Cytokines are soluble mediators (small proteins) of innate and adaptive immunity and the mechanisms by which leukocytes communicate with
one another.
Key Cytokines Produced by Innate Immune Responses
1) IL-1 - macrophages, epithelial cells
2) IL-6 - macrophages, endothelial cells (also T cells)
3) IL-12 - macrophages, dendritic cells
4) TNF- - macrophages, NK cells (also T cells)
5) IFN- - dendritic cells, virally infected cells
6) IFN- - virally infected cells
The release of TNF- by macrophages induces local protective effects, but TNF- can have damaging effects when released systemically (septic shock).
Abbas Figure 11-5
Key Cytokines Produced by T Cells
1) IL-2 - CD8+, naïve and Th1 CD4+ cells
2) IFN - CD8+, Th1 CD4+
3) TNF- - CD8+, Th1 and some Th2 CD4+
4) IL-4 - Th2 CD4+
5) IL-10 - Th2 CD4+
See also Table 11-4
Cytokine receptors belong to families of receptor proteins, each with a distinctive structure (See also Abbas Figure 11-3A).
Cytokine receptor function is regulated by expression of the subunits - the IL-2R story
See also Abbas Figure 11-11
Class I and Class II cytokine receptors signal by a rapid pathway using receptor-associated kinases to activate specific transcription factors.
Abbas Box 11-2
JAK-Janus kinase
STAT-signal transducer and activator of transcription
Chemokines are a family of proteins of similar structure that bind to chemokine receptors, members of a large family of G protein-coupled receptors.
CXCL8
Rhodopsin bound to ligand retinal (structure predicted to be similar to chemokine receptor)
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