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PreliminaryConsiderations
Jurisdiction
Q:Indeterminingthejurisdictionofthecourtswhatmustyoubear
inmind?
A:Onlyonething:IMPRISONMENTPENALTY.
Q:WhenwilltheRegionalTrialCourthavejurisdiction?
A:Offenses with animprisonment penalty that exceeds 6 years,
regardlesstotheattachedaccessorypenaltiesandfines.
Q: Whenwill theMunicipal Trial Court, Municipal Circuit Trial
Court,orMetropolitanTrialCourt havejurisdiction?
A: Those offenses not exceeding 6 years for its penalty. Again,
regardlessofthefinesandaccessorypenaltiesattachedtoit.
Q: Dowe need to distinguish if the offense was committed in
ManilaoroutsideManila,oroutsideofManilainacharteredcity,
todeterminethejurisdictionofacourt?
A:Wedonotneedtodistinguish .
Q: When do you need to distinguish the place of
commission?
A:Itisonlyforthe institutionoftheaction,whichisfoundinRule110,Sec1.
Q:Whatifthepenaltyispurelyafine?Whatisthejurisdictionof
thecourts?
A:YouwillhavetoremembertheamountofP4,000.00.
1) For fines exceeding P4,000.00 The RTC hasjurisdiction
2) Forfines notexceedingP4,000.00 TheMTC,MCTC,MunTChasjurisdiction
Q:WhatdoesitmeanwhenitsaidthatVENUEisJURISDICTIONAL?
A: This means that the place where the crime was committed
determines not only the venue of the action but is also an
essentialrequisiteofjurisdiction. ManuelIcipv.People(2007)
Q:Incriminalcases,wherecanyouinstitutetheaction?
A:Intheplacewherethecrimewascommitted.
Q:IfthestabbinghappenedinPasig,wheredoyoufilean
actionagainsttheoffender?
A:InPasigandnotinanyotherplace
Q:IfthecrimehappenedinMandaluyong,buttheaction
wasinstitutedinQuezonCity,buttheaccusedkeptquiet
aboutthefiling.Doesthecourthavejurisdictionoverthe
case?
A:No.Venueisjurisdictional
Q:Whatconfersjurisdictionoverthecourts?
A:TheLAW.Withoutthelawtoconferjurisdiction,thecourtsare
withoutauthoritytohear,decide,andtryanycase.
Q:Whatdeterminesthejurisdictionofthecourts?
A:Theallegations inthe complaintorinformation.Butitcannot
conferjurisdictiontothecourtsbecauseonlytheLawcanconfer
jurisdiction.
Q:Howisjurisdictionacquiredoverthepersonoftheaccused?
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A:Intwoways:
1) ByArrest2) ByVoluntarySurrender
Q:TheRTCcansitasaSPECIALAGRARIANCOURT.Inwhichcase,
allcriminaloffensesunderRA No. 6657 are within itsfunctions.
Violationsofsucharetobeinstitutedwhere?
A:TheRTCsittingasaSpecialAgrarianCourt
Q:Canwetransferthevenueofatrial?
A: The venue is subject to the approvalof the Supreme Court,
whichcantransferthevenueofthetrial.
Q:Doesthisgoagainstthatvenueisjurisdictional?
A: No. The Constitution gives the SC the POWER to allow the
transferoftrialtoanothervenue ifthelivesofthewitnesseswillbe
endangered. Thus applied in the case of the Maguindanao
Massacre.
Q: Why was the Maguindanao Massacre trial transferred to
QuezonCityandnotMaguindanao?
A:IntheinterestofjusticeallowedbytheSC.
Q: The crimewascommitted inMaguindanao,but the trialwas
heldinQC.Isthisvalid?A:Yes.But ifwe follow the ruleson jurisdictionis basedon the
venue,thetrialmustbeinMaguindanao.Thatiswhythe inquest
proceedingswereheldthere(inMaguindanao).Itstickstotherule.
ThusthefilingofthecomplaintwasmadeinMaguindanao.Only
thevenueofthetrialwastransferred.
JurisdictionoftheSandiganbayan
Q:Whatdoyoucallthecounselwherethereisnoprivateoffended
party?
A:TheSpecialProsecutor
Q:ThejurisdictionoftheSBrestswhen?
A:Whentheoffenderisapublicofficerwhoisatleastwithinthe
Salary Grade 27 and the act was committed in relation to his
office.Peoplev.Sandiganbayan(2005).
Q:Are the only offenses falling within the jurisdictionof the SB
only thosein violationoftheAntiGraft and Corruption Law?Or
bribery?Isthejurisdictionlimitedtothesecrimes?
A: No. There can offenses like murder, rape, etc. Lacson v.
ExecutiveSecretary,Alarillav.SB.
Q:Whenwillotheroffensesbeincludedinthejurisdictionofthe
SB?
A:Whenthecrimewascommittedinrelationtohisofficeinwhich
that the crime would have notbeen committedif without the
office.
Q:Is the contention ofLacson in the famous Kuratong Baleleng
Casethattheywerenotprincipalsinthecrime,whichwouldnot
letthemfallunderthejurisdictionoftheSandiganbayantenable?
A:Foras longasyouhaveasalarygradeof27or higheryouareincluded, regardless if you are a principal, accomplice, or an
accessorytothecrime.
Q:CanprivateindividualsbeunderthejurisdictionoftheSB?
A:Yes.Republicv.CAthroughtheDPWHv.CA(2003).
Q:CanastudentregentbeundertheSB?
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A: Yes. Under the express provision of the law it states that
directorsof universitiesare subject tothe jurisdictionofthe SB.
Sec4(a)(1)(g)ofPD1606saysthatSBhasvestedjurisdictionover
Presidents, Directors or Trustees or Managers of GOCCs, StateUniversitiesoreducationalinstitutionsorfoundations.Sirenav.
SB(2008)
Q:Isonenotreceivinganycompensationfortheworkheisdoing
regardedasapublicofficial?
