Deng XiaopingDeng Xiaoping“Deng the Small and Plain”
Kevin R. Sacerdote (except where noted)
Mandarin HS Jacksonville, FL USA
SourcesSources
Deng: A Political Biography
Benjamin Yang, M.E. Sharpe
Publishers (1998)
China and the Legacy of
Deng Xiaoping
Micheal E. Marti,Brassey’s, Inc.
(2002)
Whether a cat is black or white
makes no difference. As
long as it catches mice, it
is a good cat
Deng Xiaoping
But he also backsFree Trade, Not Free People
Deng XiaopingDeng Xiaoping
Born: 1904 Died: 1997 (92) ◦Barley 5’ Tall, 120 Lbs.◦Joined the Communist Revolution in the 1920’s
◦Became the Dominant Leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) He dismantled Maoism (Yang)
1976 The Year of the 1976 The Year of the DragonDragon
January 8th Zhou Enlai Died◦Deng was chosen to give the funeral eulogy◦Mao did not attend Physical and Political Reasons Sent Pine Wreath: “In Memory of Comrade
Zhou Enlai” Mao reduces the role of Deng (semi-purge)
Angry at comments about the Cultural Revolution
Mao promotes Hua Guofeng (Yang, pp. 189-213)
1976 The Year of the 1976 The Year of the DragonDragonApril 7th Politburo announces two directives of Mao◦Removal of Deng from all leadership
(in and out of the CCP)◦BUT: Deng lost his leadership, not
his party membership◦Why is Mao lenient?◦Appoints Hua Guofeng as Premier,
Mao’s heir apparent (Yang, pp. 189-213)
1976 The Year of the 1976 The Year of the DragonDragonSeptember 9th Mao DiesHua Guofeng heads the PolitburoThe Gang of Four Attempt to seize
power◦ Includes Mao’s Wife Jiang Qing (Madame
Mao)◦Arrested Oct. 20th, ◦1 Million March to Cheer ◦Put on trial, guilty, jailed
“Nobody respected Hua as an individual politician, but everybody had to respect him as a legitimate authority” ( Yang, p. 196)
The Gang of Four on TrialThe Gang of Four on Trial
Gang of Four On TrialGang of Four On Trial
The most celebrated defendant is Jiang Qing, 67, the widow of Mao Tse-tung
The Gang of Four, led Mao's reckless and violent Cultural Revolution from 1966 to 1976
They were arrested four years ago, shortly after Mao's death in 1976
Deng had been critical of the Cultural Rev. & the Gang of Four
20,000-word indictment
http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924552,00.html#ixzz1MR7HFRkm
Gang of Four Out of the Gang of Four Out of the WayWay
They were sentence to death, Later commuted to long-term
imprisonmentAfter a period of political
indoctrination Jian Qing was released in 1991 and died soon after ◦some reports say she committed
suicide
Prior to Mao’s Death: Prior to Mao’s Death: Deng Falls Out of his Favor Deng Falls Out of his Favor TwiceTwice Deng Xiaoping & Liu Shaoqi (Died in Deng Xiaoping & Liu Shaoqi (Died in Prison)Prison)
Dengs’ “Re-educationDengs’ “Re-education(s)(s)” ” (Labeled a “Capitalist Roader”)(Labeled a “Capitalist Roader”)
First time: Oct.. 20, 1969 – Feb. 20, 1973◦Sent to Jiangxi Province, allowed to stay in
CCP◦Lived in a two story building◦Half an hour’s walk from the tractor-repair
facility Both he and his wife worked mornings there
Deng Wrote Mao Several Times for Forgiveness◦Deng Pufang (His Eldest Son allowed back
to a Hospital) (Yang, 167-173)
Deng’s Second Deng’s Second Banishment Banishment
April 1976 until July 1977Allowed to stay in BeijingFully “REHABILITATED” by the
Party’s 11th Congress ◦Dec. 18-22, 1978◦Cultural Revolution was denounced◦Party turns on Hua Guofeng’s powers
are reduced◦Turning Point for Deng: “Democracy
Wall” (Yang, p. 200-205)
◦Hu Yaobang made Party Secretary
China: China: Mao Mao
& Deng & Deng
•Mao Zedong VS Deng Xiaoping?•Is the China that emerged in the 1990s the type of China that Mao Zedong had envisioned and worked toward?
•To what extent did Deng Xiaoping’s policies and crackdowns change China?
•How are communism and capitalism existing side by side in China today?
www.sanjuan.edu/.../files/china%20under%20deng%20-%20economic.ppt
Background to Deng Background to Deng XiaopingXiaoping
Participated in the Long March with MaoRose to power in the CCP as the general secretaryViews on economics differed from Mao
◦ Mao = egalitarian, Deng = focused on economic development
During the failure of the Great Leap Forward, Deng suggested allowing privatization of farms to increase food production (Lenin’s NEP?)
Survives all of Mao’s purges ◦ Deng utilized free market to revive the economy from GLF◦ Back to politics in 1973 with the help of Zhou Enlai
1978 becomes the Chairman of the PLA (People’s Liberation Army) – key to controlling China◦ He is 74 years old at the time!!!
