Cryptocurrencies
Campbell R. HarveyDuke University and NBER
January 21, 2018
Innovation and Cryptoventures
Campbell R. Harvey 2018 2
Blockchain Opportunities
3Campbell R. Harvey 2018http://www.slideshare.net/RedChip/btcs‐201507
Long History of Digital Currency
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Long History of Digital Currency
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Paypal started in 1998 as a software security company for handheld devices
Disruption 101
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Disruption 101
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1. Money transfer network is $500 billion per year2. Average fee=10%. Bitcoin 0.01%*3. Potential of $50b per year in hands of consumers4. “Western Union and Moneygram will be the Kodaks of this
decade”, Barry Silbert
See: http://www.mauldineconomics.com/lg/bitcoin
*Currently higher due to congestion. Lightning Network promises much lower fees.
Campbell R. Harvey 2018
Disruption 101
8Campbell R. Harvey 2018https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018‐01‐12/kodak‐ceo‐plans‐to‐seize‐blockchain‐moment‐and‐win‐over‐skeptics
Cryptocurrency: Coins vs. Tokens
• A coin has its own blockchain• A token is associated with an existing blockchain. For example, ERC20 is the token standard that is associated with the Ethereum blockchain.
• Initial offerings:– ICO = Initial Coin Offering– ITO = Initial Token Offering
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https://theethereum.wiki/w/index.php/ERC20_Token_Standard
Cryptocurrency: Coins vs. Tokens
• Coinmarketcap.com lists 895 coins and 549 tokens
• Almost all the tokens associated with Ethereum blockchain. Largest is EOS
10Campbell R. Harvey 2018https://coinmarketcap.com/tokens/views/all/
https://eos.io/
Cryptocurrency: Diversity
Many variations• Method: Proof of Work, Proof of Stake,
– There are even variations within Proof of Work, for example the PoW is different for Bitcoin and Ethereum;
– Primecoin uses bitwin and Cunningham prime chains, e.g., Cunningham (double plus one) 2, 5, 11, 23, 47 [not 95 because not prime]
• Block size and speed of approval of transactions• Transparency and anonymity• Ability to handle smart contracts
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https://theethereum.wiki/w/index.php/ERC20_Token_Standard
An Overview: Public Blockchains
Let’s initially focus on one of the first applications of blockchain: Bitcoin1. Peer to peer network2. Triple entry accounting with common ledger that everyone shares
called the blockchain3. Introduces a protocol (rules for validating transactions) on the
blockchain. Trust not required.4. Unit of account: bitcoin a cryptocurrency
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An Overview: Public Blockchains
The history of all transactions contained in ledger called the bitcoin blockchain• White paper October 2008. Genesis block January 3, 2009. • The miners solve computationally intensive problems to ensure the security of the bitcoin blockchain – the security is unprecedented.
• Reward is currently 12.5 BTC and is cut in half every four years. Reward ends (cap on money supply) May 7, 2140. Total supply will be 21 million.
• Miners also collect transaction fees. The plan is that these transaction fees will be enough compensation and no new bitcoin will be needed.
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An Overview: Public Blockchains
Bitcoin blockchain• Blocks added about every 10 minutes. Difficulty (roughly the number of leading zeros in winning hash) is adjusted as additional computing comes on to the network. Note Ethereum block time is about 15 seconds.
• Stack code is Turing incomplete. This means that do loops are not possible. This limits the ability of Bitcoin blockchain to do smart contracts. In contrast, Ethereum is Turing complete.
• Bitcoin blockchain about 150gb
14Campbell R. Harvey 2018https://blockchain.info/charts/blocks‐size https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_completeness
An Overview: Public Blockchains
There are significant barriers to entry to understanding bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies• These barriers to entry provide an opportunity for us that we will explore in this
course
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Solution
Any new product has to answer two questions:1. What problem does this solve?2. Is the problem economically important?