A:Yes.Thelawdoesnotmakeanydistinction.Sirenav.SB
Q:Whereoneofthecoaccusedisunderthesalarygrade27but
theotherishigher,doesSBhavejurisdiction?Evenifthepetitioner
MayorsaysheisnotwithinthejurisdictionoftheSB.
A:Yes.Esquivelv.Ombudsman
Q:AreallmunicipalmayorsundertheSB?
A:Yes.Binayv.SB
Q:WhichcourtcanissueaHoldDepartureOrder?
A:Itislimitedonlyto2nd
LEVELCOURTS(RTC).Mondejarv.Buban
Q:WheredoyougofromadecisionfromtheCourtofAppeals?
A:TotheSupremeCourtonapetitionforreviewoncertiorari .
Q:CantheCAissueadecisionenbanc?
A:No.Onlyondivisionsof3
Q:Awrongmodeofappealwillnotletorgivethecourtwhat?
A:Appellatejurisdiction.
Ombudsman
Q:Canthespecialprosecutoramendaninformation?
A:No.
Q:Isthedismissalofacriminalcasecarrywithitadismissalofthe
administrativecase?
A:No.Apublicofficercouldbecivillyliableifbyreasonofhisact
thegovernmentorsomeoneelsesuffereddamages.Hecouldbe
civilly,criminally,andadministrativelyliable.Tecsonv.SB
Q:WhatisthepoweroftheOmbudsman?
A: It was granted more than the usual powers given to
prosecutors. It was vested with the power to investigate
complaints against public office or public officers on its own
initiative.DOJv.Liwag(2005)
Q:DoyouneedaformalcomplaintfortheOmbudsman?
A:No.TheOBcaninvestigatewithoutaformalcomplaint.
Q: Can it inquire into acts of government agencies and public
servantsbasedonreportsinthemediaandthose,whichcometo
itsattentionthroughsourcesotherthanacomplaint?
A: Yes. Generallythe OB can perform functionsof a prosecutor
thatistoinvestigate,buttheprosecutorcannotinitiatethisonhis
own.
Q: A prosecutor can only act without a complaint in what
occasions?
A:Whentheaccusediscaughtinflagrantedelictoandincasesof
hotpursuit.
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Q:Shouldapublicofficerbecommittinganactin relationtohis
officefortheOBtohavejurisdiction?
A:No.AllthattheOBrequiresisanymalfeasanceormisfeasance
ofapublicofficer.
Q:IstheOBacourt?
A:No.Itisaninvestigativebody .
Q:Whichhas primaryjurisdictiontoinvestigatecasescognizable
intheSBtotheexclusionoftheDOJ?
A: TheOmbudsman hasprimary jurisdiction that gives himthe
powerto interfere atany stage ofthe proceeding. The DOJhas
generaljurisdictiontoconductpreliminaryinvestigationsofcases
involving violations of the RPC. The general jurisdiction cannot
diminishtheplenarypowerandprimaryjurisdictionoftheOBto
investigatecomplaintsspecificallydirectedagainstpublicofficers.
Q: Is the Officeof the Special Prosecutor the same level as the
OfficeoftheOmbudsman?
A: No. It ismerely a component thereof. Thus hemay only act
under the supervision and control of the OB. It cannot
superimposebeingundertheOfficeoftheOB.Lazatinv.Desierto
Q: Does the power to prosecute carry with it the power to
authorizethefilingoftheinformation?A: Yes, and that is the power of the OB, which has not been
delegatedtotheSpecialProsecutor.Perezv.SB
Q: In administrative cases where the OB imposes penalties of
public censure, reprimand, or suspension of not more than 1
month,wheredoyougo?
A: Nowhere. The decision of the OB is unappealable and
immediatelyexecutory.
Q:SowheredoyougofromadecisionfromtheOBnotincludingtheonesstatedabove?
A:PetitionforReviewonRule43.Butiftaintedwithgrave
abuseofdiscretion,totheSConapetitionforcertiorari
Q:Areallprosecutorsincasesinvolvingpublicofficialsdeputized
bytheOB?
A:Yes.SesbrenovAlugog
Q: Where will the resolutions of the prosecutors duly
deputizedbytheOBagainstpublicofficersbesubmitted?
A: To a provincial or city prosecutor. But it can still be
reviewed by a deputy OB of the area in which it was
submitted.
Q:IstherecommendationoftheDeputyOBfinal?
A:No.ItissubjecttoreviewoftheOB.
Q:CantheOBdismissacaseoutright?
A:Yes.Ongroundsofpalpablemerits.Thishighlightsthepowerof
theOB.PresidentialAdHocFactFindingCommitteev.Desierto
Q:Who has directcontrol and supervision of the decisions and
resolutionsoftheprosecutors?
A:TheSecretaryofJustice.Punzalanv.delaPena
Q:CantheOBprosecutewithinthejurisdictionofRegularCourts?
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A:Yes.Itis not excluded.Thepowersgivenby the Legislativeto
the OB is very broad and as stated earlier, over all acts of
malfeasance,misfeasance,ornonfeasance.
Q:WhorepresentsthePeopleintheSCandtheCA?
A:TheSolicitorGeneralandnottheProsecutor.
oOo
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Rule110
Venue
Q:If the crime iscommitted inthe City ofManila, orany other
charteredcity,wherewillyoufile?
A:TheOfficeof theProsecutor, regardless ofthe gravity ofthe
offense.
Q: If the crime is only suchas likeoral defamation, slander by
deed, etc. which do not require a preliminary investigation,
shoulditstillbefiledwiththeOfficeoftheProsecutor?
A:Yes,aslongasthecrimewascommittedwithinthechartered
city. The Prosecutor does not necessarily have to conduct a
PreliminaryInvestigation.
Q: If thecrimewas committedoutside a chartered city, dowe
need to distinguish if the crime requires a preliminary
investigation?
A:Yes,weneedtodistinguish.
Q: Can a Municipal Trial Court Judge conduct a preliminary
investigation?
A:No.AsofAugust2005,Rule112,Sec.2,isnolongerincludedin
theRulesofCourt.WhichrefersastowhocanconductPreliminaryInvestigations.
