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Yun Hee Kang and Ik Kyo Chung*
Marine Research Institute, Pusan National University
*Division of Earth Environment System, Pusan National University
DEVELOPING A SEAWEED SPECIESDEVELOPING A SEAWEED SPECIES--SELECTIONSELECTION
INDEX FOR SUCCESSFUL CULTUREINDEX FOR SUCCESSFUL CULTURE
IN A SEAWEEDIN A SEAWEED--BASED INTEGRATEDBASED INTEGRATED
AQUACULTURE SYSTEMAQUACULTURE SYSTEM
Ik Kyo Chu
ngPusan National Universit Korea
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Planktivores
shellfishfish
brine shrimp
zooplankton
FeedFeed SunSunlightlight
Plankton
microalgaebacteriaprotozoa Macroalgivores
abalonesea urchin
fish
Omnivoresfishsea cucumber
Macrophytes
seaweedaquatic plants
Fed organisms
fishshrimp
Nutrients
dissolved
sludge
Crop 3 Crop 3 ::
ExtractiveExtractiveanimals animals
Crop 2 Crop 2 ::Extractive Extractive
plants plants
Crop 1Crop 1::
fish / shrimp fish / shrimp
Neori and Yarish (2005)
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Background & ObjectBackground & Object
The ability of seaweed to rapidly take up nutrientsfor growth
Grow very well in high nutrient concentration(especially NH4+) as fish farm effluents Use of seaweeds as biofilters Species-selection model to select optimal species for
integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) This model is modified the model of Short et al .
(2002)
To develop a seaweed species-selection indexfor successful culture in IMTA systems
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Parameters for this model
Economic value of seaweed Cultivation and application of IMTA Functional group Ammonium uptake rate
Physiological characteristics literature-based information, reference data, and physiological
seaweed experiments
Species-selection process Step I
Preliminary seaweed-integrated aquaculture suitability index (PSASI)
Step II Seaweed physiological experiments Seaweed-integrated aquaculture suitability index (SASI)
Step III
Calculating the seaweed-integrated aquaculture suitability index score
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Step I :Step I : Identification of potentialIdentification of potential
seaweed species and PSASI I ratingseaweed species and PSASI I rating
Parameter PSASI rating Reference
PSASI IEconomic value 1 for good FAO (2004)
2 for excellent Oh et al. (1990)
Cultivation 1 for field species FAO (2004)2 for candidate species
Seaweed-basedintegrated aquaculture
1 for not applied IMTA Troell et al. (2003)
2 for applied IMTAFunctional group 1 for filamentous or
thick blades andbranches
Littler and Arnold(1982)
2 for thin tubular orsheet like Littler et al. (1983)
Maximal score: 16
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Step II: Physiological characteristics
Seaweed cultivation :Green algae : Enteromorpha sp., Ulva pertusa Red algae : Grateloupia elliptica, Gracilaria incurvata,
Gracilariopsis chorda, Porphyra yezoensis Brown algae : Undaria pinnatifida, Ecklonia cava, Laminaria
japonica, Costaria costata
PSASI II experiment : ammonium uptake by seaweedsSASI experiments :
• Parameters: • NH4
+ removal efficiency, tissue N content,photosynthetic activity and chlorophyll a content forwater temperature treatment
• Conditions :• NH4
+concentration ≤150mM (finfish effluent) / Light12:12h; L:D Temperature 10, 17 and 25˚C (seasonality) /Photosynthetic activity (using Diving-PAM) - maximalrETR and ΔF/Fm’
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Step II :Step II : Identification of potentialIdentification of potential
seaweed species and PSASI II rating.seaweed species and PSASI II rating.
