David Carruthers
User Group Meeting
Vilnius
March 2013
Developments in ADMS-Urban and
ADMS-Roads including new road
traffic emission factors
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
Contents
• New emissions in ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads 3.1
– Background
– How do the new emission factors compare to the old?
– New EFT v5.1 in ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads
– Modelling NO2 using the EFT factors
• Upcoming model developments
– Urban flows and canyons
– Nesting ADMS-Urban in regional models
– Taking account of time history of emissions within ‘plume’
• Other model enhancements
– Mapper
– Links to Google Earth
– Model speed-up
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
New emissions in ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads 3.1
Background
• UK ‘Emission Factor Toolkit’ factors included in ADMS-Urban
and ADMS-Roads
• Current update to EFT includes:
– NOx emission factors:
• COPERT IV European speed emission curves (year
independent)
• Mileage degradation factors (year dependent)
– PM emission factors:
• Includes exhaust, brake wear, tyre wear and road abrasion
• Still no inclusion of resuspension factors
• New fleet data, with factors for:
– London, England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland
– How applicable are these to the Baltic states?
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
New emissions in ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads 3.1
How do the new emission factors compare to the old?
• Tables taken from the ‘LAQM Support Helpdesk Advice Note
EFT’ http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/review-and-assessment/tools/emissions.html#eft
Urban driving:
• All factors higher
• Diesel LDVs much higher
Motorway driving:
• Diesel LDVs much higher
• Decreases for HDVs
Year
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
Motorcycles
Cars
LGVs
Buses/coaches
HGVs
20
40
60
2010 2015 2020
Petrol carDiesel car
New emissions in ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads 3.1
How do the new emission factors compare to the old?
• Consider emissions for a road with a typical fleet mix, for 2010,
2015, 2020
Typical fleet mix
% c
hange
Increase in NOx &
PM10 estimates
% incre
ase
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
New emissions in ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads 3.1
New EFT v5.1 in ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads
• 4 new emission factor datasets
New datasets: EFT v5.1 (#Vehicle Categories)
EFT v5.1 (2 VC) EFT v5.1 (6 VC) EFT v5.1 (7 VC) EFT v5.1 (8 VC)
Light duty vehicle
Heavy duty vehicle
Car
Diesel car
Petrol car
LGV
Taxi
Motorcycle
HGV
Rigid HGV
Articulated HGV
Bus and coach
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
New emissions in ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads 3.1
New EFT v5.1 in ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads
• Each dataset is categorised by region
• Other changes
New region types
London England Scotland Wales Northern
Ireland
London (central)
London (inner)
London (outer)
Urban
Rural
Motorway
New dataset (EFT v5.1) Old dataset (EFT v4.2)
Year ranges 2008 - 2030 2006 - 2025
Speed range (km/hr) 5 - 140 5 - 120
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
New emissions in ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads 3.1
Modelling NO2 using the EFT factors
• New primary NO2 estimates have been published alongside
the new emission factors (NAEI Data Warehouse – download
spreadsheet and Advice note).
Perc
enta
ge
of
NO
x
tha
t is
N
O2
Primary NO2 – by vehicle type (2015)
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
New emissions in ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads 3.1
Modelling NO2 using the EFT factors
• New primary NO2 estimates have been published alongside
the new emission factors (NAEI Data Warehouse – download
spreadsheet and Advice note).
Perc
enta
ge
of
NO
x
tha
t is
N
O2
Primary NO2 – for all traffic
Year
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
New emissions in ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads 3.1
Modelling NO2 using the EFT factors
• New primary NO2 estimates have been published alongside
the new emission factors (NAEI Data Warehouse – download
spreadsheet and Advice note).
• Section 3.2.1 in the User Guide (p32) gives the steps required
to include primary NO2 emissions in your model run (via
Emissions Inventory database).
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
Upcoming model developments
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
Upcoming model developments
Urban Flows and Canyons
• Improve the modelling of the important physical processes in
urban (and also industrial) environments
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
Upcoming model developments
Urban Flows and Canyons M
od
elle
d N
Ox c
on
ce
ntr
atio
n (
µg
/m3)
Measured NOx concentration (µg/m3)
BRUTAL ADMS-Urban
Queue
ADMS-Urban
PCM CMAQ-urban ERG toolkit
Kerbside
Roadside
Suburban
Urban
Background
500
500 500
500
London Model Inter-comparison Study: Annual Average NOx
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
NO2 ‘pollution roses’ for Marylebone Road 2008:
• Bivariate polar plot of NO2 concentration at Marylebone Road:
– Wind speed on radial axis
– Concentration shown by colour
• Road width 22m, canyon height 20m
• Shows that models predict high concentrations for low wind speeds in all
directions
• Effect of street canyon shown in measured data plot
ADMS
calculated Monitored
Upcoming model developments
Urban Flows and Canyons
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
• OSPM approach
Prevailing wind Uo
Building
height HB
Canyon width L
Wind side Lee side
Building
height HB
Recirculation
region
Upcoming model developments
Urban Flows and Canyons
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
OSPM approach • Well mixed recirculating
region
• No channelling of flow along
canyon
• Flow/turbulence within canyon
has little dependence on
HB and L
• Not possible to consider pavements
or road lanes
• Not formulated for one-sided or
asymmetric canyons
Recirculation
zone
Wind
side
Lee
side
Uo
Upcoming model developments
Urban Flows and Canyons
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
b
ΔUw
θ
g
Uo
Upcoming model developments: Urban Flows and Canyons
Flow through widely separated buildings
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
mean streamline
wakes attach
street 2 street 1
Domain Dm
b
g
ΔV1
θ
Uo
Upcoming model developments: Urban Flows and Canyons
Flows with wake attached to downstream building
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
mean vertical profile
of wind speed
U component in
x direction
Uo
Vm
Um
ΔUm
Uo
Um + ΔUm
z
Upcoming model developments: Urban Flows and Canyons
Flow through closely packed aligned buildings
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
Uo
Velocity profile Turbulence profile
b
g
UH
UC
z/H
z/H
Upcoming model developments: Urban Flows and Canyons
Velocity profiles in and above urban canopy
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
New canyon/urban street model
• Well mixed recirculating region
• Flow/turbulence within canyon has
dependence on height and width;
allows for high aspect ratio
• Can consider pavements and road
lanes
• One-sided/asymmetric canyons
• Channelling of flow along canyon
source
mth
street
m+1th
street
plume
centrelines
g
Upcoming model developments
Urban Flows and Canyons
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
• Dispersion – definition of sources Different sources with weighting depending on porosity, h, g and angle of wind to road.
