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What is Nano?
From greek nannos = dwarfJournal of Nannoplankton research
From latin nanus = dwarfJournal of Nanotechnology
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Introduction:
Notion of scale
Tools to observe nano-objectsWhat changes at the nanoscale ?
Nanotechnologies: main fields of application
Energy
ElectronicsHealth
Environment
New life styles
Allready for sale
Methods of preparation
Conclusion
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Notion of scale
Technological object
MicronNanometer
nanoworld
CarCellphone
Chip forcreditcard
Micro-processor
Photo-transistor
Nano-transistor
Quantumbox
Agregateof atoms
Atom
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90 nm
Quelques dimensions caractristiques :
Vous avez dit nano 10-9m
C60 0,7nm
Sn/SnOxNano
25-30nm
Nano-objet : solide dont une des dimensions caractristiques est entre 1 et 100 nmNano-structure: structure dont une des dimensions caractristiques est entre 1 et 100nm ou rsultant de lassemblage de nano-objets
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A micron:
1 mm = 10-6m 1m = 1 million of microns
Micron large roughness of the
Lotus leeves
Hair : tens of microns
Adhesion: micron large hair andVan der Waals bonds
2mm
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A nanometer : one thousand time smaller than a micron
1 nm = 10-9m = 0.000000001 m in 1m: 1 billion of nanometers1 = 0.1 nm1 pm = 0.001 nm
Atomic radius : 0.1 to 0.3 nmDistance between 2 atoms in a molecule or a solid : 0.08 to 0.6 nm
The nanometer is a large unit for chemistry !
C60 0.7nm
DNA 2.5 nm of diameter
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F. Caillaud/CNRSPhotothque/SAGASCIENCELiposomes, vesicles measuring tensto hundreds of nanometers, makeexcellent nanovectors for drugs.Micelles
Nano-Objects
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Polymers etdendrimers
A small piece of a solid (metal or oxyde etc.):Nanoparticle
CarbonNanotubes
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Nanostructures
Transistor80nm large drain obtained bylithography (University of Aachen)
Nanocrystalline copper, 3 timesmore resistant than regular copper(deforms more easily under strain)
Resistive strain gauges
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1931
E. Ruska
Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
Tools for observation at the nanoscale
SEM tostudy
surfaces
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High Resolution TEM image of a compositenanoparticle Sn/SnOx (25-30nm)
Observation of populations ofnano-objects.e.g. Cobalt nanoparticles
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High resolution TEM micrograph of anindividual FePt NP. The image is contrastenhanced by means of Fourier filtering(Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials
Research Dresden)
Energy Filtered TEM showing silica NPs inorganic coating. Conventional TEM imagesshow little of no contrast. (C. Simon et al"Transmission Electron Microscopy Analysis of Hybrid
Coatings", Proc. of the 6th International Congress on
Advanced Coating Technology, Nuremberg 2001)
Rh M4,5 Co L2,3
Co and Rh distributions in 6.1 nm large CoRh nanoparticles evidenced by E-filtered TEM. LCC-CEMES-CEA
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TEM image of aporous silica
1000-1500 m/g
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Quantum Corral : image of 48 iron atoms
forming a circle on a copper surface
Surface of graphite5nm
1nm
1981: Binning et Rohrer,IBM Zurich
Nobel Prize 1986(with E. Ruska for inventingthe first electronmicroscope )
Scanning tunneling microscope STM-
Electric
current
Displacements
Electriccurrent
tip
Sample
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Image of a membrane with porediameter around 20nm
Image of DNA strands
AFM image of SWCNThttp://www.firstnano.com/applications.html
Atomic force microscope AFM-
Probe
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cpmoh.cnrs.fr/html/UserFiles/Image/nanomecanique-interfaces/Single%20wall%20carbon%20nanotube.GIF&imgrefurl=http://www.cpmoh.cnrs.fr/backend.php3&h=907&w=1043&sz=118&hl=fr&start=15&um=1&tbnid=F0Vz0RwST9Y0UM:&tbnh=130&tbnw=150&prev=/images?q=carbon+nanotube&svnum=10&um=1&hl=fr&rlz=1T4SUNA_fr___FR213&sa=N8/7/2019 Cours 1 Introduction Nano
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A spoon of nanoparticles mayhave the surface of a rugby field
What changes at the nanoscale ?Increase in surface/volume and surface/mass ratios
Definition: specific surface (around 100 m2/g)
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- A 1 cm cube has a surface area of 6 cm2
- Slice it into pieces 1mm large, the surface increases up to 60 cm2
- If pieces are 1 m large, the surface reaches
- If they are as small as 1 nm, the surface reaches
Dispersion and surface
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Reaction between potassium permanganate and glycerol
Surface and reactivity
a show
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The properties (catalytic, optic, magnetic, transport)
depend on the composition, size, shape of the object;thats seldom the case at the macroscopic scale
What changes at the nanoscale ?FCC Octahedron
Apex
Edge Face
Size of the particle
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The specific surface area of a 1cm large silica cube is 0.00027 m2 g-1
If you make 10 m large holes (pores) in it, the specific surface area
reaches tens of m2 g-1
With 4 nm large pores, it reaches 1000 to 1500 m2 g-1
Porosity and surface
10 nm
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TEM image of aporous silica
1000-1500 m/g
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Fig. 1. Single-crystal x-ray structures of MOF-5 (A), IRMOF-6 (B), and IRMOF-8 (C) illustrated
for a single cube fragment of their respective cubic three-dimensional extended structure.
