Diesel Technology and Black Carbon
Allen Schaeffer
Executive Director
Overview
Diesel Engines 101
Uses, diesel vs. gasoline, unique aspects of diesels
New Technology vs. old technology
Diesel Engines and the Environment
Clean Diesel System yields impressive clean air and BC benefits
Measures to reduce emissions are proven, effective and in place
Performance of clean diesel technology
Black Carbon emissions and Diesel Engines- Policy issues
Growth in light duty diesel cars and light trucks
Modernizing and Upgrading existing engines and equipment
Introduction to Diesel Engines
Compared to gasoline engines diesel…
has 10-12% more energy per gallon than gasoline
is most efficient internal combustion engine; (20-40% more fuel efficient than gasoline
Engines have no spark plugs –uses compression ignition
• Diesel has unmatched unique combination of
•power density,•performance, •fuel efficiency, •cost-effectiveness,•scalability•reliability, •fuel availability,•established nationwide fuel & maintenance infrastructure.
How important are diesel engines?
Diesels Power…
Over 94% of all goods movement (Barge, Truck, Rail);
Over 2/3 of all farm and construction equipment
Over 70% of all transit buses; over 90 percent of all school buses
100% of freight locomotives; passenger rail– Nearly all powered by diesel (except Amtrak NE corridor); 100% of marine work boats, Majority of fire and rescue equipment, larger emergency generators.
What is Clean Diesel?
Emissions
TreatmentFuels
EnginesClean Diesel System
Clean Diesel Technology
Systems Approach to Reduce Emissions
USE of CLEANER FUEL-- Ultra-Low Sulfur Diesel Fuel – (California Sept 2006 – all sectors; Federal Oct 2006 – highway only; all sectors by 2010)
ENABLES ENGINES -- to produce fewer emissions and then
USE EXHAUST FILTERS AND CATALYSTS for final clean-up
Result is Near-zero Emissions and Clean Technology
99+% Cleaner than Uncontrolled Engines
Further NOx Emission Reductions in 2010 -2014
Near Zero Emissions Path for All Diesel engines
Results
Air quality impacts: diesel PM a declining part of California’s air emissions inventory
South Coast Air Basin
On-Road Motor Vehicle Exhaust PM2.5, Brake/Tire Wear PM2.5,
and Lead Emissions Inventory
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Calendar Year
Em
iss
ion
s (
ton
s/d
ay
)
Brake and Tire WearGasoline Vehicle Lead EmissionsGasoline Vehicle Exhaust PM
Light-Duty Diesel Exhaust PMLt-Hvy and Med-Hvy-Duty Diesel Exhaust PMDiesel School and Urban Bus Exhaust PMHeavy Heavy-Duty Diesel Exhaust PM
Source: Sierra Research 2005)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
NOx NMHC CO
2000 Diesel 2000 CNG 2007 Diesel 2007 CNG
PM
PM
NC
x/N
MH
C/C
O
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
Average Emissions Data from CARB; 2008
2000 and 2007 CA Engine Cert DataDiesel and CNG
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
g/h
p-h
r g/h
p-h
r
Clean diesel Emissions Performance: compared to Alternative Fuels
2007 Clean Diesel Technology (ACES I):Substantially lower emissions than expected
Source: HEI ACES Phase I Release June 18,2009;
www.healtheffects.org, www.crcao.org
Perspective on Clean: 60:1
BLACK CARBON POLICY ISSUES AND DIESEL
• Light duty diesel vehicles
• Existing heavy-duty engines, vehicles and equipment
Light Duty Diesel for Consumers:GHG and CAFÉ strategy
Light duty diesels: 20-40 percent more MPG than gasoline.
Clean diesel cars/pickups sales grew in 2009
diesel from 2.1% to 3.7% share of all vehicles
hybrids: 2.1% to 2.9% (Source Wards Auto; 2009 year end data)
More light duty diesel cars likely in US as new CAFÉ requirements are implemented. (ex. new diesel from Mazda, 2012)
Q: Are the CO2 savings from diesel energy efficiency outweighed by concerns about other GHGs—black carbon?
