SHRIRAM INSTITUTE FOR INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH19, UNIVERSITY ROAD, DELHI-110 007
Dr. R. K. KHANDAL
DIRECTOR
NANOSCIENCE TO NANOTECHNOLOGY: SCOPE, OPPORTUNITIES & CHALLENGES
Scope of nanotechnology Definition Domain Process Dimensions Features
Opportunities of nanotechnology Industries Health Care Colorants Organic & Inorganic materials Biomaterials
Challenges of nanotechnology Process technology Manufacture Disposal
Path Forward
OUTLINE
Nanomaterials:
Materials consisting of particles of the size of nanometer
Volume = Surface area x thickness
For a given volume:
Surface area Thickness
More atoms at surface than in the interior
Extraordinary activity
SCOPE: DEFINITION
SCOPE : DOMAIN
Keywords Domain
Particle size Distribution in the continuous phase
Modification of surfaces Interfacial tension
Surfaces Interfaces
Rising volume fraction Homogeneity of phases
of dispersing phase Domain of Nanotechnology: Multi-phase
systems Liquid : Liquid Solid : Liquid
Surfaces and interfaces involving different phases
Gas : Liquid
Gas : Solid
Systems Process
Emulsion Macro Micro
Dispersion Coarse Fine
Solution Colloid
SCOPE: PROCESS
A process to create a continuous dispersed phase as fine as possible for homogeneity with the dispersing phase
(Liquid / Liquid; Gas/Liquid)
(Solid / Liquid)
(Solid / Liquid; Liquid/Liquid)Solubilization
SCOPE : DIMENSIONS
What Happens Dimensions
Particle size More from less
Surface area Enhanced coverage
Activity Novel products
Efficiency Improved performanceper unit mass
Maximum possible benefits from minimum possible inputs
Effecting changes through and at atomic scale
SCOPE: FEATURES SIZE- DEPENDENT PROPERTIES
As the scale goes down, the activity rises mainly due to the lowering distances at which the inter-particle interactions occur leading to evolution of energy
ExtremelyHigh
Emulsion
High surface energy, Non-homogeneous unstable
Thermodynamically
Irreversible
System Scale Activity RemarksMixtures >micrometer Low
Suspension
Dispersion
micrometer Medium Kinetically stable
unstableMicroemulsionSolubilised
nanometer ModeratelyHigh stability probable
Thermodynamic
Macromolecular angstrom High
MolecularAtomic
Very High
Nuclear
Spontaneous
atomic
sub-atomic
Thermodynamically stable
Basis for new materials
Source of energy
NANOSCIENCE TO NANOTECHNOLOGY“MACRO TO NANO”
MATERIALS
Copper
Macro
PROPERTIES Nano
Opaque
Transparent
Platinum Catalyst
Aluminium Stable Combustible
Inert
Gold Inert Catalyst
Unique properties at the nanoscale motivates the exploitation of nanomaterials
OPPORTUNITIES: NANOTECHNOLOGY
N
A
N
O
S
C
I
E
N
C
E
Carbon
Nanotube
Nanowire
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Carbon nanotube on plastics
Array of Carbon nanotube-devices
TiO2
Sunscreens
CoatingsNano-TiO2
OPPORTUNITIES: NANOMATERIALS FOR INDUSTRIES
NANOPARTICLE
Electronics
Multiuse
Chemical Industries
Defence
OpticsCosmetics
Medical/Biology
Solar Cells Sensors
Electrocatalysis
Photocatalysis
For any application, nanotechnology is a blend of the science of physics, chemistry and biology.
Field of optics has seen a lot success with nanotechnology; coatings and drug delivery systems are an upcoming field now.
OPPORTUNITIES: NANOMATERIALS FOR HEALTH CARE
Drug Delivery
Nanobots
Nanoimplants
OPPORTUNITIES: NANOCOLORANTS
ORGANIC DYE
INORGANIC PARTICLES
Paints & Coatings Nanocomposites
GlassTextiles
Nanopigments
13
OPPORTUNITIES: ORGANIC NANOMATERIALS
Problem
• Carotenoides form coarse crystals that are
– insoluble in water
– sensitive to light and air
Solution
• Formation of nanoscaled micronizates
• Stabilization by properly selected protective colloid
ββ-Carotene-Carotene Protective colloidProtective colloid
Nanoparticles, water dispersibleNanoparticles, water dispersible
250 nm250 nm250 nm250 nm
14
OPPORTUNITIES: INORGANIC NANOMATERIALS
OPPORTUNITIES: NANOBIOMATERIALS
Bones
Cartilage
Teeth
Targeted drug delivery
DELIVERABLES & CHALLENGES
Nanoencapsulation of drugs & their delivery
Homogeneous blending
Non-agglomerated dispersions
AREAS
Biosensors
Health care
Nanocolorants
Automobiles
Deliverables
NANOTECHNOLOGY Challenges
Uniform spreadability
Targetted drug delivery & Controlled drug release
Enhanced sensitivity
Greater strength & durability
Fabrication
Cosmetics Better UV protection
Stability & dispersion
Electronics Enhanced performance
Electromagnetic behaviour
Process of making Nanomaterials
Process steps Inputs
Macro
Micro
Nano
CHALLENGES: PROCESS TECHNOLOGY
Challenge: To have a process that can convert macro materials into nano materials spontaneously & with minimum efforts
Energy
Bulk
Sugar cube
Nano
Dissolved sugar/salt
Bulk
Salt
Output
Manufacturing Nanomaterials
CHALLENGE: MANUFACTURE
Input
Process
Output
Suitable Raw materials
Technology
Material for desired application
Challenges : • Identification and selection of suitable raw materials• Scale up of process of making nanomaterials
CHALLENGE:DISPOSAL OF NANOMATERIALS
Nanomaterials are supposed to be hyperactive materials
In contact with living systems, they are expected to react
Cannot be disposed off like other materials
Challenges : Disposal ways Understanding of Toxicity Complete dossier of their degradability,
etc. without any effect on the environment
POTENTIAL MARKET FOR NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanoscience Nanotechnology
FUTURE OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
Structuresizes
2040 year1960 1980 20200.1 nm
0.1 µm
0.1 mm
Nano
Micro
Macro
Integrateduse of
biological principles,physical laws
and chemical know-howComplex chemistry
Electrical engin.
Electronics
Micro-electronics
Material design
Supramolecularchemistry
Quantum effectsCell biology
Molecularbiology Functional
molecule design
Applicationsof
nano- technology
bottom up bottom up
top down
top down
Chemistry
Coatings,cleaning agents,
composite materials,textiles,
cosmetics,displays
Physics
Biology
2000
THANK YOU
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