Q: Can aMetropolitan Trial Court Judge conduct a preliminary
investigation?
A:No, becauseMetropolitanTrialCourtJudges are stationedin
chartered cities. To repeat, where do you filewhen a crime is
committedincharteredcities?OfficeoftheProsecutor.
Q:Whatkindofoffensesrequirespreliminaryinvestigation?
A:Crimeswithapenaltyofatleast4years,2months,and1day.
Q:Ifthecrimeofhomicidewerecommittedintheprovince,where
wouldyoufile?CanyoufilewiththeMunTCjudge?
A: No. The MunTC judge has no longer authority to conduct
preliminary investigation (penalty of homicide requires prelim.
investigation).Youshouldfilewiththeprovincialprosecutororthe
publicprosecutorintheprovincialoffice .
Q: What if the crime committed has the penalty lower than 4
years,2months,and1daycommittedintheprovince?Wheredo
youfile?CanyoudirectlyfilewiththeMunTC?Canyoufilebefore
theOfficeoftheProsecutor?
A:Yes,youcanfiledirectlybeforetheMunTCbecausethecrime
doesntneedapreliminaryinvestigation.
Andyes,youcanalsofilebeforetheOfficeoftheProsecutor,since
thereisnothingstoppingyoufromdoingso.
Q:Statethe2waysinwhichyoucaninstituteCriminalActionifthe
crime doesnt need preliminary investigation and committed
outsidethecharteredcities.
A: 1.GototheMunTCjudgeonadirectfiling
2. GototheOfficeoftheProsecutor
Prescription
Q:Whenwilltheprescriptiveperiodofcrimesbeconsideredtolled
orinterrupted?
A:IncrimesfallingundertheRPC, filingbeforetheOfficeofthe
Prosecutorisenoughtointerruptprescription.
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In crimes under special laws, Act 3326 says that prescription is
tolledwiththefilingincourt.
Q: In a BP 22 violation, does the filing with the Office of theProsecutorinterrupttheprescriptiveperiodoftheoffense?
A: Yes. Thefiling with the Officeofthe Prosecutorsignifiedthe
commencement of the proceedings for the prosecution of the
accused.Panaguitonv.DOJ.
Q: Is prescriptionof offenses involving violationsof the Revised
SecuritiesActinterruptedbythefilingbeforetheSEC?
A:InvestigationsbytheSECequatestoa preliminaryinvestigation
conductedby theDOJ incriminal cases.Thus validlyinterrupting
prescription.SECv.Interport.
ControlandSupervisionofaProsecutor
Q:WhatdoesRule110,Sec5define?
A:Thepowerandcontrolofthepublicprosecutor.
Q:Whohascontrolovertheprosecutionofacriminalcase?
A:ThePublicProsecutor
Q:Can the publicprosecutor stop the private prosecutor atany
pointofthetrial?A:Yes,becauseheisincontroloftheconductofthecriminalcase.
Q:WhatarethedutiesofthePublicProsecutor?
A: 1)Canconductpreliminaryinvestigation
2)Isinchargeorwillhavecontrolovertheprosecutionof
thecase.
3)Can conduct inquestproceedings, ifauthorizedbythe
cityorprovincialprosecutor.
Q:Isthepowerofthepublicprosecutorabsolute?A:No.
Q:Howcanthedecisionsofthepublicprosecutorbequestioned?
A:ByfilingapetitionforreviewintheDOJ.Chuav.Padillo.
Q:CanthedecisionsoftheDOJbereviewedbytheCourt
ofAppeals?
A:Yes.UnderRule65.
Q:CanthedecisionsoftheDOJbeelevated totheOfficeof the
President?
A: Yes. In a Circular passed by Corazon Aquino,
decisions/resolutionsbytheDOJmaybeelevatedtotheOfficeof
the President if the penalty for the offense is: death, reculsion
perpetua,orlife.
Q: Can aprivate prosecutorproceed with the trialwithout the
presenceofthepublicprosecutor?
A:No.Ifthepublicprosecutorisabsent,reset.
Q: When can the private prosecutor push thru with the trialwithoutthepublicprosecutor?
A:HemustobtainacertificationfromtheChiefoftheProsecution
Office or the Regional State Prosecutor or the Regional
Prosecutor.
Q:Ifaprivateprosecutorfailstoobtainsuchcertification,whatare
theconsequences?
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A:Thecasewouldberescheduled.
Q:Isntthisaviolationoftherighttoaspeedytrial?
A:Rule119.
Intervention
Q:IsthereasectioninRule110thatdealswith intervention?
A:Rule110,Sec16statesthatWhenaprivateprosecutorenters
hisappearanceforthecivilliabilityoftheoffendedparty,thatis
theconceptofINTERVENTIONinacriminalcase.
Q:CanyoufileamotionforinterventiondirectlytotheCAorthe
SC?
A:Yes,subjecttothediscretionoftheappellatecourt.
*Q:Isthereanyruleonfilingwiththeappellatecourts?
A:No.YouwillhavetoseekLEAVEOFCOURTforthismatter.
Q:Canyoufileamotionforinterventionforcivilcases?
A:Yes.Rule19
Q:Whencanyouintervene?
A:At any time before the renditionof the judgment inthe trial
court.
InstitutionofAction
Q:Cantheoffendedpartyinstituteanaction?
A:Yes.
Q:Canapoliceofficerinstituteanaction?
A:Yes.Justaslongasitisapublicoffense.
Q:Whatifitisaprivateoffense?
A:Onlytheoffendedpartymayinstituteanaction.
Q:Israpeaprivateoffense?
A:No.Apoliceofficermayinstitutetheaction.
Q:Howaboutadulteryandconcubinage?
A:Onlytheoffendedparty.
Q:Doyouneedtoimpleadthepartner?
A:Yes.Aslongashe/sheisal ive.
Q: In seduction, abduction, and acts of lasciviousness, who can
institutetheaction?
A: The offended party, parents, grandparents (successive and
exclusivelist)
Q:Canaminorinstituteanaction?
A:Yes
Q:Whatiftheminorisincapacitated?