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Solution
Consumers• Transact without worrying about security practices of every merchant; no need for bank account; enables microtransactions; enables transfers of funds with minimal fees; worldwide use; ability to choose from full transparency to anonymity; immune to inflation;
17Material drawn from Jameson Lopp, The Multifaceted Nature of Bitcoin
Campbell R. Harvey 2018
Solution
Merchants• Saves on merchant transactions fees; gives customers an alternative way to transact; saves on need for security infrastructure; impossible to counterfeit; perfect transparency of all transactions
• Example, Gasoline sales in US about $500 billion in 2015 means $17.5 billion in credit card fees (assuming 50% of payments by credit card)
18Material drawn from Jameson Lopp, The Multifaceted Nature of Bitcoin
Campbell R. Harvey 2018
Solution
Family• Send remittances at minimal cost around the world
19Material drawn from Jameson Lopp, The Multifaceted Nature of Bitcoin
Campbell R. Harvey 2018
Solution
People in risky countries• Provides an alternative method to transact when a country is hit with hyperinflation
20Campbell R. Harvey 2018http://krieger.jhu.edu/iae/economics/Venezuela_Enters_the_Record_Book.pdf
Solution
People in less developed countries• Enables electronic transactions in areas that are not served by banks; also possible to save and store value; microtransactions
• You do not need a bank account. There are 2 billion unbanked persons.
21Material drawn from Jameson Lopp, The Multifaceted Nature of Bitcoin
Campbell R. Harvey 2018
SolutionVenture Capital: Blockchain2009 ‐ 2011: $0 2012: $2.13M 2013: $95.05M 2014: $361.53M2015: $490.48M2016: $601.15M*2017: $554.45M**Surge in Internal VC as companies make large internal investments
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http://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin‐venture‐capital/
Solution
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Overstock’s t0 is first to transact stock on a blockchain
However, they spent more than $5 million in legal fees dealing with SEC and FINRA.
https://www.wired.com/2016/12/overstock‐com‐issues‐stock‐via‐bitcoin‐blockchain/
Solution
Blockchain and beyond• New way to verify ownership• New applications to financial instruments• New ways to codify contracts, smart contracts (“if”, “then” statements)
• Internet of Things• Mesh networks/decentralized storage• Supply chains• New way to vote
24Material drawn from Jameson Lopp, The Multifaceted Nature of Bitcoin
Campbell R. Harvey 2018
One Main Challenge is Lack of Understanding
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President Obama at SXSW:“everybody’s walking around with a Swiss bank account in their pocket.”
This is a fundamental misperception.
http://fortune.com/2016/03/15/apple‐iphone‐swiss‐bank/ Campbell R. Harvey 2018
One Main Challenge is Lack of Understanding
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President Obama, at SXSW:“everybody’s walking around with a Swiss bank account in their pocket.”
This is more accurate!
http://fortune.com/2016/03/15/apple‐iphone‐swiss‐bank/ Campbell R. Harvey 2018
Challenges
1. Cryptocurrencies are mainly used for criminal activity.2. A lack of security plagues all cryptocurrencies.3. Bubble because no fundamental value.4. Mining is a waste of energy.5. Cryptocurrencies are too small today to be an important economic
force.6. Cryptocurrencies are currently too risky to serve as a store of value.7. The concentration in holdings perpetuates economic inequality.8. Cryptocurrencies are just another currency.
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Cryptocurrencies: Cryptocurrencies mainly used for criminal activity
• Silk Road: Amazon of black market – priced in bitcoin
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Cryptocurrencies: …are mainly used for criminal activity
• Silk Road: Amazon of black market – priced in bitcoin
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Cryptocurrencies:
Issues with cash – crime and tax evasion.
