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DIETARY MANAGEMENT
FOR CANCER
By: Lucijane BernasClyde Pauline BesanaKrizia Allison BasasChristina Millado &
Sharmae Devera
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Definition of Terms
VCancer"is the term used for diseases in which abnormal
cells divide without control and are able to invadeother tissues through the blood and the lymphaticsystem.
"It is the damage in the deoxyribonucleic acid thatcauses abnormal cell growth and development.
"It is one of the most dreaded diseases in ourcountry today. In the United States, it ranks asthe second leading cause of death, and in thePhilippines, fifth.
VTumor
-any swelling that occurs within the body, usuallyinvolving cell production
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All cancers begin in cells, the bodys basic unit oflife. These cells grow and divide in a controlled wayto produce more cells as they are needed to keepthe body healthy.
When cells become old or damaged, they die andare replaced with new ones. However, sometimesthis orderly process goes wrong.
The genetic material of a cell can become damagedor changed, producing mutations that affectnormal cell growth and division. When this happens,cells do not die but multiply.
The extra cell clump together and form a mass oftissue until they become enlarged.
The Cancer Process
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VCarcinogenesis
-tumor formation which results from the multi-
step processes of initiation, promotion andprogression.VInhibitors factors that slow down carcinogenesis
like vitamins and minerals.
When carcinogenesis is introduced in the body, suchas virus, chemical or an unknown agent, it becomesactivated within the cells and binds to the DNA.
The cell will attempt to eliminate the carcinogen fromthe DNA, however if the cell reproduces andmultiplies, before the DNA is repaired, then thealtered DNA structure is passed on to the newdaughter cells.
It is the altered DNA passed on, is thought to beresponsible for the growth of cancer cells.
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Causes of Cancer
No one knows exactly what causes cancer butscientists have theorized that environmental orlifestyle factors play a role in the development ofcancer.
Some of these are factors we can personallycontrol like diet, smoking, drinking, and excessivesun exposure.
There are some factors also that affect theoccurrence of this disease like genetics, viruses,
carcinogens, chemicals, and environmental agents. Others can be prevented however, there are some
that prevail because of heredity and unknowncauses
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Benign tumor kind and less dangerous but has also the
capacity to do harm it is confined to the area where it originated
therefore it is not inclined to spread but may
increase in size Malignant tumor
with malice or intent to cause harm grows either rapidly or slowly, and spreads
it could cause destruction of tissues,hemorrhage, infection, anemia, and otherchanges as muscle weakness, anorexia and theredistribution of the host component.
Types of Cancer
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VMetastasis
"
the expansion of malignant tumors which resultsfrom tumor cells separating from the neoplasm andbeing carried by the lymphatic or circulatorysystem to a new site, where a second tumor forms
VCarcinomas
" cancers arising from the cells of the skin, thelining membranes of internal organs and theglandular organs
VSarcomas
" cancers that develop in muscles, bones, cartilagesand connective tissues
VGliomas" cancers originating in the network of supporting
connective tissues in the brain and central nervoussystem
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Symptoms/Diagnosis of Cancer
Unusual bleeding or discharge A lump or thickening in the breast or elsewhere A sore that does not heal Change in bowel or bladder habits Hoarseness or nagging cough Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing Change in a wart or mole"There are several x-ray techniques used to diagnose
cancer: S
tandard x-rays, tomography, computerized aidedtomography(CAT) and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR), etc.
Biopsy a small piece of the suspected tissue isexamined under a microscope.
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The Diet-Cancer Connection
h Energy Calorie restriction is the oldest best documented
and most effective way to reduce cancer inexperimented animals.
The studies ofAmerican Cancer Societyshow that
overweight women had higher mortality rates forcancers of the ovary, breast, endometrium,gallbladder, and cervix than normal weight
women.
In overweight men, higher mortality rates for
colorectal and prostate cancers are observed. Some studies also show that when calories were
reduced by10-14% the incidence of tumors weresignificantly lowered.
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h Fat"Studies show that as fat intake increases, colon
cancer, skin, prostate and breast cancer risksincrease."It is believed that high fat diets act by
increasing circulating estrogen and prolactinlevels which in turn promote tumors growth."
Scientists believe that omega-3fatty acidshave a non-tumorigenic effect which is notfound in omega-6polyunsaturated fatty acids.
h Protein No conclusions has been established as most
protein foods are usually associated with fats. In one study, when methionine was omitted fromthe diet, growth of the tumor was inhibited.
Methionine is an essential fatty acid and isneeded by the body in order to grow.