A:Thestatemayinstitutetheactionfortheminor.
SufficiencyofInformation
Q:Wherecanwefindtherulesonsufficiencyofinformation?
A: Rule 110, Sec 6. (Salvador: If I were you, MEMORIZE this
provision. Sec 712 are sections simply discussing what was
enumeratedinSec6.)
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Q:Whatisthefirstrequirement?
A:Nameoftheaccused.
Q:If theaccusednameisnotknown?A:Anappellationor nicknamewouldsuffice. A fictitious
nameandastatementthathisnameisnotknownwould
alsosuffice.
DateofCommission
Q:Isitenoughthatthedateofcommissionis,Sometimeinthe
monthofAprilof1998?
A:Yes.
Q:OnoraboutMay1998?
A:Yes.
Q:Onorabout2004?
A: No. The possibilities are so huge. There should be some
limitation.
Q:ShouldtheexactdateofthecommissionofthecrimeofRape
beallegedintheinformation?
A: No. Because itis not amaterial element of the offense. It
requiresonlyanapproximation.
RemediesofInsufficientInformation
Q:Whatisyourremedyforaninsufficientinformation?
A: 1)AMotionforBillofParticulars.Thisisonlyforacademic
purposesbecauseinpractice,whywouldyouaskforthis
andteachtheopposinglawyerwhattodo?
2) A Motion to Quash for information that does not
purporttoanoffenseorthattheinformationisdefective.
Q: Do you need to allege aggravating and qualifyingcircumstances?
A:Yes.Evengenericaggravatingshouldbealleged.
Q:Whileallegingtheaggravatingandqualifyingcircumstances,do
youneedtousetheexactwordingofthelaw?
A:No. Causewhatdetermines the real nature and cause ofthe
accusationagainsttheaccusedistheactualrecitaloffactsstated
intheinformationandnotthecaptionorpreamble.Nombreciav.
People.
Q:Doyouneedtodesignatethelawviolated?
A:Notall.Ifthereisnodesignationbystatute,youdonotneedto
designateone.
Q: Is it absolutely indispensible to include the name of the
offendedparty?
A:It is not absolutely indispensiblebecause there are crimes in
whichdo not need toidentifytheoffended party.Citing Sec 12,
whichis a crimeagainst propertyand the offendedpartyis not
known, the property should be properly described. Eduardo
Ricarsev.CA
Q: Do you need to put the exact address where the crime was
committed?
A:No.Anapproximationorastatementwascommittedwithinthe
jurisdictionofacitywouldsufficeunlesstheplaceof commissionis
amaterialelementofthecommissionoftheoffense.(Violationof
Domicile,TrespasstoDwelling,Arson,etc.)
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Q:WhatdoesRule100,Sec9talkabout?
A:Thecauseofaccusation
Q:Whatistherequirementofthelaw?
A:Forthepurposeoftheunderstandingoftheaccused,itshould
bemadetolanguagethatiscomprehensiblebytheaccused.
Q:Cantheaccusedthatisabsentbearraigned?
A:No.He shouldbepresent especiallyduringthereadingof the
information.
DuplicityofOffenses
Q:Canwejoinoffensesinoneinformation?
A:No.TheGeneralRuleisthatforeveryoffense,thereshouldbea
separateinformationfiled.Theexceptionhoweveristhatasingle
punishmentforvariousoffenses,likeforexampleacomplexcrime.
Q: Can a court validly render a judgment if one information
containedmorethanoneoffense,notacomplexcrime?
A:Rule120,Sec3:Forasmanyoffensesasthereareifcontainedin
oneinformation and therewasno objection on thepart of the
accused,eachoftheoffenseestablishedandprovencanbetaken
againsttheaccused.
Q:Whatistheequivalentontheruleofduplicityofoffensesincivil
procedure?Canyoujoindifferentoffensesinoneinformation?
A:Generallyno.
Q:Canyoujoincausesofactioninonecomplaint?
A:Yes.Rule2,Sec5.Itiscalledjoinderofcausesofaction.
Q:Whatare the rules inwhichyoumayfile asmany causesof
actionasyouhave?
A: 1)Youcannotjointhosecoveredbyspecialrules.Exampleof which are: Adoption of sum of money, Petition for
certiorari and specific performance, Special proceedings
andcivilactions.
2)Multipleparties, you have tolookat Rule 3,Sec6. If
there is one partyonone side, it should arise from the
sametransactionorseriesoftransactions.
3) Incivi lcases, thereis thetotalityrule. Itisthesumofall
claims. Ifallof the claimsareclaims for sumsofmoney,
youcanjointhem.
Amendments
Q:Whatareyourreferencepoints?
A:Incriminalcases:plea.Incivilcases:answer.
Q:Whencanyouamendincivilcases?
A:Incivilcases,beforetheanswer,that isamatter ofright,but
afteranswer,itiswithleaveofcourt.(Subjecttothediscretionof
thecourt)
Q:Incriminalcases?A: Before the plea, you can amend both matter of form and
substance, as long as it would not prejudice the rights of the
accused.Aftertheplea ,onlyastoform.
Q:Whatistheruleonwhetheritisasubstantialamendmentofa
formalamendment?
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A: Substantial Amendment consists of the recital of facts
constituting the offense charged and determinative of the
jurisdiction of the court. All other matters are matters of form.
Ricarsev.CA.
Q:FormalAmendments:
A: 1)Newallegationwhichrelateonlytotherangeofpenalty
that the court might impose in the course of the
conviction.
2)Anamendmentwhichdoesnotchargeanotheroffense
differentordistinctfromthatchargeintheoriginalone.
3) Additional allegations which do not alter the
prosecutionstheoryandwillnotsurprisetheaccused.
4) An amendment which does not adversely affect any
substantialrightoftheaccused
5) An amendment that merely adds specifications to
eliminatevaguenessoftheinformation
Q:Canthecourtorderanamendmentwithoutamotiontoamend
inacriminalcase?
A:Instanceswherethecourtcanorderanamendment:
1) Ifthereis aMotiontoQuashonthegroundthattheinformation does not constitute an offense or is
defective.Rule117statesthatincasethecourtshould
dismiss the case, could order an amendment. Onlywhenfailuretoamendthenshouldbedismissed.