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* https://www.federalreserve.gov/paymentsystems/coin_currcircvalue.htm
Campbell R. Harvey 2018
79% in $100 bills
Cryptocurrencies:
Issues with cash – crime and tax evasion.• November 8, 2016 India scraps 85% of its currency (1000 and 500 rupee notes)
• Not the first time they have done this (1946, 1978)
31Campbell R. Harvey 2018http://www.wsj.com/articles/indias‐demonetization‐debacle‐1481851086
Cryptocurrencies:
Issues with cash – crime and tax evasion.• November 8, 2016 India scraps 85% of its currency (1000 and 500 rupee notes)
• Not the first time they have done this (1946, 1978)
32Campbell R. Harvey 2018http://www.wsj.com/articles/indias‐demonetization‐debacle‐1481851086
Raghuram Rajan, Former RBI Governor, at the AEA/AFA Joint Luncheon, January 5, 2018
Cryptocurrencies:
Issues with cash – crime and tax evasion.• December 15, 2016 Venezuela scraps 100 bolivar bill
33Campbell R. Harvey 2018http://www.wsj.com/articles/venezuelans‐protest‐over‐worthless‐cash‐1481935897
Cryptocurrencies:
• Calls for digitizing $100 and $50 bills – but do you prevent perfect counterfeiting?
• Answer: Use a blockchain
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Cryptocurrencies: A lack of security plagues cryptocurrencies• Mt. Gox
– On February 24, 2014, the site shut down with 850,000 bitcoins “missing”– Bitstamp closes (temporarily) January 4, 2015
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Cryptocurrencies: A lack of security plagues cryptocurrencies
• But Mt. Gox was a third party.• With any new technology, there will be good companies entering and bad companies entering.
• Bitstamp experience was different
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Cryptocurrencies: A lack of security plagues cryptocurrencies
• Actually, it is the opposite. There is a historically unprecedented amount of security for bitcoin
• The hash rate is not out of control. It is a result of the incentive structure and it makes the bitcoin blockchain more secure.
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Dr. Sarah Meiklejohn, UCL“The hash rate is out of control” (November 11, 2016)
Cryptocurrencies: A lack of security plagues cryptocurrencies
• Not all cryptocurrencies are the same• Bitcoin has the strongest blockchain• Securities determined by hashing power for Proof of Work blockchains
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The current hash rate of Bitcoin is 13 billion gigahashes per second. https://blockchain.info/charts/hash‐rate
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Cryptocurrencies: Mining is a waste of energy
• People perceived mining as a waste of energy• Bitcoin mining farms locating in areas with underutilized energy such as Iceland
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Cryptocurrencies: Mining is a waste of energy
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Cryptocurrencies: Mining is a waste of energy
• Mining ensures that the blockchain is secure
• It eliminates the possibility of a breach such as Target losing 40 million credit cards.
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Cryptocurrencies: Cryptocurrencies are too small today to be an important economic force
• Bitcoin is very small
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The $10bn birth of the trusted deletion industryIzabella Kaminska | Jul 31 17:47 | 6 comments |Share
Nobody has been more annoyed by Alibaba’s potential upcoming valuation of Snapchat at $10bn than the Bitcoin community, since its own “world changing” technology currently has a market value of no more than $7bn.* [UPDATE: $500 billion]
Campbell R. Harvey 2018
Cryptocurrencies: Cryptocurrencies are too small today to be an important economic force
• Currently running about $1.5T annualized trade volume (on chain) See: https://blockchain.info/charts/estimated‐transaction‐volume‐usd
• Global credit card volume running about $10T• Bitcoin can currently handle 7 transactions per second whereas Visa can handle 50,000
• But what counts is not necessarily the size today .. but the size tomorrow. The next layer (L2) is ready to go, called Lightning Network.
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https://www.nilsonreport.com/upload/issues/1109_6392.pdf Also see https://www.worldpaymentsreport.com/download
Campbell R. Harvey 2018
Cryptocurrencies: Cryptocurrencies are currently too risky to serve as a store of value
• Bitcoin as a transaction method will not be viable until the volatility is decreased. Currently, it fails as a store of value.