N L Rosi et al. Science 2003;300:1127-1129
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs)
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a) Gold Nanoparticlesb) Gold rodsd) AgxAu1-x Nanoparticlese) Different aspect ratiosMaterials Today, 2004
Gold treasure 1600-1200 BC
Story of St Nicaise,Cathedral of Soisson(France), XIIIth AC
New electronic properties
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Under visible light
Under UV light
Shell
Core(3nm)
Core(5nm)
CdSe Nanoparticles
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Weak interactions become predominent !
Liquid IronColloidal solutions of
Fe3O4
= Ferrofluid
Iron powderattracted by a
magnet
http://www.supermagnete.ch/fre/bigpic.php?pic=1524.jpg&article_id=M-22http://www.supermagnete.ch/fre/bigpic.php?pic=1485.jpg&article_id=M-228/7/2019 Cours 1 Introduction Nano
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Nanotechnology
Nanoscience concerns the study of phenomenon observed in objects,
structures, or systems with sizes of a few nanometers in at least one
direction, and the properties of which are directly related to this size
reduction (meaning that they are different from those of similar objects,structures or systems of larger size).
Nanotechnology covers all technics allowing fabrication, observation and
measure of these objects, structures and systems.
It also corresponds to any technological development and application of
nanoscience.
Nanoparticle + fonction : Nanomaterial
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Main fields of application
Energy
Electronics
Health
Environment
The fast development of nanotechnologies is due to their huge
economic impact.
The smallest is the platform conceived and realised, the more
important are benefits
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Energy
Photovoltaic cells
(remplacement of silicium-14% yield- by associationof nanocrystals-85% yield-)
Portable Batteries
(reloading, huge power)
Thermoelectric materials(cooling of microprocessors, transformation of heatinto electricity)
Isolation
(treatment of glass surfaces to stop heat diffusion,e.g. aerogels)
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Dihydrogen storage (large specific area)
Neutron-scattering image reveals where dihydrogen molecules (red-green circles) connect to ametal organic framework (MOF, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2003, 32, 276288). The ball-and-stickmodel of the MOF is superimposed on the neutron image.Left Image: T. Yildirim/NIST; right image: B. Panella, M. Hirscher, Advanced Materials, 2005,
17(5), 538541,2005
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The size of transistors decreases by half every 10months
Size reduction of electronics components:
The cost of an elaboration line doubles every 36
months
Electronics
10mm
Actually250 millions
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Size reduction of electronics components:Prescott (from Intel) processor used in 2006 devices 90nm large,Size limit was down to 65 nm in 2007Below 20 nm silicium components arent insulating anymore: physics
limitation (qauntum phenomena) to miniaturisation of integratedcircuits with today silicium technology
80nm large drain obtained bylithography (University of Aachen)
Molecular computer ?
Electronics
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FePt, S. Sun et al.Science 2000 AC
How to precisely localise, connect, address nano-objectsand repeatthese steps at will?