Q: In civil cases,what are the instances where the court could
amend?
A:
1) Upon a motion for Bill of Particulars. Instead ofdenying or granting such, the court could order an
amendment.
2) WhenyoufileaMotiontoDismissunderSec16.Exclusion
Q:Whatisexclusion?
A:Itmeanstoexcludeanaccused,evenbeforeanaccusedpleas.
Thisisdonewiththeconsentoftheoffendedpartyandwithleave
ofcourt
Q:WhenshouldaMotiontoExcludebeallowed?
A:Beforetheplea.
Q:Arethereotherthingsthatyouhavetofilebeforetheplea?
A: Yes. A Motion to downgrade the offense. (From Murder to
Homicide,FromRobberytoTheft,etc.)
Q:Dischargedoftheaccusedfromtheinformationanddischarge
asastatewitness,distinguished.
A:Dischargeoftheaccusedfromtheinformationisexclusion.
Q:Willdoublejeopardyattachtoapersonexcluded?
A:No.For double jeopardyto attach thereshouldbea courtofcompetent jurisdiction,complaintor information, validplea,and
there must be a conviction, acquittal, or dismissal without the
expressconsentoftheaccused.
Q:But whenwetalk ofdischarge and assuming thereis a valid
discharge,willdoublejeopardyattach?
A:Yes.
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Q:WhataretherequisitesfromtheDischargeoftheaccusedfrom
theWitnessProtectionProgram.
A:1)nodirectevidence
2)absolutenecessityoftheevidence
3)couldbecorroboratedinitsmaterialpoints
4)accusedappearstobenotthemostguilty
5) havent been convicted of a crime involving moral
turpitude.
Q:Cantherebemorethanonestatewitness?
A:Yes.
Q:Aretherequisitesthesame?
A:Yes.TheyarethesameunderRule119andundertheWitness
ProtectionProgram.Althoughtheydifferintheprocedure.
Q: What is the procedure for discharge under the Witness
ProtectionProgram?
A: It is filed before plea, that is applied to the DOJ which is
reviewedby the Secretary ofJusticeandendorsed tothecityor
provincialprosecutor.
SubstitutionofInformation
Q:Whencantheprosecutionconductasubstitution?
A:Whentheprosecutionfindsthatitwouldnotbeabletoconvict
or to cause the convictionof the accused, the prosecution can
causethesubstitutionofinformation.
oOo
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Rule111
Q: What are the exceptions to the rule that civil action is
simultaneouslyinstitutedwiththecriminalaction?A:
1. Unlessitisreservedforaseparatefiling.2. Waived.3. Institutedaheadofthecriminalcase.
Q:Whencanyoureserve?
A: You can reserve AT ANY TIME before the prosecution
commenceswiththepresentationofitsevidence.
Q: Can you file a crossclaim, counterclaim, or a thirdparty
complaintinacriminalcase?
A:No.TheSCruledthatyoucannotconsolidatecasesinvolvingthe
Sandigabayan and the action to recover an amount of money.
CauseSandiganbayanhasno jurisdictionover thesum ofmoney
and allowing it to recover would amount in allowing a counter
claimandacrossclaiminacriminalcase.DPWHv,CA(2003).
Q:Do you need filingfees for damagesclaimed or alleged in a
criminalcase?
A:Except for actualdamages, you are requiredto pay for filing
feesformoral,exemplary,nominalandtemperatedamages.
Q:IncasesunderBP22,areyourequiredtopayfilingfees?
A:Yes.
Q:Evenfilingfeesforactualdamages?
A:Yes!Youarerequiredtopayfilingfeesforallkindsofdamages
(exemplary,nominal,temperate,actual,andliquidated).ForBP22
cases,allmustbepaid.
Q: Does BP 22 cases fall under ordinary criminal procedure or
undertheruleofsummaryprocedure?
A:SummaryProcedure.
Q: What is the difference in claiming to be under the rule of
summaryprocedurethanbeinginanordinarycriminalprocedure.
A:Forinsummaryprocedure,thereisnodirectexaminationbut
onlycrossexaminationofjudicialaffidavits.
Q:WhatisthemostimportantreasonwhycasesofBP22hadbeen
downgradedtosummaryprocedure?
A: The judge may not issue warrants of arrest. Because in
summary proceedings unlike in ordinary ones, once the
informationisfiled, thecourtneednotissueawarrantofarrest.
Q:Thereasonbehindthenonissuanceofwarrantsofarrestsand
downgrade:
A:Sothatthefinancialinstitutionsmaynotusethecourtsinorder
torunaftertheirfraudulentclients.
Q:WhenisthewarrantavailableforthecasesunderBP22?A:Whenthecourthad notified thepersonrepeatedlyandfailed
toappearintheSummaryProceeding.
Q:DoyouneedtoreservethecivilaspectofaBP22case?
A:Youcannotreserve.
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Q:Scenario:civilactioninstitutedaheadfromthecriminalaction
arising from a delict and subsequent criminal action instituted
arisingfromthesamedelict,whathappenstothecivilcase?
A:Itwillbesuspended (thecivilaction)regardlessinwhatstageitisin.
Q:Canitbeconsolidated?
A:Yes.
Q:What if the criminal actionwas instituted ahead of the civil
case?Canyoufileacivilcasearisingfromthedelict?
A: No. You mustwait for the termination of the criminal case,
assumingthatyouhaveavalidreservation.
Q: Can a petition for aWrit of Amparobe consolidatedwith a
criminalcase?
A:Ifitinvolvesthesameviolation,yes.
Q:CanacivilcasebeconsolidatedwiththeWrit?
A:No.
Q:Canyouconsolidateitthenwithanadministrativecase?
A:No.
Q:Example:Youhaveaclient(theaccusedinthecase)andhedies,whathappenstothecriminalcase?
A:Ifhediesafterarraignment,thecriminalcaseincludingthecivil
arisingfromthedelictwouldbe extinguished. Butif theaccused
diesbeforearraignment ,thecasecanproceedagainsttheestate.