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BTC S&P500 Gold USD
Annualized Volatility Comparisons
2011‐2017 2014‐2017
BTC S&P500 Gold USD
2011‐2017 100.0% 13.5% 16.3% 7.5%
2014‐2017 73.8% 12.1% 13.6% 8.0%
Cryptocurrencies: Cryptocurrencies are currently too risky to serve as a store of value
• Holding for one week: 95% confidence interval is– Bitcoin: +/‐ 25%[from 2011]; S&P500 is ‐4.3% to +4.3%
• Worst S&P daily return since 1957 is Oct. 19, 1987 at ‐20.47%– Over last 6 years, bitcoin has had 8 days with less than ‐20.47% return
• Second worst daily return since 1957 is Oct 15, 2008 at ‐9.03% – Over last 6 years, bitcoin has had 67 days with less than ‐9.03% return (15 alone in 2017 and 2018).
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Cryptocurrencies: Bitcoin is currently too risky to serve as a store of value
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Innovation & CryptoventuresFirst offered!
Cryptocurrencies: Bitcoin is currently too risky to serve as a store of value
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Daily BTC=BTSP 1/19/2016 - 3/2/2018 (GMT)BarOHLC, BTC=BTSP, Trade Price1/23/2018, 10,810.00, 10,994.56, 9,927.54, 10,330.00, -478.99, (-4.43%)
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Cryptocurrencies: Bitcoin is currently too risky to serve as a store of value
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Annualized bitcoin return volatility (1 year moving window)
Illiquidity causing high volatility story not supported by data over the past two years
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Cryptocurrencies: Bitcoin is currently too risky to serve as a store of value
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Annualized bitcoin return volatility (90‐day moving window)
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Cryptocurrencies: Cryptocurrencies are currently too risky to serve as a store of value
• But volatility is only one dimension of risk – do cryptocurrencies provide hedging benefits?
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No correlation with S&P or Gold
Cryptocurrencies: Cryptocurrencies are currently too risky to serve as a store of value
• But volatility is only one dimension of risk – do cryptocurrencies provide hedging benefits?
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No correlation with S&P or Gold
Cryptocurrencies: Concentration: 0.01% own nearly 40% of bitcoin
52Campbell R. Harvey 2018https://bitinfocharts.com/top‐100‐richest‐bitcoin‐addresses.html
Cryptocurrencies: Bitcoin is just another currency
Ajay Banga, CEO Mastercard• “The world is not short of currencies, so what is this currency solving for?” February 17, 2014
Fuqua Tech Conference, November 2017
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Cryptocurrencies: Trading
Purposes of money:Primary• Unit of Account: A way to compare the value of various goods and services• Medium of Exchange: Allows for non‐barter transactions.
Secondary• Store of Value: Allows value to be retained – even if partially – rather than
complete decay (e.g. storing food). • Transfer of Value: Ease of transfer of value and to defer value.
Original vision of bitcoin was for a technology that would make transactions more efficient (the transfer of value motive)
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Cryptocurrencies: Trading
Three ways to obtain an existing cryptocurrency• Win a block. • Receive a gift or be paid for goods or services• Buy on an exchange
– Currently 109 exchanges that trade bitcoin
You can also obtain cryptocurrency through an Initial Coin Offering (ICO). New currency can also be obtained via a hard fork.
