ICAO Wildlife Symposium
Montreal, Canada
18 May 2017
Presented by:
Chris G. Demers
Developments in Aircraft Engine Design
for Bird Ingestion
Contains No Technical Data Subject to EAR - ITAR Approved for Public Release
FAA Bird Requirements Evolution
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FAA Bird Requirements Evolution
A318 B767/B757
Med Bird 1.5 lbs., non-
specific Run-On
Large Bird Safe
Shutdown
Incr. Med & Large Bird
Reqmts
Large Bird, 20 min. Run-On
A380 A320neo E195-E5 MRJ
B747 DC-9 B727
Increased Regulations due to Industry Study of Bird Populations
AC33-1 Amd 33-10
Amd 33-6
5 min. Run-On Reqmt
Added
Amd 33-20 Amd 33-24
Contains No Technical Data Subject to EAR - ITAR Approved for Public Release
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
ARAC Proposed Enhanced
Core Requirements
A300
A310 A320
B707 B777 B787 CS100/CS300
We Are
Here
High By-Pass Turbofan Engine
Inlet
Spinner
Fan Blade
Intake Airflow
Contains No Technical Data Subject to EAR - ITAR Approved for Public Release
Bird Strike – Typical Fan Blade Damage
Soft Body “Cusps”
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1 - Regulation and Field Data
Review
2 - Computer Modeling /
Design Iterations
3 - Component Testing
4 - Rig / Engine Development
Testing
5 - Certification Testing
6 - Service Experience
Design Process for Bird Strike Mitigation
Contains No Technical Data Subject to EAR - ITAR Approved for Public Release
Computer Modeling Fan blade design is optimized via computer modeling for
bird strike response
Contains No Technical Data Subject to EAR - ITAR Approved for Public Release
Component Testing Fan blades are lab tested at component level to verify computer
model predictions
Top view of jelly bird impacting fan leading edge (above)
Fan blade component test set-up (left)
Contains No Technical Data Subject to EAR - ITAR Approved for Public Release
Component Testing Fan component test – structural model calibration data and
confirmation of fan bird impact response
Jelly Bird
Contains No Technical Data Subject to EAR - ITAR Approved for Public Release
Rig Testing Fan rotor rig test – confirmation of fan bird impact response
Contains No Technical Data Subject to EAR - ITAR Approved for Public Release
Bird Certification Requirements
• Engine ingestion test bird sizes and quantities are established by federal regulations based on engine size (inlet area)
• For large engines
– Four medium flocking birds (2.5 lbs.) with core ingestion
• Bird speed at most critical fan conditions > V1 (takeoff rotation decision speed)
• All birds ingested within one second
• Demonstrate sustained operation at ≥75% take-off thrust
• Provide sufficient power for aircraft ATB/diversion and safe landing
– One large flocking bird (5.5 lbs.) targeted at critical fan location
• Bird Speed is 200 knots (230 MPH)
• Demonstrate sustained operation at ≥50% take-off thrust
• Provide sufficient power for aircraft ATB and safe landing
– One large single bird (8 lbs.) targeted at critical fan location
• Bird speed is 200 knots
• Verify safe engine shutdown
Contains No Technical Data Subject to EAR - ITAR Approved for Public Release
Bird Ingestion Test Setup
Contains No Technical Data Subject to EAR - ITAR Approved for Public Release
5.5 lbs Bird
Cannon
2.5 lbs Bird
Cannons
Bird Ingestion Test – Lights & Cannons
Contains No Technical Data Subject to EAR - ITAR Approved for Public Release
Bird Ingestion Test – Fan Blades & Inlet
Contains No Technical Data Subject to EAR - ITAR Approved for Public Release
Bird Ingestion Test – Birds
Contains No Technical Data Subject to EAR - ITAR Approved for Public Release
Large Bird (8 lbs.) Test
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Examples of Turbofan Continuous Design Improvements
• Shroudless fan airfoils
• Automatic surge recovery logic
• Automatic restart logic
• Improved compressor vane retention designs
• Optimized rain/hail/FOD core rejection geometry
• Reduced fan rotor speeds
Contains No Technical Data Subject to EAR - ITAR Approved for Public Release
Continuous Improvement Results
Contains No Technical Data Subject to EAR - ITAR Approved for Public Release
1.00E-08
1.00E-07
1.00E-06
1.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.00E-03
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Aircraft Bird Strike Trends (4 year rolling avg.)
AIA Aircraft Power Loss Rate (per flight)1
US Aircraft Damaging Strike Rate (per flight)2
US Aircraft Strike Rate (per flight)2
Summary
• Regulations have evolved over time to address the bird ingestion into aircraft engines as the understanding of the threat developed, and continue to evolve as we gain more knowledge about the threat.
• Everyone is doing their part to manage avian threats to all aircraft; regulators, manufacturers, airport operators and wildlife managers.
• Pratt & Whitney is proud of the engine advancements that have been achieved to reduce the threat of bird strikes to aircraft flight.
• Pratt & Whitney continues to work side by side with the industry and regulators to further mitigate the bird strike threat to aviation safety.
Contains No Technical Data Subject to EAR - ITAR Approved for Public Release
QUESTIONS?
Contains No Technical Data Subject to EAR - ITAR Approved for Public Release
Developments in Aircraft
Engine Design for Bird Ingestion
Contains No Technical Data Subject to EAR - ITAR Approved for Public Release
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