Q:Cantherebeasubstitutionoftheaccusedinacriminalcase?
A:Ofcourse,no.Butincasesofwhicharisesfromanindependent
civil action, substitution can be done by a legal representative.
RefertoRule111,Sec4,Par2.andRule3,Sec16.
Q:Doyouneedtoreserveanindependentcivilaction?
A:Today,it isnomoreneeded. Itis aBIGNOthatyouneedto
reserveanindependentcivilactiontoday.
Q:Whentheclaimarisesfromothersourcesofobligation.
A: Substitution of the accused wherein a legal
representativewillbenamedwillcomeintoplayalsowhen
theclaimarisesfromothersourcesofobligation.
PrejudicialQuestion
Q:WhencanyoufileforaMotionofSuspensiononthegroundof
aprejudicialquestion?
A:Therearetwoinstances:
1) Before the prosecutor conducts preliminaryinvestigation
2) Incourt,beforetheprosecutorrests its case(beforetheprosecutorstopspresentinghisevidenceincourt).
Q:Whatissuspended?Isitthecriminalcaseorthecivilcase?
A:Thecriminalcase.
Q:Shouldthecivilcasebeinstitutedbeforeorafterthecriminal
case?
A:Before.Thecivilcaseshouldhavebeeninstitutedaheadofthe
criminalcase.
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Q: In theprejudicialquestionscene, thereare twocases namely
thecivilandcriminal.The issueinthecivilcaseshould:
A:Bedeterminativeoftheguiltorinnocenceoftheaccused.
Q:CantherebeaprejudicialquestionwhenoneisanNLRCcase,a
laborcase,andforoneacriminalcaseforviolationofSSSLawfor
nonremittanceofthe SSSpremium obviously thisis a criminal
case.But,isthelaborcaseacivilcase?
A:No.Sothereshouldbeno prejudicialquestion. Itshouldbe a
civilcaseandacriminalcase.Notanythingelse.CocaColaBottlers
v.SSS(2008)
Q:Whatarethetworequirementsofaprejudicialquestionbased
onthe207caseofMajestradov.People?
A:
1) Thefactsshouldnotonlybeintimatelyrelated2) Should establish the guilt or the innocence of the
accused.
Acquittal
Q:Doesacquittalbarcivilactionagainsttheaccused?
A:No.
Q:Whatarethecasesinwhichtheaccusedcouldstillbesubjecttocivilactionafteracquittalinacriminalcase?
A:
1) Theacquittal is based on reasonable doubt, as onlypreponderanceofevidenceisrequiredincivilcases
2) Wherethecourtdeclaredthattheaccusedsliabilityisnot criminalbut only civil.Thatbydeclarationof the
courtsaysthattheliabilityisonlycivilandnotcriminal
3) Wherethecivilliabilitydoesnotariseorisnotbasedupon the criminal act of which the accused was
acquitted
oOo
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Rule112
Q:WhatwasdeletedinRule112on2005AmendmentoftheRules
ofCourt?A:Sec.5
Q:Whatdoesitsayandwhatappliesnow?
A: Sec 5 of the old code says that a required review of the
resolution of a municipal trial court judge by a provincial
prosecutorisneeded.Now,sincethe municipaltrialcourtjudge
could no longer conduct preliminaryinvestigations, there is no
useofthisSection.
Q:Whatispreliminaryinvestigation?
A:thatwillengenderawellfoundedbeliefthatthecrimehas
beenprobablycommitted
Q:Whenyou talkaboutpreliminaryinvestigations,what
wouldapply?
A:TheentireSec3ofRule112
Q: When you say it does not require prel iminary
investigation,whatprovisionwillapply?
A:OnlySec3(a)ofRule112
Q:When you talk of fallingunder therule on Summary
Procedure?
A:Sec3(a)ofRule112also
Q: When is the cut off when you talk about preliminary
investigations?
A:Crimespunishablewithpenaltiesatleast4years,2months,and
1day.
Q: Is it expected that the RTC would always conduct
preliminaryinvestigations?
A: Yes. The RTC has jurisdiction for crimes punishable
exceeding6years.
Q:WillallcasesintheMTCgothroughpreliminaryinvestigations?
A:Notall.Crimeswithin4 years,2months,and1dayto6 years
willneedpreliminaryinvestigationsundertheMTC.
Q:Intheprovinces,wherewillyoufileyourcaseforpurposesof
preliminaryinvestigation?
A:Theprosecutororifitinvolvesapublicofficer,theombudsman
Q:Ifitdoesnotneedpreliminaryinvestigation,wherewill
youfile?
A: You have an option to file it with: the provincial
prosecutororbeforetheMTConthebasisofdirectfiling.
Q:Based ontherules ofsummaryprocedure,wherewill
youfileinacharteredcitylikeManila?
A:Prosecutor
Q:OutsideofMetroManila?
A:ProsecutorortheMTCondirectfi ling
Q:Wheredoesapreliminaryinvestigationstart?
A:Itstartswiththefilingofanswornaffidavitcomplaint.
Q:Towhommusttheaffidavitcomplaintbeswornto?
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A:Beforeapublicprosecutororapublicofficerauthorized
toadministeroaths
Q:Canonesubscribeittoanotarypublic?A: Yes. In the absence or unavailability of a public
prosecutor.
Q:Whatfollowsthefilingtheaffidavitcomplaint?
A:Thepublic prosecutorcan eitherdismiss itoutrightorissuea
subpoena
Q: Is a subpoena an indispensable requirement for the
public prosecutor or assistant prosecutor to acquire
jurisdictionoverthepersonoftherespondent?
A:No.Ifasubpoenahadbeenissuedandnotreceivedor
refusedtobereceived,thepublicprosecutorcanalready
render a resolution.The receipt ofthe subpoena is not
necessary for the court to have jurisdiction over the
person.Sec3(d)ofRule112.
Q:Whyusethewordrespondent?
A:Thepersonisnotyetanaccusedinthisstage.Heonly
becomes an accused when the information is filed in
court.