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Cryptocurrencies: Trading
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https://www.coinhills.com/market/exchange/rank‐for/btc/
Cryptocurrencies: Trading
Beware of exchanges• Largely unregulated. This is the reason that the SEC has blocked the formation of ETFs based on “physical bitcoin”
• Exchange often holds your keys and they pool all the keys – acting like a bank
• The advantage is that transactions can happen on the exchange in an “off chain” way. This is what Coinbase.com does. Their exchange is GDAX
• The exchanges are a centralizing force*
57Campbell R. Harvey 2018*In the future, exchanges may become more distributed. An atomic swap is a cross chain transaction.https://www.cryptocompare.com/coins/guides/what‐are‐atomic‐swaps/
Cryptocurrencies: Trading
Beware of exchanges: Bitfinex• Approximately 10% of all bitcoin trading; registered in BVI• History of multiple hacks: May 2015 1,500 BTC stolen; 2016 119,756 BTC stolen – customers forced to take a 36% haircut on deposits;
• Bitfinex does not use fiat currency wire transfers – it uses a cryptocurrency called Tether (USDT)
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Cryptocurrencies: Trading
Beware of exchanges: Bitfinex• Tether is supposedly backed 1:1 with USD; capitalization is $1.6 billion
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Cryptocurrencies: Trading
Beware of exchanges: Bitfinex• Tether hacked in November 2017 for $30 million.• Once you have a tether, the value is stable and you can use that on many different exchanges to quickly trade (wire transfers could take days)
• If you receive a tether, one dollar is deposited in your vault
60Campbell R. Harvey 2018https://www.coindesk.com/tether‐claims‐30‐million‐stable‐token‐stolen‐attacker/
Cryptocurrencies: Trading
Beware of exchanges: Bitfinex• Supply of tether has increased dramatically
61Campbell R. Harvey 2018https://qz.com/1149772/the‐murky‐relationship‐between‐bitfinex‐and‐tether‐is‐raising‐suspicions/
Cryptocurrencies: Trading
Beware of exchanges: Bitfinex• Tether based in British Virgin Islands• How do we know that the dollar deposits match the outstanding tether?
• November 21, 2017 Nathaniel Popper of NYT breaks story that Bitfinex and Tether are operated by the same people. This was revealed in the Paradise Papers. Why is this an issue?
62Campbell R. Harvey 2018https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/21/technology/bitcoin‐bitfinex‐tether.html
Cryptocurrencies: Trading
Beware of exchanges: Bitfinex• First, Bitfinex was not transparent about its relationship with Tether• Second, read the fine print for tether
63Campbell R. Harvey 2018https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/21/technology/bitcoin‐bitfinex‐tether.html
Cryptocurrencies: Trading
Beware of exchanges: Bitfinex• Third, if not fully collateralized, it is possible that Bitfinex is creating money that could artificially increase the price of cryptocurrencies like bitcoin. “Bitfinex appears to be creating Tether coins out of thin air and then using them to buy Bitcoin and push the price up.”
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https://tether.to/wp‐content/uploads/2017/09/Final‐Tether‐Consulting‐Report‐9‐15‐17_Redacted.pdf
Cryptocurrencies: Trading
Beware of exchanges: Bitconnect• Begins in January 2017• Launches with Bitconnect Coin (BCC). You needed to send bitcoin to the exchange and they would convert it to BCC
• With the BCC, you were guaranteed “up to 120% return per year” and users were earning interest by holding their coin for “helping maintain the security of the network”
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https://cointelegraph.com/news/bitconnect‐ponzi‐scheme‐no‐sympathy‐from‐crypto‐community
Cryptocurrencies: Trading
Beware of exchanges: Bitconnect
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Cryptocurrencies: Trading
Beware of exchanges: Bitconnect
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Coin rises to $437.31
Cryptocurrencies: Trading
Beware of exchanges: Bitconnect
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Coin rises to $437.31
Cryptocurrencies: Trading
Beware of exchanges: Bitconnect
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Social media campaign attacks Bitconnect
Cryptocurrencies: Trading
Beware of exchanges: Bitconnect
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Blows up January 17, 2018
https://twitter.com/3PSboyd/status/954140748135383040
Cryptocurrencies: Trading
Beware of exchanges: Bitconnect• January 17, 2018 exchange closes following warnings from Texas and North Carolina regulators. Drops 87%.