road in canyon
parallel perpendicular
recirculation ground level source
source at canyon top
volume source at end of canyon
buildings
buildings
pavement
q1 - ground level line source in street with flow parallel to street
q2 - ground level line source along street with flow perpendicular to street
q3 - constant concentration in canyon (recirculating flow)
q4 - ground level line source along street with flow parallel to upstream wind
q5 – elevated line source parallel to street at height of buildings with flow parallel to
upstream wind.
q6 - volume source at end of street with flow parallel to upstream wind
Upcoming model developments
Urban Flows and Canyons
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
Nesting local model (ADMS-Urban) within
regional model: motivation
• Why nest a local model within a regional model?
• What are the advantages of a nested model?
Model feature Model
Regional (eg grid based) Local (eg Gaussian plume)
Domain extent Country (few 1000 km) City (50km)
Meteorology Spatially and temporally
varying from meso scale
models
Usually spatially
homogeneous
Dispersion in low wind
speed conditions
Models stagnated flows
correctly
Limited modelling of
stagnated flows
Deposition and
chemical processes
Reactions over large spatial
and temporal scales
Simplified reactions over
short-time scales
Source resolution Low High
Validity Background receptors Background, roadside and
kerbside receptors
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
O3
NO2 VOC
NO
13 Sep 99 Level one 3:00pm
O3
NO2
NO
VOC
HKUST CMAQ/CAMx Modelling for Hong Kong;
ADMS-Urban to be nested within this
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
Nesting - Example of Preliminary Model results:
NO2 average contours (CMAQ)
CMAQ outer
domain
ADMS-Urban
nested domain
9km
Consistency of
background
concentrations
1km
NO2 µg/m³
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
source
wind
speed, U
U x 1 hour
U x 2 hours
Concentration due to
emissions in current hour
Concentration due to
emissions in previous hour
Upcoming model developments
Emission history 1
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23E
mis
sio
n F
ac
tor
Hour
Weekday
Saturday
Sunday
source
wind
speed, U
U x 1 hour
U x 2 hours
• Central London road
NOx emission factors
• Rapid increase in
emissions at rush
hour
Upcoming model developments
Emission history 2
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
Other model developments
- Impacts of cuttings, embankments, tunnels and flyovers
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
• Improvement to initial mixing height estimate
– Currently 1m for all vehicles and at all speeds
– May have a significant effect on ground level concentrations
– Equal to source height at low speeds
– Related to vehicle height at high speeds due to traffic induced
turbulence
Other model developments
- Improvement to initial mixing height estimate
Slow traffic
speeds
Fast traffic
speeds
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
Other model enhancements
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
• Link to ADMS Mapper
• Currently implemented in ADMS 4/5
– View sources, buildings, specified output points and the output grid
– Add, move, edit and delete sources and specified points
– Define the output grid
– Display concentration contours (plots created independently or
using Surfer or Spatial Analyst)
– Other GIS functionality (for example view background maps, use
measuring tool, modify layer features, display feature names,
export in different formats)
Visualisation I
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
• ADMS Mapper
Visualisation II
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
• ADMS Mapper
Visualisation III
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
Visualisation IV
• Mapper link to Google Earth
• Google Earth visualisation
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
• General speed up in next release due to code improvements;
significant speed up for complex terrain module calculations
• Take advantage of multiprocessor machines:
– Split up model runs: different meteorology, and/or different model
domains
– Managed by Run Manager
Speed up code
ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads User Group Meeting 2012
Summary
• New emissions in ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads 3.1
– Background
– How do the new emission factors compare to the old?
– New EFT v5.1 in ADMS-Urban and ADMS-Roads
– Modelling NO2 using the EFT factors
• Upcoming model developments
– Urban flows and canyons
– Nesting ADMS-Urban in regional models
– Taking account of time history of emissions within ‘plume’
• Other model enhancements
– Mapper
– Links to Google Earth
– Model speed-up
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