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dVitamins
Vitamin AMuch evidence suggests that Vitamin A,
especially in its provitamin form, beta carotene,provides protection against cancer at many sitesincluding lungs esophagus, larynx, stomach and
bladder. Vitamin Cis believed to prevent the formation of
potential carcinogens at the sites.Lower risk of cancer of the stomach and
esophagus has been associated with theconsumption of Vitamin C-containing foods. Vitamin ELowers risk of lung cancer
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dMinerals
Some minerals like cadmium and arsenic havebeen reported as carcinogenic.
Selenium is a trace element which protectsoxidative tissue damage to cells.
Chlorine found in chlorinated surface water has
been found to be responsible for about of allbladder cancer cases among non-smokers.Calcium and Vitamin D might lower the risk of
colon cancer.
dFiber
It has been suggested that high fiber dietprevents colorectal cancer but there are still noevidences that such effect of dietary fibersapply to human beings.
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Three different etiologies for the effect of fiber in
the colorectal cancer: The added fiberdecreases the travel time for fecal
matter. This would then decrease the amount of
time potential food carcinogens would be in
contact with the bowel mucosa. The concentration of the potential carcinogens
would be diluted by the increased mass.
Fiber may change the species of bacteria in the
bowel to a form that may destroy cancer-causingmetabolites.
It may also have an effect on the potential
damaging effects of fat consumption.
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Other Factors in Carcinogenesis
hEnergyExpenditure Studies show that as exercise increases, the
risk for colon cancer decreases.
Dr. Frisch discussed lowered risk of breast
cancer and cancers of the reproductive systemamong those who have long-term athletictraining.
hNon-nutritive Substances Variety of non-nutritive substances like molds,
additives, nitrites, sweeteners, nitrates, andcaffeine have been found to be carcinogenic inlaboratory animals but insufficient evidencethat it makes a significant contribution tohuman cancer risk.
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Nutritional Consequences of
Carcinogens Cancerleads to systemic changes in the host organs.
The malignant tumor often parasites the host to meet
unusual requirements. The affects of the tumor in the
metabolism of the host involve:
Changes in energy metabolism, including alterations
in fat and carbohydrate metabolism;
Disturbances in protein metabolism
Altered iron metabolism affecting hemoglobin
synthesis and iron-containing enzymes.
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Nutritional Management of the
Cancer PatientsPurposes of nutritional therapy: Supportive to improve patients nutritional status to
minimize the risk of surgical intervention, radiation and
chemotherapy. Adjunctive to maintain the patients strength during
therapy
Definitive - includes long or short term measuresrequired to insure survival.
"Survival of cancer patients depend on many factors.Two of the most important are the site of the tumor andthe degree to which it has spread when treatment isstarted.
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Short term goals include:
Providing optimal nutritional support bytreating symptoms;
Correcting vitamin and mineral abnormalitiesand;
Correcting fluid/electrolyte imbalances
Long term goals should be based on long termmedical goals.
Adequate food intake through oral means is alwaysemphasized because this means of feeding gives thepatient the feeling of being normal.
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The patients must be given a choice in the
selection of their meals with the guidance of the
nutritionist-dietician.
If the patients appetite is poor, feeding regimens
consisting ofhigh calorie and high proteinbeverages like fortified milk, fruit milk shake,
creamy rice and others may be offered.
Meal replacements containing one kilocalorieper cc can be used in place of solid foods as the
major source of nutrients for the patient.
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VEnternal feeding by tube
This method is preferred if the patient cannotconsume enough food orally but has a functioning
gastrointestinal tract.
When this method is used, residual contents of
the stomach must be carefully checked before
successive feedings.
V Intravenous Hyperalimentation
Ortotal parenteral nutrition (TPN)
May be used when the digestive tract is not
functional or cannot handle the volume needed tomeet the patients nutritional demands.
The essential nutrients are applied directly to the
cells thus improving their rate of regeneration.
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A Proposed Guide to Lower
Cancer Risk
Select fiber-richwhole grain breads and cereals and
pastas over the refined carbohydrate and sugars as the
main source of energy.
Consume more dried beans, peas and lentils, as a
source of protein. Choose low fat milk, cheese, lean
meat, fish, poultry with all visible fat trimmed away and
cooked without additionalfat.
Minimize the use of salt-pickled, smoked and nitrite-
cured foods.
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Increase daily intake of fruits and vegetables that are
high in beta-carotene. Eat foods that contain appreciable amount ofVit. C
Eat saturated and unsaturated fat only to a low level,about 20-25% of total calories.
Minimize eating overcooked meats.
Maintain ideal weight for sex, height and age.
Drink alcoholic beverages in moderation.
Get regular exercise.
Avoid use of tobacco products.
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Thank you!!!
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