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https://cointelegraph.com/news/bitconnect‐closes‐virtually‐its‐entire‐operation‐bcc‐token‐drops‐87
Cryptocurrencies: Trading
Beware of exchanges: Bitconnect
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Current price = $18
Cryptocurrencies: Trading
Beware of exchanges: Bitconnect
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https://bitconnect.co/system‐news/95/bitconnect‐update‐regarding‐the‐changes‐to‐lending‐and‐exchange‐functions/
Cryptocurrencies: Trading
Beware of exchanges: Bitconnect
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https://bitconnect.co/system‐news/95/bitconnect‐update‐regarding‐the‐changes‐to‐lending‐and‐exchange‐functions/
Cryptocurrencies: Trading
Beware of exchanges: Bitconnect
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https://youtu.be/kbR1SXIje1U
Cryptocurrencies: Trading
Beware of exchanges: Bitconnect
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https://www.reddit.com/r/Bitconnect/
Cryptocurrencies: Trading
Not all tokens associated with exchanges are fraudulent.• Supports about 50 coins• Extremely low fees
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https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/Comparison_of_exchanges
Cryptocurrencies: Valuation
Very challenging• Most assets valuations are fairly narrow• For example, to value the stock you need a forecast of future cash flows and a sense of the risk (discount rate). There could be disagreement – but the range of disagreement is usually narrow
• For fiat currency (which is closer to cryptos given there is no official collateral), we usually look at the relative expected real GDP growth in two countries and the relative expected inflation. Again, there is disagreement but range is narrow.
• For cryptocurrency, the disagreement is extreme. Many believe the value is zero. Others might believe the value is $1 million.
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Cryptocurrencies: Valuation
Many “theories”• Scarcity. The idea is that just because something is scarce it must have value. Bitcoin can be thought of as algorithmic scarcity (given the supply of bitcoin is capped at 21 million). To me, this theory only makes sense if there is a usefulness for the asset.
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Cryptocurrencies: Valuation
Many “theories”• Quantity theory of money. It is claimed that “There is a fixed supply of tokens. As demand for the token increases, so must the price”. However, this is problematic because it ignores the velocity.
• The key equation is MV=PQ. Let PQ be Total Transaction Volume. SoAverage Network Value = (Total Transaction Value)/Velocity.
However, velocity is very high with cryptocurrencies. This high velocity means that the Average Network Value should be small.
80Campbell R. Harvey 2018https://multicoin.capital/2017/12/08/understanding‐token‐velocity/
Cryptocurrencies: Valuation
Many “theories”• Replacement for Gold. Many similarities to gold:
– No centralized supply– Costly to mine– World currency
• Also, there are some advantages to cryptos:– Easy to transport– Cheap to store– Not susceptible to a supply shock
• However, gold has direct usefulness (jewelry, technology, dental)81Campbell R. Harvey 2018
Cryptocurrencies: Valuation
Many “theories”• Mining cost benefit equilibrium. This mixes some of the other theories. The idea is that people will not mine bitcoin unless it is profitable to do so. So the cost of the marginal miner is the floor for coin price.
• If price drops, then mining decreases as it is not worth buying a mining machine and paying the electrical cost
• However, in contrast to gold, decreases in hash power simply cause the difficulty to decrease (it does not impact the coinbase supply)
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Cryptocurrencies: Valuation
Many “theories”• Bubble mentality. A bubble is an asset that has value because people believe that it has value.
• Large speculative demand for cryptocurrencies is typical of bubble behavior.
• “As investors join the bandwagon, they create their own truth – for a while.” Warren Buffett
• Important. Bursting of a bubble does not necessarily take you to zero. Consider history of bubbles like the housing bubble, tech bubble, …
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Cryptocurrencies: Valuation
Many “theories”• Relative value. The idea is that you fit a regression model to the price of the crypto versus other cryptos.
• The model delivers a fitted price. If the fitted price is greater than the market price, then the crypto is relatively “under valued”
• The key word is relative. It is possible that both are over valued or both are undervalued
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Cryptocurrencies: National
Central bankers have finally come to the realization that they must create their own cryptocurrencies, like Fedcoin. It is obvious that “paper” money will be a historical relic – in the near future. The advantages of a crypto are substantial:• Technology makes it far more difficult for criminal activity. 79% of all US
currency is held in $100 bills – yet the average person does not carry a $100 bill nor do retailers accept them.