Q:Canpreliminaryinvestigationbedispensedwith?
A:Yes.It isnota constitutional right,butonlya statutoryright.
That is why; absence thereof will not render the information
defective.
Q:Forthepurposesofaninquest,cananarrestedperson
decidenottoaskforapreliminaryinvestigation?
A:Yes.Again,becauseitisonlyastatutoryright.
Q:Istheconstitutionalrightofhavingaspeedytrialandaspeedy
dispositionofcasesapplyinpreliminaryinvestigation?A: No. But there could be what? Inordinate Delay. People v.
Anonas(2007)
Q:WhatisanInordinateDelay?
A:Itissaidtobeaviolationoftheconstutionalrightofapersonto
dueprocess.Thus,inPeoplev.Anonassaidthat:
The preliminary investigation of the respondent for the
offense charged took more than 4 years. He was also
arrestedwithoutawarrantandnothavingbeenaffordeda
formalinvestigation,heprayedfor reinvestigationofthe
case. The trial court in an order, ordered for
reinvestigation. In fact, the Solicitor general admitted it
took sometime for the city prosecutor to terminate and
resolvethereinvestigation.Thiskindofdelayiscalledan
InordinateDelay.
Q:Once,asubpoenaisreceived,therespondentshouldfilewhat?
A:Acounteraffidavit
Q:Doesthefilingofthecounteraffidavitendtheprocess
ofpreliminaryinvestigation?A: Yes. The next step is the resolution of the assistant
prosecutor/prosecutor
Q:Foryoutohaveavalidpreliminaryinvestigation,thereshould
be:
A:
1) Anaffidavitcomplaint
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2) The dismissal or issuance of a subpoena by theprosecutor/assistantprosecutor
3) Incase,theprosecutordoesnotdismissitandissuesasubpoena, there should be counteraffidavit filed bytheotherpartywithin10days.
Q:DoyouneedtogotothisprocesswhenyoutalkaboutSec3(a)
ofRule112?
A: No. It only says that an affidavitcomplaint is f iled duly
subscribedbeforetheprosecutor.Oncetheaffidavitcomplaintis
filed,aninformationwillbefiledincourt.
Q:Whatis thedifferencebetween thearrestin Rule 112 and
Rule113?
A:Rule112speaksofaWarrantofArrestwhileRule113speaksofWarrantlessArrests
Q:WhencantheRTCissueaWarrantofArrest?
A:IntheRTC:
1) When theProsecutor determines the existence of aprobablecause inthepreliminaryinvestigation
2) After the preliminary investigation, thus the filing oftheinformationincourt
3) Thecourtcouldeithera.
Issue awarrantofarrest ifit determines theexistenceofprobablecause,
b. Dismiss the information if probable cause isnotfound,or
c. Call for a hearing for further presentation ofevidence
Q:Onceawarrantofarrestisissued,canthecourtdismiss
itforlackofprobablecause?
A:No.Themereissuanceofthewarrantalreadysaysthat
therehasalreadybeenadeterminedprobablecause.
Q:Aftertheissuanceofthewarrantofarrest,whatisthe
nexttodo?
A:Arraignment.
Q:IntheMTC,doesitfollowthesameprocedureaswiththeRTC
whenitcomestotheissuanceofawarrantofarrest?
A:Yes.Butonlyforthosecasesthathaveundergonepreliminary
investigations.
Q:Whatisthebasisoftheprocedureontheissuanceofawarrant
ofarrest?
A:ItistheexistenceofaPreliminaryInvestigation
Q: Now, how about those cases that dont require preliminary
investigations?Whatprocedureapplies?
A:Sec8ofRule112.
Q:When can theMTCissuea Warrant ofArrestfor crimesnot
requiringpreliminaryinvestigation?
A:IntheMTC:1) Wheninformationisfileddirectlytothecourt2) Thecourtcouldeither
a. ThecourthasDISCRETIONwhethertoissueawarrantofarrest(Theprocessisbasicallythe
sameexceptforthisone)
b. Dismiss the information if probable cause isnotfound,or
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c. Call for a hearing for further presentation ofevidence
Q:Ifthecourtdoesnotwanttoissuewarrants,whatcould
theyissue?
A: Summons. This is the only instance where a criminal
courtcouldissuesummons.
Q: Can the MTC issue a warrant of arrest under the Rule on
Summary Procedureand theinformationwas already filedin his
court?
A:No.BasedonRuleonSummaryProcedurecourt
Q:IsthereanyexceptionsthattheMTCcouldissueawarrantof
arrest?A:Yes.Ifthepersonrepeatedlyabsentshimselfdespiterepeated
noticesofappearance.
Q:Canaprosecutorissueawarrantofarrest?
A: No. Issuance is a judicial function and could not one of the
Executivebranch
Q: Is the approval of the city or provincial prosecutor of the
recommendationofanassistantprosecutorneededtoissueavalid
resolution?A:Yes. Thecity/provincial prosecutor couldevendismiss itif he
doesnotagree.
Q:Canthecityprosecutorpreparetheinformationonhis
own?
A:Yes
Q: Can he require another prosecutor to prepare the
informationwithoutneedofapreliminaryinvestigation?
A:Yes
Q:Now,wheredoyougofromadecisionofacityorprovincial
prosecutor?
A:YoucouldgototheDOJonaPetitionforReviewwithinaperiod
of15days
Q:In the case whentheOfficeof theOmbudsmandeputizes an
assistant prosecutor, does it still need approval of the city
prosecutor?
A: Yes. This is also to be further reviewed by the Deputy
Ombudsman of the area. And of course, subject to the final
approvaloftheOmbudsman.
Inquest
Q:Whatistheroleofaninquestprosecutor?
A: It is incumbent in him to order whether a person who was
arrestedistobedetainedortobereleasedforfurtherpreliminary
investigation .
Q: If the person is released for further preliminary
investigation,whatdoesthatmean?A:Itdoesnotmeanthatyouarefreeorcouldwalkaway
or that you will be dismissed. Thismeans that you are
temporarily released but subject to a preliminary
investigation that will subsequently take place. Thus
subjectingthepersonunderSec3ofRule112
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Q: Can the preliminary investigation take place validly?