Parameter PSASI rating Reference
PSASI II
NH4+ uptake rate
Vmax 1 for < 100 mmol g-1
DW h-1
Hanisak (1983)
2 for > 100 mmol g-1 DW h-1 Kraemer et al.(2004)
3 for > 200 mmol g-1 DW h-1
Km 1 for < 150 mMLobban & Harrison
(1994)
2 for > 150 mM
Maximal score: 6
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Parameter SASI rating Reference
N content 1 for < mean – 2SD or no data Hernández et al.2 for > mean – 2SD (2002)
Photosynthetic Activity
rETRmax 0 for < mean – 2SD1 for –2SD ~ mean ~ +2SD
2 for ≥≥≥≥ mean + 2SD
∆∆∆∆F/Fm’ 1 for < mean – 2SD2 for > mean – 2SD
Chlorophyll a 1 for < mean – SD Costanzo et al.
2 for ≥≥≥≥ mean – SD (2000)
Step II : The SASI score was calculated by multiplying
the SASI ratings (PSASI I ×××× PSASI II ×××× SASI data)Maximal score: 288
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ResultsResults PSASI I data and ratings:
Seaweed species characteristics suitable for application toIMTA
PSASI II data and ratings: Rates of ammonium uptake for seaweed
SASI data and ratings:
Effects of water temperature on physiological parametersof seaweeds
Optimal species for IMTA are those with SASI ≥≥≥≥16; those with a SASI < 16 would be reject. 10 oC : Porphyra > Ulva > Enteromorpha > Undaria > Gracilaria 17 oC : Ulva > Enteromorpha = Gracilaria > Porphyra > Undaria =
Laminaria
25 oC : Ulva > Enteromorpha
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The water temperature in the system must bemaintained at 10 oC to cultivate Porphyra .
Enteromorpha and Ulva are suitable to IMTAabove 17 oC . A species-selection model is considered to be a
useful means of selecting species applicable toIMTA. To reduce the cost and effort necessary for
sustainable aquaculture
This model provides scientists and practitionerswith a tool for the success of IMTA.
ConclusionsConclusions
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감사합니다감사합니다감사합니다감사합니다감사합니다감사합니다감사합니다감사합니다AcknowledgementsMOMAF & MTLM
Ik Kyo Chung Pusan National University , Korea
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Greenhouse Gas Emissions ReductionGreenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction
Using SeaweedsUsing Seaweeds
KOREAKOREAKOREAKOREAKOREAKOREAKOREAKOREA
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E c o s y s t e
m S er vi c e s
E c o s y s t e
m S er vi c e s
E c o s y s t e
m S er vi c e s
C ar b on c
a p t ur e
M ar i n eB
i oI n d u s t r y
C ar b on c
a p t ur e
C ar b on c
a p t ur e
M ar i n eB
i oI n d u s t r y
M ar i n eB
i oI n d u s t r y
SeaweedSeaweedCDM BeltCDM Belt
KelpKelpForestForest
MarineMarineFarmFarm
Coastal CO2 Removal BeltCoastal COCoastal CO22 Removal BeltRemoval Belt
SinkSinkSink
SEAWEEDSEAWEEDSEAWEED
CO2COCO22
CO2COCO22
CO2COCO22
CO2COCO22
CO2COCO22
CO2COCO22
CO2COCO22
CO2COCO22
CO2COCO22
CO2COCO22
CO2COCO22
CO2COCO22
> 10 ton CO> 10 ton CO22 haha--11··yryr--11
Water &Water &Other NutrientsOther Nutrients
SolarenergySolarSolarenergyenergy
Algal PaperBiofuel
Algal PaperAlgal PaperBiofuelBiofuel
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• Foods/Household Products
Food thickeningagents in ice creams,salad dressings
Algin ingredients insome breads, beers,puddings and more
Seaweed paper
Seaweed extracts insome herbs andvitamins
• Bio-fuel & Paper
• Personal Care Products Algin ingredients in makeup, soap,
toothpaste, and shampoo Seaweeds extracts in facial
masques, massage gels, and bathproducts
• Medicines
Seaweed ingredients in medicinesused to treat tuberculosis,arthritis, colds, influenza and otherinfections
Seaweed-derived agar, asubstance used in the culture ofbacteria and othermicroorganisms
Seaweed-derived agarose inchromatography to purify proteins,DNA, and other substances
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