““De-Maoization”De-Maoization”Against the Cultural Revolution – 1979 declared a major setback
Four Modernizations :industry, agriculture, science and technology, and national defence
Deng’s policies more practical and responsive to the economic times
Willing to alter communist ideologies for what’s best for the country
Deng Xiao Ping’s Deng Xiao Ping’s SuccessesSuccessesEducation:Tries to reverse the “un-education” of
the Cultural Revolution ◦ encourages studying abroad◦ intellectuals sent to the farms during the
Cultural Revolution, Hundred Flowers and Great Leap Forward were allowed to reunite with their families
Promotes learning in universities and scientific research
*He studied in France in his 20s
Deng Xiao Ping’s Deng Xiao Ping’s SuccessesSuccessesEconomicsFarmers were allowed to produce
more food on their own initiativePrivate ownership is allowedBorrowed from foreign states to boost
infrastructure (failure?)1979 Special Economic Zones
instead of borrowing money◦ First four cities Shenzen, Zhuhai, Shantou,
Xiamen near HK and Taiwan were given administrative independence and legal freedom to conduct foreign trade
An “open door policy” announced 1979◦Four “Special Economic Zones” were created to open regions to foreign investment and partnerships Markets rather than central direction
SEZs LocationsSEZs Locations
Guangdong Province Fujian Province Hainan Province Hunchun Pudong Development Zone (Shanghai)
Southeast China
Special Economic ZonesSpecial Economic ZonesSpecial tax incentive for foreign
investment in the SEZs Greater independence is provided
for International trade activities Products are primarily export
oriented Market driven economic activity Attracts and utilizes foreign capital Means to China’s booming
manufacturing industry flowing through these zones
DENG WAS THE FIRST DENG WAS THE FIRST COMMUNIST LEADER COMMUNIST LEADER TO VISIT THE USA TO VISIT THE USA (1979)(1979)
Deng Xiaoping’s SuccessesDeng Xiaoping’s Successes
1984 successful negotiation to return Hong Kong to the Chinese
Agreed that HK would be returned to China in assurance that it would keep its economic and social systems
Leads to mass emigration (a lot to Richmond) in fears of the changeover – 80’s and 90’s
HK acts like a SEZ Instead of China bringing down HK, it seems that the
success in HK has become a model for China to follow
Deng Xiao Ping’s Deng Xiao Ping’s SuccessesSuccessesTenure was abolished and many
made way for more qualified people to take government positions
1984 revives China to a point that it is self sufficient on food
1984 successful negotiation to return Hong Kong to the Chinese
Mao re-unified China, Deng pushed its economy forward
Success or Failure?Success or Failure?One Child Policy 19791980 China has 1 billion peopleBegan as a temporary measure but
lasts to today and will continue (reassessment in 2010)
Has been limited to urban populations
Fines, pressures to abort a pregnancy, and forced sterilization accompanied second or subsequent pregnancies
Effects of One Child PolicyEffects of One Child PolicyCaused a disdain for female babies
◦ abortion, neglect, abandonment, and even infanticide
114 males for every 100 females (world average is 105:100)
“Little Emperor Syndrome” of spoiled only children
Estimated to have lowered the population by 300 million
80’s generation now of childbearing age and are allowed to have two per couple (if you don’t have siblings)
Deng Xiao Ping’s failuresDeng Xiao Ping’s failuresContinued to purge any threats to the
CCP – 1978 and 1986 puts down democratic demonstrations
No protests (Tiananmen Square)1979 border war with Vietnam1979 failure to revive a relationship
with RussiaDidn’t want years of revolution to go
to waste – therefore continued to push for dictatorship, not democracy
Tiananmen Square Tiananmen Square Massacre 1989Massacre 1989Leaders of the 1986
demonstration were painted as hooligans and were misleading other students
Hu Yaobing (General Secretary) had been tolerant of student demonstrations and dies in 1989
Students gather to mourn Hu’s death
““To Get Rich is Glorious”To Get Rich is Glorious”—attributed to Deng—attributed to Deng
Economic Reforms◦“Socialism and a market economy are
not incompatible”◦Opening to international trade and
investment◦Export-led growth◦Introduction of profit motive◦Special Economic Zones
“Socialism with Chinese Characteristics” or Capitalism in a Globalized Era?
Billboard in Shenzhen Billboard in Shenzhen Special Economic Zone (SEZ)Special Economic Zone (SEZ)
An Economic MiracleAn Economic MiracleChina’s economy has grown at about 8%
yearly per person for the last 30 years—about a tenfold increase in output per person.
By some measures, China now has the second-largest economy in the world.
When Deng became leader, over half China’s population was poor by global standard. Now the figure stands at 10% or less.
At the same time, there are about 28 Chinese billionaires as of 2010
The Reforms of Deng The Reforms of Deng XiaopingXiaopingHow Will History Judge His Reforms?
Toward a Consumer Toward a Consumer SocietySociety
1925 Pond’s Cream Ad
1991 Ad—same Product
Deng XiaopingDeng Xiaoping“Deng the Small and Plain”
Kevin R. Sacerdote (except where noted)
Mandarin HS Jacksonville, FL USA
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