Department of Plant Pathology
Faculty of Agriculture
ESCA OF GRAPEVINES IN SOUTH AFRICA
Chana-Lee WhiteFrancois Halleen and Lizel Mostert
Presented by Jan Booysen
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What is Esca?
• Affects trunk and arms of older grapevines • Disease complex producing overall
syndrome• 2 distinct diseases
• Wood rot • Brown wood streaking
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History of Esca in South Africa
• Little information on Esca• Few incidences found• Only symptoms observed• Since 2001, Esca diseased vines have
been collected and causal fungi isolated
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In the field…
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Symptoms: Leaves
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Symptoms: Leaves
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Symptoms: Berries
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Symptoms:
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Symptoms: Apoplexy
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Aims and Current Study
• Determine and characterize basidiomycetes involved
• Identify other fungi involved • Botryosphaeriaceae, Phomopsis,
Phaeoacremonium, Phaeomoniella
• Geographical distribution of species
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Isolations
• Farms in the Western and Northern Cape visited
• Isolations • Cultures selected
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Distribution of esca diseased vines
MPUMALANGA
SWAZILAND
EASTERN CAPE
KWAZULU-NATALFREE STATE
LESOTHO
WESTERN CAPE
BOTSWANA
NAMIBIA
NORTHERN CAPE
NORTH WEST
ZIMBABWE
GAUTENG
NORTHERN PROVINCE
MPUMALANGAMPUMALANGA
SWAZILANDSWAZILAND
EASTERN CAPEEASTERN CAPE
KWAZULU-NATALKWAZULU-NATAL
FREE STATEFREE STATE
LESOTHOLESOTHO
WESTERN CAPEWESTERN CAPE
MOZAMBIQUEMOZAMBIQUE
BOTSWANABOTSWANA
NAMIBIANAMIBIA
NORTHERN CAPENORTHERN CAPE
NORTH WESTNORTH WEST
ZIMBABWEZIMBABWE
GAUTENGGAUTENG
LIMPOPOLIMPOPO
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Age of vines sampled
5%
32%
36%
23%
4%
1 - 10 years
11 - 20 years
21 - 30 years
31 - 40 years
40+ years
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Young Esca
• 2-year-old vine from Paarl
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Organisms Involved
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Basidiocarps
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Basidiomycetes characterization
• 140 isolates used • Sequencing of ITS region using ITS1 and
ITS4 • New species identification
Phylogram of ITSHeuristic search1000 bootstrap
FomitiporiFomitiporiaa
InnonotusInnonotus
InocutisInocutis
UnknownUnknown
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Conclusions
• Esca is widespread on grapevines in SA, occurring mostly on grapevines of 10yrs and older
• A species-complex of 7 Basidiomycete species
• Predominant species: Inocutis sp.Fomitiporia sp.
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Outcomes
• Better understanding of Esca in South Africa
• Aid in development of control strategies • Aid in developing early detection tools
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Acknowledgements
• NRF and Winetech for funding• Personnel at ARC-Nietvoorbji for technical
support
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