 years 50/500 B devicesFew ms E2E
What is 5G?
SONY’s approach to 5G use cases
Enhanced Mobile Broadband
Massive Machine Type Communications
Ultra-reliable and Low Latency Communications
3D video, UHD screens
Smart City
Industry automation
Gigabytes in a second
Self Driving Car
Augmented reality
Smart Home/Building
Work and play in the cloud
Voice Mission critical application,
e.g. e-health
Future IMT
5G use cases
VR
New Use Cases for Cellular Systems
5G Mobile Communication
New Technology
Automotive Adaption to 5G
Smart Building/ IoT
Industry 4.0/ Localisation
Indoor Services – Small Cell
Solutions
Broadcast Converngence (eMBMS)
Macro
Infrastructure
UE / Roadside
V2X
GNSS
CAR
V2V
D2D MTC
eMBMS
Broadcast
Macro
5G Triangle for Antennas
Multi Cell
Antennas
Network
Densification
Multiband
Antennas
Spectrum Extension
Spatial MultiplexAccess
Array Antennas
Massive MIMO4X-Array
DAS Street Connect … 10-Port … 12-Port …Multibeam
35
| Antenna Evolution: From 4G to 5G |
2020
MakroBS
1990 2004
Combiner
TMA
GS
M900
UM
TS
2100
Ko
ax
BS
GSM 900
Ko
ax F
eed
er
2011
RRH&
Radio Server
GS
M9
00 Radio
Server
LTE 800
RRH
Op
tfi
bre
DC
48V
Ko
ax
GS
M900
R
R
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Op
tfi
bre
DC
48V
Radio
Server
LTE 800
Ko
ax
Multiband Active Antenna 4x4, 8x8 MIMO
or MASSIVE MIMO?
Radio
Server
Op
tfi
bre
DC
48V
The Evolution of BTS Antennas
2015
Active Antenna 2
Bands 4x4 MIMO
Radio
Server
Op
tfi
bre
Op
tfi
bre
mm Wave for massive MIMO
2017
Radio
Server
DC
48V
DC
48V
› Lower frequencies needed for full-area coverage – high frequencies
alone is not sufficient
› LTE already widely deployed at lower frequency bands
High - f requency ope ra t i on
• 40 MHz @ 2.6 GHz + 100 MHz @
15 GHz
• 32 Gbyte/user/month
• LTE sites reused
• 40 MHz @ 2.6 GHz
• 32 Gbyte/user/month
• 100 MHz @ 15 GHz
• 32 Gbyte/user/month
• LTE sites reused
• 40 MHz @ 2.6 GHz
• 4 Gbyte/user/month
• Typical Asian city, 200-400
m ISD
WRC 2019 Candidates for mmW Bands
27.0-28.4
38
| Antenna Evolution: From 4G to 5G |
Deployment scenariosSource: 3GPP TR 38.913 Version 14.0.0 (2016-10)
ScenarioIndoor
hotspotDense urban Rural Urban macro
High speed6)
(500 km/h)
Carrier frequency range
(aggregated system BW)
4GHz (200MHz)
30GHz3)(1GHz)
70GHz4)(1GHz)
4GHz (200MHz)
30GHz (1GHz)
700MHz+2GHz
(20MHz)
4GHz (200MHz)
2GHz (TBD)
4GHz (200MHz)
30GHz (1GHz)
4GHz (200MHz)
30GHz (1GHz)
70GHz (1GHz)
BS / UE antenna
elements2)
256/32
256/8 (4GHz)
256/32 (30GHz)
256/8 (4GHz)
256/8 (4GHz)
64/4 (700MHz)
256/32 (30GHz)
256/8 (4GHz)
256/32
256/8 (4GHz)
Coverage range
(indoor/outdoor user
distribution in %)
20 m 100%/0% 200 m Macro (3 micro
TRPs5) per macro)
80%/20%
1732 / 5000 m
50%/50%
500 m
80%/20%
1732 m
100% users in train
Scenario Extreme
rural7)
Urban overage
for mMTC
Highway Urban grid for
connected car9)
Air to Ground
Carrier frequency range
(aggregated system BW)
< 3GHz (40MHz) 700 MHz (TBD)
2.1GHz (TBD)
< 6GHz (200MHz) < 6GHz (200MHz) Tbd / [40MHz]
BS / UE antenna
elements2)
<TBD> 2, 4, 8 (optional) / 1 32/32 (RSU8))
32/8 (in vehicle UE)
32/32
256/8 (4GHz)
tbd
Coverage range
(indoor/outdoor user
distribution in %)
100 km (even up
to 300
km)
500 / 1732 m
80%/20%
500 m
100% in vehicles
500 m
Vehicles, bicycles,
pedestrian
[100km]
Example: coverage along track in
high speed trains
4GHz deployment
30GHz deployment
Demonstrator @ 4 GHz
41
| Antenna Evolution: From 4G to 5G |
Antenna Technologies for 28GHz
Bo Göransson | Wireless@KTH | 5G & the multi antenna advantage | 2016-10-06 | Page 32
F i r s t 5G NRRADIO:
AIR 6468
FIRST COMMERCIAL 5G NR MASSIVE MIMO RADIO
› 64T / 64R active antenna system
› LTE and 5G NR going forward
› Supports 5G plug-ins: Massive MIMO and Multi-user MIMO
› Beamforming as part of Cloud RAN split baseband architecture
› Works with today’s Ericsson Radio System Baseband
› 5–6 times capacity compared to 8T / 8R configuration
› First deployments mid 2017
5GNR
Radio
AIR6468
Bo Göransson | Wireless@KTH | 5G & the multi antenna advantage |
2016-10-06 | Page 31
MIMO Plug- InsBeamforming and beam steering
for best
user experience and network
capacity
Massive
MIMO
Multi-User
MIMO
Bo Göransson | Wireless@KTH | 5G & the multi antenna advantage | 2016-10-06 | Page 24
25 Gbit/s MU-MIMO
UE
#1
UE
#2
Beam selection
UE #1
Beam selection
UE #2
Per user
throughput
Massive MIMO:
Taking MU-MIMO to the Next LevelNetwork Architecture: Massive MIMO
• Many BS antennas;; e.g., 𝑀 ≈ 200 antennas, 𝐾 ≈ 40 single-antenna users
• Key: Excessive number of antennas, 𝑀≫ 𝐾
• Very directive signals
• Little interference leakage
What is the Key Difference from Today?
•
• 4G/LTE-A: 4-MIMO x 60 = 240
antennas
14
Typical vertical array:
10 antennas x 2 polarizations
Only 2 antenna ports
3 sectors,4 vertical arrays per sector160 antenna elements, LuMaMi testbed, Lund University
Number of Antennas? No, we already have many antennas!
• 3G/UMTS: 3 sectors x 20 element-arrays = 60
antennas
Massive MIMO Characteristics Many
small dipoles with transceiver chains Massive
in numbers – not massive in size
Thanks to:
Emil Björnson & Fredrik Tufvesson LTU
https://youtu.be/XBb481RNqGw
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