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Connections for the futur:carbon nanotubes
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Health
Prevent (anti-microbian coatings, filters, monitoring)
Ag nanoparticles 15nm, anti-viral, anti-bacterial
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Diagnostic (monitoring, bioassays -biochips-, imaging -IRM)
Thrapeutics :
implants, identification of our genetic mapfor individual treatment, new deliverypathways, new medecines, new technics(e.g.hyperthermia)
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Nanostructured surface of a stent preventing the formation ofblood-clots
Metal mesh tube
BloodcirculationrestoredStent
Bloodcirculationblocked
Fat deposits
Artery
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Environment
Monitoring (detection of pollutants):
Sensors of reduced dimensions, portables systems, faster
(real time) and better localised detection oftodayspollutants.
Monitoring of sub-micrometer particles in the atmosphere;degradation of nanomaterials, nanostructured composites
etc.i.e. monitoring of pollutions generated by the development of
nanotechnologies
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Imprinted circuit
Miniaturised Sensors
Oxide nanoparticles
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Decrease of materials and energy consumption:
Increase the efficiency of fuel combustion (CeO2 nanoparticles) Development of renewable sources of energy (e.g. photovoltaics)
Valorisation of lost heat (development of thermoelectric materials)
Recycling ???
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Size reduction of the components (e.g. nanoelectronics)
Molecular electronics: using molecules in place of siliciumbased components e.g. diode, transistor
In 2003, to make a PC (42 millions of transistors), 240 kg of conventionalenergy, 22 chemical products, 1500 L water were necessary
And to make molecules ??? Chemists prepare moles of molecules in onebatch ( 1 mole: 6,02.1023 molecules).
Nanotechnology = Ecotechnology
?
1965: Jacques MONOD,an electronic component weigths 10-2g, an enzyme: 10-17g
Decrease of materials and energy consumption:
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New consumption goods
Reinforced and/orlighter materials:transports, construction,sports etc..
e.g. carbon nanotubes, fullerens orSiO2 nanoparticles in pare-chocs,racquets structure or golf clubs
Ceramics nanoparticles in cement,silica in green tires
(NB: carbon particles (10-100nm) havebeen introduced in tires since 1917sfor reinforcement)
Sulfur bridge
Polymers
Silica or carbonblack loading
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Smart Materials
e.g. superhydrophobic surfaces
cosmetics : liposomes and micelles to transport nutriments inside cells
(anti-age products); solar screens (TiO2, ZnO)
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Dirt (fat)
CO2
H2O
Light
Self-cleaning glasses, easily washed paints, anti-bacterial coatings
Window with (right) or without (left) a phtocatalytic coating of TiO2 nanoparticles.TEM image of the nanoparticles
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New generation of electronics goods: Increased efficiency, fastercommunication, increased mobility.e.g. cameras, cell phones, MP3 players (walkman), flexible screens
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New generation of pigments
M. Jos-Yacaman, et al. Science, 1996 (273) 223
The Kerr collections
Maya ceramics (250-850 AC), technics
used till the 20th century
Harmony in green and pink:
The Music Room by Whistler
SEM of rutile (titane white)
obtained byt the New Jersey
Zinc Company.
Iridescent paint
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Already for sale2006:
212 products made world wide have been identified as 'nano'(the preparation of which requires nanotechnologies or usesnanomaterials)
Essentially nanoparticles carbone, Ag, oxides (Ti, Zn, Sn, Ce),
and silicon based materials.
Main domains: clothes,sports goods, cosmetics, catalysts
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How to make nanocomponents ?
Powder
Bulk material
Nanoparticles
Agregates
Atoms
Top-down approach
Bottom-up approach
bllBall-milling
Evaporation/condensationSol-gel and other chemical technics
Chemical Vapor Deposition
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M. Faradays method (1857)
Gold nanoparticles
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How would you know thepurple color indeed
corresponds tonanoparticles?
Dispersions of nanoparticlesdiffuse light !Thats the socalled Tyndalleffect
Left: solution of the gold precursorRight: final solution with gold nanoparticles
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Conclusions
Many kinds of nano-objects and nanostructurees
Many applications due to changes of properties atthe nanoscale
New physical properties, new chemical reactivity
Surface, interfaces and weak interactions play amajor role
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The course will focus on nanoparticles(chemical synthesis, properties and
applications) and their assembly into
nanostructures; when needed some basicknowledge on soft nano-objects will beintroduced (e.g. micelles, liposomes)
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