• Crypto eliminates counterfeiting.• Crypto allows for the efficient collection of taxes. You eliminate the “I prefer
to take cash” tax evasion. It is also straightforward to implement both a Value Added Tax (VAT) and a Border Adjustment Tax (BAT). Efficient implementation of these types of taxes combined with the decrease in evasion, would make it possible to substantially cut income and corporate taxes.
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Cryptocurrencies: National
Central bank cryptocurrency:• Crypto allows for many people that are unbanked to become banked.
There are two billion unbanked in the world and, as a result, they have trouble accessing the modern world such as internet transactions.
• Crypto eliminates all of the costs associated with printing, distributing and securing, paper currency.
• Crypto allows monetary authorities to implement negative interest rates. Today, negative rates are hard to implement because why would anyone buy a bond with a negative interest rate when you can hold paper cash with a 0% interest rate.
• Crypto retains all of the flexibility of the current system such as central banks deciding how much currency needs to be “printed”.
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Cryptocurrencies: National
Central bank cryptocurrency:• Sweden http://www.newsbtc.com/2017/10/16/sweden‐cryptocurrency‐technology‐cashless/
• Canada https://www.coindesk.com/bank‐canada‐demos‐blockchain‐based‐digital‐dollar/
• India https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/another‐experiment‐with‐currency‐rbi‐is‐looking‐at‐its‐own‐bitcoin/articleshow/60710700.cms
• Singapore http://www.trustnodes.com/2017/10/08/phase‐two‐tokenizing‐singaporean‐dollar‐ethereum‐blockchain‐completed‐monetary‐authority‐singapore
• Israel http://mashable.com/2017/12/27/israel‐cryptocurrency/#rhDwvLfMuOqn
• China https://futurism.com/china‐becomes‐first‐countrchina‐becomes‐first‐country‐in‐the‐world‐to‐test‐a‐national‐cryptocurrencyy‐to‐test‐national‐cryptocurrency/
• Russia https://www.coindesk.com/official‐russia‐to‐introduce‐cryptocurrency‐regulation‐bill‐next‐week/
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Cryptocurrencies: Digitization of Other Assets
In principle, any asset can be tokenized• RMG is a collaboration between the Royal Mint Group and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange
• Each RMG is backed by one gram of gold held in the Royal Mint’s vault
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Cryptocurrencies: Digitization of Other Assets
In principle, any asset can be tokenized• RMG has the volatility of gold (about 15% per annum)• Direct competitor to an ETF – fees are lower for RMG• Ability to hold very small quantities and use gold to pay for regular transactions
• Why not consider other assets? https://dinardirham.com/blog/overview‐commodity‐backed‐blockchain‐assets/
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Cryptocurrencies: Education
• Challenges: Nobel Laureate #1
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DECEMBER 28, 2013, 2:35 PM
Bitcoin Is EvilCampbell R. Harvey 2018
Cryptocurrencies: Education
• Challenges: Nobel Laureate #2
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Speaking of mind‐bending, economics professor Cam Harvey of Duke University did a presentation this afternoon on the blockchain, which is the foundation of Bitcoin. I have been friends with Cam for many years, but it has been an online friendship. He was the first to do research and analysis of the inverted yield curve, and I’ve learned a great deal from talking and writing with him.
Cam came over when the day session finished, and we began to talk about some aspects of blockchaintechnology. Harry Markowitz, the Nobel Prize laureate who created Modern Portfolio Theory, walked over; and after a few minutes he began to challenge Cam on the mathematical impossibility of what he thought Cam was talking about. It was fascinating watching these two genius professors talk about math and ideas, and eventually Harry got a handle on the process Cam was describing.
But I will confess a small pleasure at watching one of the greatest mathematical economists of our time wrestle with the concept of the blockchain. I have to tell you it took me a while to get my head around the concept, too, and it took Harry only five minutes.
Cryptocurrencies: Education
• It is important for educators to open the black box and to show students and the general public how blockchains work
92Campbell R. Harvey 2018
Campbell R. Harvey 201893
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