A: NO. New Generation of Clean Diesel Cars now near zero PM emissions (Tier II Bin 5,) utilize various particulate filter/catalyst combinations.
ICCT comments to NHTS/EPA on GHG Café Rule…” ICCT suggests considering diesel technology for small passenger cars and assessing their costs and benefits. “
Emission Controls Enhance Diesel Benefit
208
172
170 180 190 200 210
Fu
el T
yp
e
CO2-eq g/km (GWP20)
206
201
Fu
el T
yp
e
Euro 3/4 Diesel without DPF vs Petrol
Diesel with DPF vs Petrol
Diesel NET GHG Benefit
Source: ICCT AnalysisResults are preliminary and have not yet been reviewed by ICCT participants.
CO2-only
CO2 + Black Carbon
2%
17%
Use of Bio and Renewable diesel fuels further enhances diesel GHG performance
235
240
245
250
255
260
265
270
275
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285
ULSD B5 B10 B20Source: California Energy Commission, June 2007
CA Well-To-Wheel GHG per Mile: 4 Cylinder Diesel Midsize Car
Biodiesel
Renewable
Diesel
Modernizing and Upgrading: Retrofit
Q: There are an estimated 20 million heavy-duty on and off-road diesel engines and equipment engines in use. Can emissions of particulate matter be reduced?
A: YES; many (but not all) can by one or more of the following:
Retrofit: Apply emissions control technology (filters, catalysts)
Repower: Replace engine with newer model
Replace: Replace entire machine/engine
Refuel: Use cleaner fuels (alone/in conjunction with)
Rebuild: Rebuild engines to original or improved specs
Examples of Retrofit Technology:
Oxidation catalyst
Catalyzed
Regenerative Trap
Cut-Away CRT Image Courtesy of Johnson Matthey
Diesel Emissions Reduction Act (DERA)
Voluntary incentive based program established under EPACT; Senators Voinovich, Carper, Clinton, Inhofe, Feinstein; strong bipartisan support -- passed 92 to 1
Authorizes $200M/year for diesel retrofits
ARRA pumped $300M into program
First year report to Congress:
$49.2 M awarded, resulted in 119 grants, 14,000 engines, will result in 46,000 tons of NOx reduction; 2,200 tons of PM2.5;
PM related benefits = $580M to $1.4B annually
Cost benefit ratio $13-$20 environmental and health benefits for every $1 invested
Popular program with $2Billion in viable projects, w/matching funds left on the table
Save the date!: Briefing on DERA May 14, 2010 at 10:00 am Senate EPW hearing room
Summary
Today US accounts for 6 percent of all global BC emissions; by 2020 only 2 percent.
New generation of US clean diesel technology has near zero emissions of fine particles. (majority of new engines by 2014).
Clean diesel technologies are robust and proving emissions benefits even beyond what was expected.
Cleaner fuel essential to upgrading of low emissions diesel engines and the use of any emissions control technology (especially for PM).
Increased use of light duty diesel cars is a net positive 17 % over gasoline for reducing energy consumption and lowering GHG emissions. Use of biofuels and particularly renewable diesel fuels could further reduce GHG emissions.
Members of the Diesel Technology Forum: BASF, BMW, BP, BOSCH, BorgWarner, Caterpillar Inc., Corning, Cummins Inc. ,Deere & Company, Detroit Diesel, Delphi Diesel Systems, Donaldson Co., Ford Motor Company, General Motors, Johnson Matthey, MTU Detroit Diesel, Navistar, Tenneco, Umicore Autocat, Volvo/Mack Powertrain, Volkswagen of America , Association of Diesel Specialists, Western States Petroleum Association.
Celebrating 10 years as the leading advocate for clean diesel power.
Allen Schaeffer
Executive Director
301-668-7230
Thank you
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