Wherewilltheaffidavitcomplaint come from?Howcan
thepreliminaryinvestigationtakeplacewithoutsuch?
A: The affidavit of the arresting officer will serve as theaffidavitcomplaint. This makes the preliminary
investigationavalidone.
Q:Isthecasedismissedonceyouarereleasedforfurther
preliminaryinvestigation?
A:No.Youaretobereleasedbecausetheevidenceagainst
youis not strongenough. Thus,you shouldreturn for a
preliminaryinvestigation.
Q:Areallcasessubjecttoinquestproceedings?
A:No.Onlythosethataremadethruwarrantlessarrests
Q:Ifacasewasfiledwiththefiscalagainstaperson,isheentitled
toaninquestproceeding?
A:No.Becausethisisnotawarrantlessarrest
Q: Are offenses that need preliminary investigation, when the
violatorisvalidlyarrestedwithoutawarrant,subjecttoaninquest
proceeding?
A:Yes.Onlyoffensesthatwouldrequirepreliminaryinvestigation
willhavetogothroughinquest.
Q:Example:
Apersonwalkingatnightwasarrestedbyapoliceofficer
forvagrancy.HewillbethenbroughttothenearestPoliceStation
and hewillstaytherefora whilethepoliceofficerprepares his
arrestreport and his affidavit. Once these are ready, will hebe
presentedtoaninquestprosecutor?
A:No.Vagrancydoesntrequirepreliminaryinvestigation.Thus,he
isnotsubjecttoaninquest.
Q:Whatwillhappentothepersonarrestedwhenheisnotsubjecttoaninquest?
A:Hewillimmediatelybedetained.
Q:Whatistheremedyofthepersonarrestedwhenheis
detainedbecauseheisnotsubjectedtoaninquest?
A:Bail. Healreadysuffers adeprivationof liberty atthis
point.
Q:Whocanconductaninquestproceeding?
A:Apublicprosecutor.Intheabsenceofsuch,thecasecouldbe
fileddirectlyincourt.
Note:ThisveryunlikelytohappeninManilaorQCwhereinthere
are hundreds of prosecutors. Although it may happen in the
province
Q:Willtherecordsofpreliminaryinvestigationformapartofthe
recordsincourt?
A:No.Youcouldapplyforanordertoelevatetherecordstothe
criminalcourtthough.
oOo
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Rule113
WarrantlessArrests
Q:Whatarethe3instanceswhereinapeaceofficermaylawfully
arrestapersonwithouttheuseofanarrestwarrantissuedbythe
courts?
A:
1) Whenitwascommittedinflagrantedelicto2) Whenthepeaceofficerhaspersonalknowledge that
theoffensehasjustbeencommitted .(hotpursuit)
3) Anescapedfelon Q:Whatisthemeaningofinflagrantedelicto?
A:Ifapersonwascaughtwhilecommitting,attemptingtocommit,orcommittedanoffenseinthepresenceofapeaceofficerSec
5(a),Rule113
Q:IshasjustbeencommittedSec5(b)ofRule113thesameas
hadcommittedofSec5(a)ofRule113
A:No.TheacthasjustbeencommittedreferredtoinSec5(b)
tookplacenotinthepresenceofthepeaceofficer
Q:Whatistobedeterminedbythepeaceofficersincehedidnot
seeitwhenthecrimetookplace?A:Itshouldbebasedonhispersonalknowledgeofthefactsand
circumstances thatthereisprobablecausetobelievethatthe
persontobearresteddidinfactcommittheoffense.
Q:Example:
OnboardanFX,Mr.Awasheldup.Theholdupperstook
thevaluablesofMr.AthenlefttheFX.Mr.Aimmediately
rantowardsapoliceofficertoexplainwhatjusthad
happened.Thepolicewentaftertheholduppers.Canthe
policeofficerarrestthemsincethecrimewasnot
committedwithinhispresence?A:Yes.Eventhoughitwasnotinhispresence,basedon
thefactsandcircumstances, therewasreasonableground
tobelievebasedonprobablecausethatthepersontobe
arresteddidcommitthecrime.
Q:Doesthelawmakeadistinctionaboutanescapedfelon
whetherhewaspermanentlydetainedorwasheonlytemporarily
detained?
A:No.Thelawtreatsthemthesame.
Q:Arethereotherinstanceswhereinthelawallowswarrantless
arrests?
A:Yes.
1) Sec13,Rule113Whenthearrestedpersonescapesorisrescued,hecouldbearrestedwithoutawarrant
2) Sec23,Rule114ApersononbailiscannotdepartfromthePhilippinesunlessuponthecourtsapproval.
Ifincasehedeparts,hecanbevalidlyarrestedwithout
awarrant.
3) CitizensarrestQ:Whatisthedutyoftheindividualconductinganarrest?
A:Iftheindividualisaprivatepersonhehastostatehisintention
andthecauseofthearrest.
Ifitwereapublicofficer,hewouldhavetostatehisauthorityand
thecauseofthearrest.
Ifitisapublicofficerwithawarrantofarrest, thearrestingofficer
willonlyhavetosaythathesarrestingwithawarrantwithout
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necessarilypresentingthewarrantofarrestnorthecauseofthe
arrest.
Inallofthesethreecases,thereisnoneedtostatethecauseifby
statingsuchwouldimperilthearrestandwouldallowtheaccusedtofleeortoescape.
Q:Howlongisawarrantofarresteffective?
A:Itiseffectiveuntilsetasidebythecourtoruntilithasbeen
servedtotheindividualwhoissoughttobearrested.Itisvalid
untilserved.
Q:Whatisthemeaningofthe10dayperiodstatedintheRule?
A:Itisthetimeperiodinwhichtheofficertocomplywiththe
serviceofthewarrantofarrest.
Q:Isthisthesameforasearchwarrant?Validuntilserved?
A:No.Asearchwarrantslifeisonlyfor10days,thereafterithas
nolongeranyeffect.
oOo